Design. kamangidwe mbiri. Magawo chitukuko kapangidwe

Kufunafuna aesthetics chinaoneka amakedzana kwambiri. Anthu ena atadzifunsa funso la kukhala ndi ntchito ya ambuye. review ili laperekedwa kwa luso limeneli, monga kapangidwe ndi. kamangidwe mbiri, ndi zikamera wa chiphunzitso ndi magawo a mapangidwe - ankaona zina. Chifukwa kaulendo kakang'ono kumbuyo, owerenga muphunzira mmene kukhala mkati kapangidwe masitaelo, zovala, malo.

tanthauzo la kamangidwe

Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu Italy "kamangidwe" amatanthauza "dongosolo", "zikuchokera", "chitsanzo". Monga anaonekera posachedwapa mu Russian, koma luso lokha anayamba kupanga zaka zambiri zapitazo. akatswiri amakono nawo ntchito ankaona ayenera kudziwa zambiri za maonekedwe a zokhudza maphunziro ndi kukhala kuzigwiritsira ntchito mu kuchita, kupanga ntchito. Master wa luso lake akugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mapulani, makasitomala, omanga, ma sapulaya ndi kampani zikugwira gulu la malo mkati.

Mbiri ya chiphunzitso cha kamangidwe

Mfundo yoyamba ya ubale kukongola ndi phindu anapalamula Chigiriki Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Aristippus, Protagoras. Pa nthawi imeneyo kunali kale ntchito pa kugwirizana anthu kuti makina. Taonani malangizo kulenga ali mabaibulo otsatirawa a anayambira.

1. Mu zaka za m'ma XIX, chitukuko cha mafakitale walenga kufunika kwa mtundu watsopano wa ntchito, umalimbana kamangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka aesthetics. Chimodzimodzi anapanga kamangidwe.
2. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX inakhalapo ndi malamulo ndiponso mfundo zofunika za chiphunzitso chomwe pambuyo mukopedwe olamulira a sukulu. Choncho kapangidwe wakhala kuphatikiza luso ndi luso.
3. Kumayambiriro kwa ojambula zithunzi XX m'zaka za m'ma wotanganidwa apamwamba mu makampani. Anayamba chizindikiro ogwirizana a makampani ndi zingakhudzire yopanga zosiyanasiyana magetsi zipangizo, magalimoto. Choncho kapangidwe wakhala luso ndi mafakitale ntchito.
4. Zikamera wa maphunziro chifukwa mapangidwe sukulu kapangidwe mu XX atumwi.

Great chopereka ku chiphunzitso cha mbiri mapangidwe kamangidwe, ndiponso kupitiriza kupanga periodicals.

Kodi kulengedwa? 1 ndi magawo 2

Mapangidwe luso limeneli ku Russia ndi likukulira: pambuyo mkulu kukula otsika kuwola zinachitika. Koma mfundo amphamvu wakhala zokongoletsa. Zamoyo zinachita kulengedwa akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo angapo.

Mu gawo loyamba (1917-1922) chilengedwe cha kamangidwe zinachitikadi mu kugunda ndi kupanga mukubwadamuka ndi luso misa, komanso kamangidwe yogwira zikondwelelo msewu ndi misonkhano ya ndale. Nthawi imeneyi, tinayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zatsopano zomwe angagwiritse malonda, zithunzi ndi mankhwala buku, yemwe anali chiyambi cha chitukuko cha kamangidwe zojambulajambula.

Mu gawo lachiwiri (1923-1932), Russia anakhala mmodzi wa madera aakulu maphunziro a okonza akatswiri m'madipatimenti kupanga. Panthawi imeneyi, tinapanga mfundo zina, kupanga pofuna zaluso, ndipo anayamba ntchito pa dongosolo la nyumba, zodziwitsa ndi malo onse. Chigonjetso zinachitika mu collages, formulations wosasintha, zochita buku, zithunzi chithunzi.

