Chopinga wa chapakati mantha dongosolo: mitundu, phindu limagwirira

Lamulo la ntchito ubongo ndi njira ya malemeredwe ndi chopinga mu CNS. Poyamba, zikuoneka ngati anachita pulayimale ndi kuwalimbikitsa ndi. Mu ndondomeko ya kusanduka anali ndi vuto ntchito neuroendocrine, zikubweretsa mapangidwe mbali yaikulu ya kachitidwe mantha ndi endocrine. M'nkhaniyi tiona wina wa njira yaikulu - chopinga mu CNS, mitundu ndi njira ya kukhazikitsa.

Mantha minofu, matabwa ake ndi ntchito

mtundu umodzi wa zimakhala nyama, dzina lake mitsempha ali dongosolo chapadera chomwe chimapereka ndondomeko malemeredwe ndi mphamvu ya braking ntchito mu CNS. maselo mitsempha zigwirizana ndi thupi ndi zokhudzana: yochepa (dendrites) ndi yaitali (axon), amene amathandiza kufala kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha kwa wina ndi neurocyte wina. Mapeto a axon a ojambula selo mitsempha ndi dendrites wa neurocyte lotsatira mu malo otchedwa synapses. Iwo kuonetsetsa kuti zilakolako bioelectric pamodzi minofu mitsempha. Mmene malemeredwe nthawi zonse amayenda pamodzi njira imodzi - kuchokera axon kuti thupi kapena dendrites wa neurocyte wina.

katundu wina kupatula malemeredwe osefukira minofu mitsempha, - chopinga mu CNS. Ndi ayankhe thupi ndi kuwalimbikitsa zikubweretsa kuchepetsa kapena kutha wathunthu wa galimoto kapena ntchito secretory, imene imakhudza manyuroni centrifugal. Braking mu minofu mantha angayambe popanda malemeredwe kuyambirira, koma mchikakamizo cha braking la nkhoswe, monga GABA. Iye ni mmodzi wa transmitters waukulu braking. Mukhozanso itanani mankhwala monga glycine. Asidiyu kwa amino kumatanthauza utithandize njira ochepetsera ndipo kumapangitsa yopanga maselo mu chidulo synapses gammaaminomaslyannoy.

I. M. Sechenov ndi ntchito yake neurophysiology

Otchuka Russian wasayansi, mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha ntchito reflex ubongo anasonyeza kukhalapo mu zigawo chapakati ya ubongo wa maofesi wapadera maselo angathe inactivating njira bioelectric. Kutsegula malo ananyema mu chapakati mantha dongosolo chimatheka kudzera ntchito I. Sechenov mitundu itatu zatsopano. Zikuphatikizapo kudula zigawo makungwa m'madera osiyanasiyana ubongo, kukondoweza kwa munthu loci imvi kanthu ndi zinthu zakuthupi kapena mankhwala (magetsi, sodium mankhwala enaake) komanso njira malemeredwe malo ubongo thupi. I. M. Sechenov anali experimenter kwambiri, kuchita mabala kopitilira muyeso-yeniyeni m'dera pakati pa thalami ndi zoyenera thalamus a chule lapansi. Iye akhayang'ana kuchepetsa ndi kutha lathunthu zochitika za galimoto ya nthambi nyama.

Choncho, neurophysiologist anatsegula wapadera njira ubongo - chopinga mu CNS. Mitundu ndi njira ya mapangidwe ake, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mu zigawo izi, ndipo tsopano kamodzinso saktsentiruem chidwi mfundo imeneyi: m'madipatimenti monga medulla oblongata, ndi thalamic inali pamalo otchedwa nanyema, kapena "Sechenovskiy" malo. Wasayansi linali pamaso ake osati nyama komanso anthu. Komanso I. M. Sechenov anapeza chodabwitsa malo zimandilimbikitsa malemeredwe ananyema. Iwo anamvetsa mwa ndondomeko laling'ono malemeredwe mu manyuroni centrifugal ndi minofu ofanana, komanso chopinga wa mitsempha kwagona okha.

Muzikumana ngati njira ubongo?

