Copernicus anali ndani? Nikolay Kopernik: yonena, kutsegula

Mmodzi sindingakhoze kukuuzani amene Copernicus. Akukhulupirira kuti ndi theorist, zakuthambo, zaumunthu, amene anakhala ndi moyo kuyambira 1473 pa 1543. Iye ndi mlengi ananena za chiphunzitso zamakono kagulu kathu ka mapulaneti, chimene likulu ndi dzuwa. Komabe, za moyo wake ndi ntchito ndi mfundo zotsutsana kwambiri kuti salola munthu kuti muyankhe funso ili: "Kodi ndani Copernicus" Pali imabwera amphamvu kuti anali mukuyerekezera. Dzina la Copernicus, kuwonjezera, zingatanthauze gulu lonse la innovators m'munda wa zakuthambo, amene anali kubisalira kuzunzidwa. Komabe, ife azipereka yonena boma la munthu wa sayansi. Inu mukudziwa amene ali Copernicus, malinga ndi Baibulo ambiri. Nthawi zina zingapo Mabaibulo otchuka, ndiyeno ife kuwabweretsa iwo onse.

Tsiku lobadwa, chiyambi cha Copernicus

Nikolay Kopernik, molingana ndi azambiriyakale Polish kwa zaka za m'ma 19, anabadwa mu 1473, 2 February. Chochitika zinachitika mu mzinda Prussian la Munga (ano Torun, Poland). Malinga kuwerengetsera nyenyezi ya Galileo ndi Kepler ndi mphunzitsi (M. Mestlina), iye anabadwa mu 4 h. Mphindi 48. PM February 19, 1473 ndi tsiku ili motere magwero zambiri zamakono sayansi.

Atate wa wasayansi ndi Dzina lake. Pali Mabaibulo ambiri a omwe Copernicus Sr. ndi zimene iye anali kuchita. Iye anali munthu wa malonda kapena mlimi, kapena dokotala, kapena Brewer, kapena wophika. Munthu ameneyu anabwera ku Kraków kuti Torun za 1460. Mu Torun, bambo a Nicholas anakhala munthu wolemekezeka. Iye anatumikira kwa zaka zambiri wosankhidwa oyang'anira tauni woweruza. Komanso, iye anali mtumiki wa mutu aulemu wa Order Republic "M'bale wachitatu kuti" (Wothandizira chidziko zokhudza dongosolo ili la Chimonko).

Kodi dzina la Copernicus?

Sitingathe kunena chimodzimodzi chimene dzina la Copernicus, koma mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti makolo Nicholas akale lakutali Unali kuchita malonda ndi mkuwa (mkuwa Latin - "cuprum"). Baibulo lina - dzina amachokera mayina a m'midzi Silesia, ndi dzina lomweli. Mwina iwo dzina lawo kuchokera fennel kukula m'deralo (mu Polish katsabola - "koper"). Komabe, malo enieni a m'midziyi sakudziwika. azambiriyakale Polish apeza kwa nthawi yoyamba dzina limeneli zikalata Cracow zokhudza 1367. Amadziwika kuti pambuyo onyamula ake anali amisiri a kudzinenera zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo - tinker, omanga, mlonda gunsmith mtumiki.

Tsogolo la abale a Nicholas

Nikolay Kopernik mu Torun, Sr. anakwatira Barbara Vatzenrode, mwana wamkazi wa woweruza wotsogolera. Akukhulupirira kuti ukwatiwo zinachitika pa 1463 Four ana anabadwa mu banja. Nikolai anali wamng'ono wa iwo.

Mu Poland lero amasonyeza kunyumba kumene amati anabadwa Nikolay Kopernik, amene yonena ndife chidwi. Nyumba iyi tikuonera chithunzi pansipa, m'zaka 18 mochedwa, anakhala chinthu Haji ya mitengoyo. Pulasitala ndi njerwa ku izo - maulaliki dziko kusungidwa mu zakale.

