Kodi chikhalidwe chaumunthu n'chiyani mukumvetsetsa kwa anthu anzeru akale komanso akatswiri a zafilosofi

Humanism - mtundu wapadera wa filosofi ya dziko, yomwe imachokera pa lingaliro la mtengo wapatali wa munthu; Kwa filosofi yaumunthu, munthu ndilo pakati pa dziko lapansi, muyeso wa zinthu zonse, korona wa chilengedwe cha Mulungu.

Kufikira kwaumulungu mufilosofi kumayamba kuchitika mu nthawi yakalekale, malingaliro ake oyambirira omwe timapeza mu ntchito za Aristotle ndi Democritus.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu mu miyambo yakale

Kodi chikhalidwe chaumunthu n'chiyani kumvetsetsa nzeru za akale? Pozindikira afilosofi akale - izi ndipamwamba kwambiri za chitukuko ndi kukula kwa mwayi wabwino ndi luso la munthu. Munthuyo ayenera kuyesetsa kudzizindikira yekha, kudziphunzitsa yekha; Makhalidwe ayenera kukhala ogwirizana, abwino komanso abwino.

M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, malingaliro a chikhalidwe chaumunthu anabwerera kumbuyo, anaphimbidwa ndi malingaliro ofooketsa a chipembedzo achipembedzo, kupha zokhumba zachilengedwe ndi zosowa za munthu aliyense. Makhalidwe apamwamba ndi awa: kudziletsa, kudzichepetsa, kukhudzika kwa uchimo woyambirira wa umunthu. Malingaliro ndi ziphunzitso za filosofi za nthawi yakale zinali kwa nthawi yaitali aiwalika, afilosofi a Girisi wakale ndi Roma anauzidwa kuti ndi ochimwa achikunja.

Kubadwanso kwaumunthu

Chidwi cha cholowa cha kale chimawonjezeka kwambiri pokhapokha m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Mphamvu ya tchalitchi pa moyo wa anthu yatha kuchepa, sayansi ndi zamisiri zasiya kukhala zaumulungu, zakhala zikuwoneka ngati zaulere, osati za filosofi filosofi ndi ziphunzitso. Kusungidwa, kusinthasintha komanso kuphunzira za ntchito za filosofi ndi akatswiri akale anakhala ntchito yaikulu ya anthu masiku ano. Chokakamizidwa kwa iwo chinali kuphunzira za zinenero zakale - Chilatini ndi Chigiriki.

Pozindikira zafilosofi ya ku Renaissance za momwe anthu aliri, gawo loyamba ndi chiyambi likuwonekera. Humanism ya Renaissance ndiyodabwitsa komanso yapadera. Panali nthawi imeneyo kuti kufunikira kwa chidziwitso chaumwini kunadziwika ndi onse; Zolinga zonse (kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kulemekeza kumverera ndi zosowa za munthuyo, chifundo, chifundo) zinali zochepa kwambiri kuposa, mwachitsanzo, chipembedzo, kusunga zofunikira ndi tchalitchi.

Chiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha Renaissance chinayikidwa mu sayansi ndi ntchito za luso la Italians lalikulu - Dante Alighieri ndi Francesco Petrarca. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha ufulu, kupembedza kwa kukongola, kukopa kwa mitundu yatsopano mu luso, kunali kotheka kukhalapo kwa chodabwitsa chachikulu - nthawi yochepa ya Kubwezeretsa Kwakukulu (1500-1530). Panali nthawi ino kuti ntchito zazikulu kwambiri zaluso zinalengedwa ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo (Raphael Santi, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo).

M'kupita kwanthaŵi, anthu amtundu wokhala ndi moyo wokhazikika m'zaka zaposachedwapa, anafalikira kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ku Northern Renaissance, mosiyana ndi Italy, inali pafupi ndi miyambo yachipembedzo. Lingaliro lalikulu la anthu achikhristu ndikulingalira kwa munthu ngati chikhalidwe cha chipulumutso. Tiyeni tifufuze zomwe umunthu waumunthu uli mukumvetsa kwa filosofi wachipembedzo. Pokha potsatira malamulo a Mulungu, kusunga zofunikira zonse za chipembedzo ndi mabuku opatulika, munthu akhoza kudziyeretsa yekha, kuyandikira zolinga za ubwino, kukongola, mgwirizano. Mwachidziŵikire, malingaliro a chikhulupiliro chaumulungu adadziwonetsera okha mwa ntchito za Erasmus wa Rotterdam, Willibald Pirkheimer.

Ndipo asayansi zamakono-akatswiri afilosofi amapereka yankho lawo ku funso la chomwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chiriri . Miyambo ya Kubadwanso kwaumunthu komabe sikupatulira malo awo mu filosofi yatsopano ya Western Europe. Kukhulupirira mwa mphamvu za munthu, kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yonse, mphamvu zonse za munthu, kukhudzika koganiza kuti angathe kuthetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti chikhalidwe chaumunthu chikhale chitukuko chochulukirapo komanso chopindulitsa cha filosofi yamakono.