Studies otchuka Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlova ndi I. M. Sechenova anasonyeza kuti ntchito ya chapakati mantha dongosolo yodziwika ndi co-kudzozedwa zochita reflex. Mogwirizana kwa malemeredwe ndi chopinga mu CNS zimachititsa lamulo mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito thupi: zolimbitsa thupi, kupuma, chimbudzi, excretion. njira Bioelectric imodzi zimachitika malo mitsempha ndipo mwina sequentially zikusinthira ndi nthawi. Imakhala malumikizanidwe ndi ndime yake ya bongo poyankha chizindikiro mkati ndi kunja chilengedwe. Zimene ambiri wochitidwa ndi neurophysiologists, anatsimikizira chakuti malemeredwe ndi chopinga mu chapakati mantha dongosolo - chinsinsi zochitika mantha, zomwe ndi zochokera dongosolo ena. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

The malo mitsempha ya kotekisi oziziritsa amatha kugawa mitundu onse njira yonse wamanjenje dongosolo. Mundawu amatchedwa yochokera malemeredwe kapena chopinga. Zotsutsana chodabwitsa - kuchepetsa kapena kuchepetsa dera ubongo, kufalitsa bioimpulsy. Njirayi imatchedwa ndende. Onse mitundu ya ankachita, asayansi anati kwa mapangidwe bongo wabwino galimoto. Pa siteji koyamba luso galimoto, chifukwa cha walitsa wa malemeredwe imodzi kudula magulu minofu angapo, sikuti nawo ntchito ya galimoto kuchita anapanga. Pokhapokha kubwereza angapo kwaiye anapereka kwa zinthu zoyenda thupi (siketing'i, kutsetsereka, kupalasa njinga), chifukwa mu ndende ya njira malemeredwe mu zenizeni okhudza mitsempha foci yokhudza kotekisi, magulu onse a anthu kukhala vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Kusintha malo mitsempha zingachitikenso chifukwa kupatsidwa ulemu. Umaoneka pokhapokha zotsatirazi muli okhutitsidwa: choyamba pali chopinga kapena malemeredwe ndende, ndondomeko izi ziyenera kukhala mphamvu zokwanira. Mu sayansi kudziwika mitundu iwiri ya kupatsidwa ulemu: S-gawo (mu CNS chapakati chopinga timapitiriza malemeredwe) ndi maonekedwe oipa (malemeredwe amachititsa braking ndondomeko). Tinapezanso kupatsidwa ulemu zogwirizana. Pankhaniyi, ndondomeko mantha ndi kubwezedwa ku likulu. Studies asayansi akhala chakuti khalidwe la nyama apamwamba ndi anthu limanenedwa ndi zochitika kupatsidwa ulemu, walitsa ndi ndende ubongo malemeredwe ndi chopinga.

braking chopanda malire

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mitundu inanso ya braking mu CNS ndi cholinga chake mawonekedwe n'chobadwa nyama ndiponso anthu. akuti anali bungwe Ivan Pavlov. Wasayansi anakhulupirira ndondomeko iyi ndi imodzi mwa titadziwa katundu ya ubongo ndi kuzindikiridwa awiri a mtundu wake: kufa ndi kokhazikika. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Kuganiza mu kotekisi kumeneko malemeredwe moto, amapanga nyemba kuti membala ntchito (minofu, England secretory maselo). Chifukwa kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kunja kapena mkati ukapezeka gawo lina okondwa wa kotekisi ubongo. Iyo imapanga ndi chizindikiro bioelectrical mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti kumabwezera mmbuyo malemeredwe mu mitsempha kale yogwira malo ndi Arc ake reflex. Kufa chopinga mu CNS zimachititsa kuti mphamvu ya orienting reflex pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa. Mafotokozedwe chifukwa ndi monga nzothandiza chachikulu sayambitsa malemeredwe mu ndondomeko zolandilira afferent ubongo.

mtundu wina wa chopinga anamuona pa anthu ndi nyama, timasonyeza zimenezo ochitidwa ndi Nobel Prize mu 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. Pa agalu kudyetsa (fistula anachokera ku masaya) experimenters m'gulu beep lakuthwa - malovu ku fistula idaleka. Chotero chopinga view wasayansi wotchedwa zapadera.