Ana mu banja la Copernicus anaphunzira ku mzinda kwawo, kumene iwo aphunzira bwino. Andreya mbale mkulu, amene anabadwa padziko 1464, kulikonse limodzi Nicholas imfa yake (anamwalira mu 1518 kapena 1519). Iye anamuthandiza kuphunzira ntchito chipembedzo. Mu 1512, Andrew anadwala khate, ndipo anafa patatha zaka zingapo A. Copernicus. Mwachidule kumuuza za tsogolo la alongo ngwazi wathu. Choyamba, Barbara, anali tonsured mmonke mu Kulm. Iye anafa pafupi 1517 Ndipo Catherine anapita ku Kraków ndi mwamuna wanga, wamalonda Bartholomew Gertner. Pambuyo kuda akutayika. Ndipo kodi ngwazi wathu, Nikolay Kopernik? Wambiri ndiponso zimene kakuyenera kuphunzira zambiri. Choyamba, ife tinena za moyo wa Nikolaya Kopernika, ndipo kenako - pa zikayenda ake.

Imfa ya makolo, kusamalira Amalume

Mu 1483 bambo wake anamwalira akuthamanga Nicholas matenda (mwina ndi nthenda). mayi ake anamwalira mu 1489. Atamwalira, banja linayamba nkhawa Luca Vatzenrode, m'bale mayi (onani chithunzi m'munsimu). Iye anali ovomerezeka a m'dera m'deralo, ndipo patapita kanthawi kunakhala bishopu. Munthu uyu inapangidwa pa nthawi imeneyo. Iye anali katswiri wa Kraków Jagiellonian University, komanso dokotala wa chilamulo ovomerezeka pa yunivesite ina - Bologna.

abale maphunziro Nicholas ndi Andrew

Pasanapite nthawi mapazi a amalume ake Andreya ndi Nikolay Kopernik. Wambiri ya ngwazi wathu akupitiriza nthawi yaitali maphunziro. Pakutha pa sukulu mumzinda (za 1491), abale anapita ku University Jagiellonian. Nicholas ndi Andrew anasankha mphamvu ya Osaumira Tirhana. Sukuluyi agwirizana kuti anthu, izo yafalikira pa nthawi. Yunivesite akuti ngakhale anapulumuka kalata evidencing kupereka tuition (kwa 1491) ndi Nicolaus Copernicus. Kukhala anaphunzira zaka 3 Latin, masamu ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, abale anaganiza kusiya Kraków popanda kupeza dipuloma. Mwina iwo anapanga chisankho chifukwa chakuti yunivesite ku 1494 anapambana gulu ankaonetsetsa, amene mamembala a fraternity Chihangare.

Abale kusankha kuika malamulo

Andrew ndi Nicholas ankafuna kuti apitirize maphunziro awo ku Italy. Komabe, amalume ake, amene pa nthawi iyi anali bishopu Ermelandskim sizinali ndalama zoonjezera. Iye anamulangiza nephews wake kutenga mipando malamulo (mamembala Chapter wa boma) ndi nkhani ya m'dera kwa iye kuti apeze malipiro zofunika kuyenda kutali ndi kuphunzira kunja. Komabe, dongosolo yagwiridwira mwakamodzi - izo chinalepheretsa kupanda masatifiketi abale. Iwo sizinathandize ngakhale amphamvu zothandizira mipingo yawo. Komabe, abale mu 1496 akadali anapita kukaphunzira kwa achilamulo ndi University of Bologna. Iwo anali osankhidwa absentia pa malamulo malo mu 1487, ndi makonzedwe a malipilo, komanso 3 wazaka tchuthi kupitiriza maphunziro.

Kupitiriza maphunziro ku University of Bologna

The University of Bologna anaphunzira osati yoyenera komanso katswiri wina wa zakuthambo Nikolay Kopernik. Wambiri nthawi imeneyi zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro ankadziwa Dominique Mariey Di Navar. Mphunzitsi wa pa yunivesite ya Bologna, wodziwika nyenyezi za nthawi imeneyo. Copernicus, amene yonena akhoza kulengedwanso kokha pamaziko a magwero mozungulira m'tsogolo ngati buku awo watchula kuzipenya zakuthambo, umene ichitikire adali ndi mphunzitsi wake. The University of Bologna ndi Nicholas anaphunzira Chigiriki, amene anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati humanists Komabe, kuwukitsa kukayikitsa chisokonezo ndi scholastics Katolika. Komanso, iye ankakonda kupenta - kupulumutsa chithunzi, amene amati ndi buku yotentha ndi Copernicus kudziona chithunzi.