Mbiri ya chitukuko kapangidwe: gawo lachitatu

Creative ntchito mu zaka 1933-1960 wakhala anasiya chifukwa kumayambiriro a standardization mfundo akugwira ntchito osati anthu komanso pazikhala ndi. Pachifukwa ichi, itatha nthawi ya mgwirizano wa zokongoletsa cilamulo. kamangidwe lagawidwa mbali zingapo: phunziro-banja, kukongoletsa-kapangidwe ndi zomangamanga.

Evolution kulengedwa: 4 siteji

Chitukuko cha luso inayambanso pa siteji lachinai, limene linali yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri. Mu 60s oyambirira panali woyamba ongolankhula zikuchitika m'munda wa ukonde kamangidwe. Mu 1961 VNIITE (Onse-Union Institute Scientific Research la zaumisiri aesthetics) analengedwa. mabuku ake anapambana malo oyamba mu chikhalidwe European. Taganizirani ntchito yolenga wakhala wotchuka kwambiri. miyezo ambiri akhala ndikusinthidwa, ndi chidwi onse anali pa katundu ogula. Mothandizidwa sukulu Western European kulengedwa likutipatsa zasintha kalembedwe zimatulutsa nthawi. Mu zaka 70 chikuzika Akasakaniza makhalidwe a Retro-kalembedwe.

Pamene panali umwini payekha ndi itakula mpikisano (mochedwa 80s - 90s oyambirira), malonda Russian wasanduka chida chofunika pantchito malonda. Izo zinali pamenepo kwambiri chinawonjezeka chidwi mu kapangidwe zachiwerewere ndi kuchuluka kupanga mabuku, katundu ndi ntchito.

Origin Design Mkati

Anthu nthawi zonse anafunafuna kulenga chikhalidwe wokongola kwanu. Ndicho chifukwa chake ntchito opanga akatswiri ndi mu ankafuna pa mphindi. Mbiri ya kapangidwe mkati akuyamba ndi nthawi zakale. Wosazindikira munthu ankaona phanga okhalamo, umene adakonzeka ndi miyala, zikopa, zojambula pa makoma, mizu mtengo ndi zipangizo zina pa dzanja.

Ku Egypt luso anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe pa ufumu oyambirira. chikhalidwe linkatchulidwa mfundo za monumentality ndi malo amodzi. Panthawi imeneyi yomanga m'manda aboveground ndi malo m'manda. Kamangidwe kwambiri anali "Mastaba". Ufumu Middle imatengedwa m'munsi nthawi ya mitengo ya. Mu Egypt, kwa nthawi yoyamba panali mpando ndi kumbuyo, amene anadzakhala Chinsinsi cha mipando yonse, amene anadza mu kapangidwe ano.

Mbiri ya kapangidwe mkati ndi lowonjezera ndi mankhwala mapulani anapangidwa kuchokera Greece wakale: slabs mwala, matailosi, nkhuni, njerwa - zonse ntchito yomanga kachisi. Walls ndi kudenga ndi pulasitala okongoletsedwa ndi zojambula. A malo apadera a dzikoli owonetsera funso azigwira. M'malo zitseko m'nyumba kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito nsalu yotchinga, zokongoletsa ndi panyumba. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi m'nthano kapena mbiri. Mipando chokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula ndi zabwino inlay.

Ancient Rome zinachoka chizindikiro mu mbiri ya kapangidwe mkati. Anthu a dziko lino mwachangu anamanga malo osambira (osambira wakale), mkati kokha kuti kusiyanitsa mwanaalirenji chenicheni vaulted kudenga, simenti zithunzi, kusambira m'madamu, minda. Mpweya kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi golide, siliva, nsangalabwi, nkhuni, mkuwa, minyanga ya njovu.

chikhalidwe Gothic unakhazikitsidwa mu France. Ndi mu dziko lino kuti ntchito mizati zopotoka ndi mawonekedwe arched ya arches. Mpanda wa malo yokutidwa ndi kumata ndi kudenga utoto mwachita. The staterooms anapereka kwa zishango heraldic, zida, ndi pansi pa Pamwalawo nsalu bango mphasa.