Lecturing ku Rome, kuphunzira udokotala

Abale taphunzira mu Bologna zaka 3, kachiwiri popanda kupeza dipuloma. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, mwachidule Nikolay ntchito monga mphunzitsi wa masamu ku Roma, kuwerenga nthawi imodzi ndi nkhani zakuthambo Alexander VI Borgia, papa, komanso Italy wasayansi. Komabe, umboni wa maganizo amenewa kulibe.

Abale mu 1501 anabwerera mwachidule Frauenburg, ku mtengo. Iwo ankafuna kuti akawafunse pochedwetsa kupitiriza maphunziro awo. Atalandira izo, abale anapita kukaphunzira mankhwala pa University amapemphera. Iwo anakhala kumeneko mpaka 1506, ndipo sanalandire dipuloma. Komabe, mu 1503, abale Mwapambana mayeso monga wophunzira kunja pa yunivesite ya Ferrara ndipo anakhala katswiri wa malamulo.

Homecoming, utumiki bishopu

Kopernicki mu 1506 anabwerera kwawo maphunziro. Nicholas ndi nthawi kuti anali kale ndi zaka 33, ndi Andrew - 42. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kulandira masatifiketi pa usinkhu umenewo ankaona yachibadwa. Komanso, asayansi ambiri anazindikira mu asayansi (mwachitsanzo, G. Galilei), analibe dipuloma. Sanaleke onsewo kuti mpando professorial.

Nikolay Kopernik, pambuyo pa zaka utumiki kunsonga kwa Frombork anakhala mlangizi wa bishopu (amalume ake), ndiyeno Chancellor wa chigawocho. Iye anathandiza msuwani wake kulimbana ndi Teutonic Order, zimene zinachititsa mu 1511 ndi Albrecht Von Hohenzollern, tsogolo la chigawenga wake. Nicholas ndi anathandiza zokambirana ndi Sigismund Ine, Mfumu ya Poland, amene anali malume a Albrecht. Amakhulupirira kuti Luka Vattselrode ankafuna kuti m'malo mwake Nicholas. Komabe, iye analibe ntchito zokwanira ndi mtima wofuna mtundu umenewu.

Kusamukira ku Fraenburg

Copernicus nthawi anayamba kulenga chiphunzitso zakuthambo. Mu February 1512, anafa Bishop Luca Vattselrode. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo itha sinecure Copernicus. Mpando wa bishopu amatenga Fabian Losaynen, m'kalasi abale a University of Bologna. Nicolas ali kusiya Lidzbarga. Copernicus anabwerera Frauenburg, kumene anakhala ovomerezeka a tchalitchi. Tideman Gize, wochirikiza wake ndi bwenzi, amakhala Chancellor a m'dera. Komabe, ntchito Nicholas mpaka olemedwa kwambiri. Ndi udindo zokhudza chuma ndi kutolera misonkho. Mozungulira nthawi imeneyi, m'bale wake Andrew kudwala khate ndipo amasankha kupita ku Italy.

Copernicus zinadziwika

Copernicus anapitiriza maphunziro ake a zakuthambo. Scientific amapeza kutchuka munda ngati kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15. nkhani wake ali wotchuka kwambiri, iwo anapita ndi Alexander VI Borgia, komanso Nicholas da Vinci. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti Papa Leo X mu 1514, anati wasayansi, zimene iye akuganiza za kusintha kalendala. Nikolay Kopernik anapereka maganizo ake m'kalata yomwe Paulo Middelburgskomu, curator wa upapa nkhani imeneyi. Iye anamulangiza kuti ena nthawi kusiya kaye Kutulukira ichi, bola ngati iye sanali kumaliza chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso (chomwe, poyamba, Copernicus ntchito kwa zaka 30). Komabe, umboni kutsimikizira izo, sakunena.

Nikolaya Kopernika mu chaka cha 1516, anasankhidwa mu malo Tiedemann Giese. Iye akukhala manenjala wa maufumu a kum'mwera a m'dera la Warmia. Ndipo Giza kuyambira nthawi imeneyo watumikira monga bishopu kulmskogo. Copernicus mogwirizana ndi kuikidwa latsopano anasamukira zaka 4 Olsztyn. Apa iye amakakamizidwa kuti achite luso asilikali - ndi Teutonic Order Varma adzaukira ndi adani gawo la izo. Ndipo kamodzi iwo waikamo ngakhale okhala Copernicus. Nicholas anabwerera Frombork mu 1521, pambuyo mtendere anapangana ndi Teutonic Order.