Features mapangidwe a kamangidwe malo

Ntchito yomanga danga kuzungulira nyumba zawo zinali zogwirizana nthawi zonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mbiri ya kapangidwe malo ali kusanduka pamodzi ndi anthu, ngakhale kuti dzina la anaonekera zaka 200 zapitazo. Ngati anthu kale kwambiri womangidwa ndi chilengedwe ndipo anapitiriza dimba, tsopano kulenga wapadera kuzungulira nyumba anu kukongola.

Malo osungirako woyamba kuyenda kumeneko kuyambira chiyambi cha dongosolo kapolo, ndi a strata wachuma wa anthu. The bwino zinthu chuma mwini, anali okongola kwambiri ozungulira nyumba. Aliyense dziko malo kapangidwe anayamba m'njira ina.

Mu Egypt, ansembe wamkulu ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi oonetsera wochenjera, ndi pamwamba pa matupi a lotuses madzi nazo. Mu ulamuliro wa Cleopatra nakulitsa maluwa. Mu Thebes zinali ponseponse pergola ndi kapangidwe ka zomera ndi mphesa, kukuchitika mwa dera la bwalo.

Development luso malo ku Perisiya anayamba ndi chilengedwe cha nkhokwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama (nkhumba, mikango, ogawika-hoofed), anafuna kusaka. Linabwera Aperisiya mwaukhondo n'zometa mipanda, delivshie paki m'zigawo zosiyana.

China ndi Japan - mayiko osauka mchikakamizo cha nzeru ndi zipembedzo zakalekale, akuyitanira umodzi wa munthu ndi chikhalidwe. Choncho, minda anthu anapezeka matupi a madzi, miyala, kapena gazebo, kupanga kapangidwe lamtendere ndiponso logwirizana.

Mbiri ya malo kapangidwe mu Russia ndi wofanana ndi European. M'zaka za m'ma XVII panali botanical greenhouses, ndi m'mapaki. Pamenepo anthuwo anayamba kukula tulips, hyacinths ndi daffodils, amene anabwera kuchokera ku Holland. Popeza moyo zasintha pa nthawi, ndi masitayilo atsopano pang'onopang'ono m'malo akale. Makamaka asintha Kamangidwe munda ikusonyezedwa XIX ndi XX atumwi.

Zamoyo zovala mu dziko

Mbiri ya kachitidwe kapangidwe anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe kuyambira nthawi yakale, monga anthu nthawi zonse anafunafuna kulenga wokongola, ofunda ndi omasuka zinthu. Malinga chikhalidwe, ilo linapangidwa zovala zapadera, amakonzera tsitsi ndi Chalk. mafashoni kapangidwe amasiyanitsa anthu pa katundu ndi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira malo (asilikali a boma, amalonda, osawuka). Yogwira chitukuko zovala inayamba kuoneka nsalu, ulusi ndi makina osokera.

magwero a Pulayimale mafashoni kapangidwe ndi masitolo France ndi Italy, amene tailors akhala akatswiri weniweni. Pa luso Middle Ages ankaona sunayambe monga zovala mwambo Si. Komabe, mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano anasintha, ndi mbiri za mafashoni anali wodzilemekeza ndi zochitika chatsopano: panali zovala chikondwerero kabudula madona, komanso veleveti ndi silika. Neckline chinakula ndi kuchuluka otsika-odulidwa kavalidwe. Zeitgeist nthawi zonse zimadalira kapangidwe.

Mbiri ya zovala kapangidwe akazi a XX atumwi wodzilemekeza ndi thalauza okhwima wamwamuna lachitsanzo jekete. Iwo amusiya chizindikiro awo, ndi nkhondo, ndipo pambuyo pake anali odula. Panopa mafashoni ndi dziko lirilonse, ndipo okonza padziko lonse kusonyeza ntchito yawo.

Kulengedwa - malangizo a ntchito yolenga kuti satha pa mlingo kuti. Anthu, pali zofuna latsopano ndi malingaliro, ndi ambuye a luso lawo kumasulira malingaliro mu zenizeni kapena kulenga pachiyambi awo kalembedwe. Choncho luso limeneli ndi kutukuka zonse.