The lonena woyamba, maganizo chifukwa kusintha ndalama

Iwo ankaganiza kuti ndiye kuti analenga buku lake loyamba, yakuti "Small ndemanga. Ntchito imeneyi zidziwike chiphunzitso ake osiyanasiyana yopapatiza. bwana Copernicus pa kusintha ndalama Prussia anatchula 1528. Zinali ndiye kuti anawaika pa zakudya Elblag.

Milandu Copernicus

Warmia Bishop Ferber atamwalira, umene unachitika mu 1537 n'kukhala Johann Dantisk kale zaumunthu ndi Epikureya. Kenako anakhala prude ndi retrograde, ndi chifukwa cha zimene anachita ntchito chipembedzo. A m'mavuto ndi vuto Copernicus anapulumutsa ulamuliro wake. Dantisk ngati Nicholas mlandu wa chiwerewere mchitidwe ndi Anna Schilling, wokwatiwa wantchito. Mkazi ngati wapadera lamulo la bishopu saloledwa Frombork, chifukwa ichi ndi munthu woopsa kunyengedwa ndi "zakuthambo wolemekezeka."

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, imfa

Pakuti Copernicus mu 1539 akubwera Retik AI kuphunzira chiphunzitso chake. Patapita nthawi, anafalitsa buku limene chiphunzitso chatsopano inali kuperekedwa, kenako lofalitsidwa buku ndi mphunzitsi wake.

Copernicus anatisiya pa May, 24, 1543 Iye anafa sitiroko ndi ziwalo chifukwa cha izo theka lamanja la thupi. Mu 1655 Pierre Gassendi analemba mbiri, chimene mu kukula dzanja ozizira a Copernicus anzake kuvala choyambirira cha bukhu lake. Nicholas, molingana ndi azambiriyakale ano, naikidwa tchalitchi Fromborkskom (chithunzi pamwamba limasonyeza kuti). Mu mu 1581 kutsogolo kwa manda ake anaika chikwangwani ndi chithunzi ndi pafupi tchalitchi ndi chipilala kuti Nicholas.

Machitidwe Nicholas

Copernicus amadziwika kwambiri ngati tate wa chiphunzitso heliocentric. Komabe, iye akutchedwa zinthu zina chibadidwe mu humanists amphatso ndi ophunzira a nthawi. Ife pofotokoza atulukira waukulu Copernicus mwachidule.

Translation kuchokera Greek

Mu 1509, Nicholas, yemwe analankhula mwangwiro Greek kumasuliridwa mu Latin ntchito 6 kapena 7. BC. e. "Makhalidwe Abwino, akumidzi ndi chikondi makalata Feofilakta Simokatty, scholasticism." Amakhulupirira kuti Mlengi wa ntchito imeneyi anali katswiri wa mbiri wotsiriza amene amatanthauza mwambo wakale. Mwatsoka, izo sakudziwika ngati Baibulo limeneli linasindikizidwa, koma lemba la amadziwika. N'zochititsa chidwi mbiri yakale ikunenera ngati makalata izi ladzala ndi anachronisms ndi kanthu kwambiri pakokha m'mbiri ndi nthano. Komabe, ichi "zilizonse" ndi "wotopetsa", "zinyalala" Mwina anamusilira Copernicus, Nicholas ouziridwa yomasulira. ntchito yake, Yoswa amalume. Komanso, olowa zokhudza Nicholas kutali, ndipo ntchito zina Theophylact Scholastica.

makalasi mapu

Ndipo mderali Copernicus unakhudzadi wake. Adalenga mapu Prussia, amene, mwatsoka, wanena sanapulumuke. Kugwiritsa kudzikonda anapanga parallax mzere wa cones spruce, Nicholas anatsimikiza mtima mkati 3 'kumpoto Frauenburga. ndodo zimenezi, amatchedwa "Trikvetra" tiri lero pa University of Cracow. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, m'zaka 16 mochedwa. izi chidina wapatali Ganov John, Bishop wa Warmia, Tiho Brage anadutsa Elias Olai Tsimber, wophunzira lomaliza.

Makalasi ena a Copernicus

Pa kayendetsedwe dziko la Warmia nthawi (kuchokera 1516 chaka 1520) Nikolay Kopernik katswiri mkulu luso, ntchito yokonza asilikali ndi woyang'anira. maphunziro Ake ndalama onse ndi kutha kwa chaka cha 1520, a. Komanso, kulemba kuti Nicholas anali dokotala wotchuka anachitira ufulu wa amisiri ndi anthu wamba. The atulukira Copernicus ankati Ngakhalenso chidali chifuniro chake cha sangweji lapansi.

"Commentariolus"

Ntchito atatu anapereka ntchito zakuthambo wa Nikolaya Kopernika. Awiri a iwo zasindikizidwa ndi m'zaka za m'ma 19. The ntchito choyamba - "Small ndemanga ', limene limafotokoza chiphunzitso cha Nicholas. Baibulo la pamanja anapeza mu laibulale ya bwalo Vienna mu 1877 kapena 1878 Patapita zaka zingapo, mu 1881, anatulukira ndi kope chomwecho ndi mbiri Copernicus. Amakhala ndi masamba 16 ndipo anapezeka pa University Uppsala, mu laibulale wake. Komabe nthawi zina, inanena kuti opezeka Stockholm.

"Uthenga wa Copernicus ndi Werner" ndi "Pa Revolutions wa muzochitika Wakumwamba"

"Letter ndi Werner Copernicus" - wachiwiri nthawi Nicholas nkhani zakuthambo. Iyi ndi kalata yake kuti Bernard Wapowski, rector wa Kraków tchalitchi. Ntchito doubly chidwi ndipo lili kuchuluka nzeru kwa wolemba, amene potengera Kupenda precession nyenyezi monga magwero akale ndi wakale. Mu 1543 linasindikizidwa buku waukulu Copernicus 'Pa Revolutions wa muzochitika Kumwamba ". Place buku la ntchito imeneyi zikusonyeza kuti Regensburg, ndi Nuremberg. Lili ndi zotsatira za kuzipenya la wolemba, komanso m'ndandanda wa nyenyezi 1025, anthu ankalemba iwo.

chiphunzitso Copernican

Malingaliro a sayansi iyi anali wolimba mtima kwambiri pa nthawi yake. Copernican dziko ndi ukasintha osiyana maganizo ambiri amavomereza anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo ndipo m'nthawi. Nicholas anaponya geocentric dongosolo la dziko, amene analengedwa ndi Ptolemy. Pa nthawiyo anali mwamuna wolimba mtima kusuntha, kuyambira chitsanzo uyu kawirikawiri akhala Mufunsidwe. Iwo imayendetsedwa ndi otchuka kwambiri pa nthawi ya Mpingo wa Katolika. Malinga ndi iye, ndi pakatikati pa thambo ndi dziko ndi dzuwa, dera la nyenyezi atathana ndi maiko onse zokhudza izo. Heliocentric dongosolo la Copernicus wachibadidwe akusemphana ndi mfundo imeneyi. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi, monga mapulaneti ena muziyendayenda dzuwa. Nicholas anati kuti kayendedwe ka thambo kuti tikuona masana - izi ndi zotsatira za lamulo la dziko padziko nguli. The atulukira Copernicus kwa iwo ntchito "Pa Revolutions wa danga Akumwamba" imene inafalitsidwa mu chaka cha imfa yake. Bukhu mu 1616 loletsa Katolika. Komabe, malingaliro atsopano zonse kukakamiza njira zawo. Kupezeka, zopangidwa ndi Nicholas, anapereka kutsogolera wamphamvu sayansi. Asayansi ambiri kenako kwa iye.

Choncho, tinanyamuka yonena ndi kutsegulidwa kwa Nikolaya Kopernika mwachidule. Monga momwe mukuonera, pali pamlingo winawake n'kutheka kuti mfundo zina za moyo wake ndi zoona. Recreate yonena za anthu amene anakhalako kalekale, zimakhala zovuta. Komabe, ife tayesera kupereka mauthenga ambiri Nkosatheka za munthu ngati Copernicus. Wambiri ndiponso zimene wake ndi phunziro la a mbiri yakale. Mwina patapita kanthawi iwo adzatha kutenga mfundo zolondola kwambiri.