Monga katundu wa chibadidwe, chopinga wa chapakati mantha dongosolo umayenda mwa unconditioned reflex limagwirira. Ndi m'malo chabe ndipo sayambitsa otaya wambirimbiri mphamvu, zikubweretsa kutha kwa bongo wabwino. Zonse braking chopanda malire silipita matenda ambiri choganiza: psoriasis, chonsechi ndi flaccid ziwalo.

Kodi anayamba kuchepa ananyema

Kupitiriza kuphunzira njira ya chopinga mu chapakati mantha dongosolo, taganizirani zimene ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yake, wotchedwa ananyema anayamba kuchepa. Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti orienting reflex amamvetsera thupi zotsatira za chizindikiro latsopano yachilendo. Pankhaniyi, mu oziziritsa pakati kotekisi mitsempha aumbike mwa mkhalidwe malemeredwe. Iye ndipamene Arc reflex kuti ndi udindo ayankhe thupi ndipo akutchedwa orienting reflex. Izi kuchita reflex amachititsa chopinga wa reflex wabwino wa zimene zikuchitika pa mphindi. Pambuyo kubwerezabwereza refillable extraneous zikuchitika reflex, wotchedwa zimasonyeza pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa ndipo potsiriza kusiyiratu. Choncho, sayambitsa chopinga chachikulu cha reflex wabwino. Chotero mbendera ndi analandira ndiponso dzina la mabuleki anayamba kuchepa.

Choncho, chopinga kunja bongo wabwino chifukwa zochita za chizindikiro thupi achilendo ndi katundu titadziwa za chapakati ndi dongosolo zotumphukira mantha. Mwadzidzidzi kapena latsopano nzothandiza, monga zowawa kutengeka, phokoso lachilendo, kusintha chiwalitsiro, osati amachititsa orienting reflex, komanso kumathandiza kuti chifooke kapena wathunthu analeka wabwino reflex Arc, panopa yogwira. Ngati chizindikiro Link (ena kuposa ululu) ukugwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza, chopinga wa reflex wabwino limapezeka ang'onoang'ono. Udindo zamoyo ndondomeko mitsempha unconstrained mawonekedwe imakhala pochita ayankhe thupi kuwalimbikitsa, ndi zofunika kwambiri pa nthawiyo.

chopinga mkati

dzina lake ena a Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa apamwamba mantha ntchito - wabwino chopinga. Chinthu chachikulu kwa zikamera cha ndondomekoyi - chosowa chizindikiro zolimba akuchokera dziko zakunja titadziwa bongo: m'mimba, malovu. Kunachitika pansi awa zinthu braking CNS njira amafuna nthawi inayake imeneyi. Kulingalira maganizo awo mwatsatanetsatane.

Mwachitsanzo, masiyanidwe chopinga zikuchitika monga kuyankha zizindikiro zachilengedwe, imodzimodzi mu matalikidwe, mwamphamvu ndi mphamvu kwa nzothandiza wabwino. mawonekedwe zimachitika pakati pa wamanjenje dongosolo ndi dziko kunja zimathandiza thupi finely zambiri kusiyanitsa zikuchitika ndi kupeza iwo kuchokera kuchotsedwa chimene perpetuated titadziwa reflex. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso la foni ndi gulu la 15 Hz, mothandizidwa ndi ufa ndi chakudya, galu anayamba wabwino malovu ayankhe. Ngati nyama ntchito phokoso lina, mphamvu ya 25 Hz, osati ikuthandizira ndi chakudya, mu mndandanda woyamba wa zatsopano, galu wa fistula malovu adzakhala allocated kwa onse nzothandiza wabwino. Patapita nthawi chifuniro nyama zosiyanasiyana za zizindikiro, ndi pa mphamvu phokoso la 25 Hz ku malovu fistula ikutha kuti aime, ndiko kukhala differentiating chopinga.

Kumasulidwa ubongo ku mfundo zimene wataya yofunika kufunika kwa thupi - nchito imeneyi Zoonadi amachita braking mu chapakati mantha dongosolo. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa empirically anatsimikizira kuti zowongolera galimoto anachita bwino inagona kukhala ndi luso, akhoza angapitirize pa moyo wa munthu, monga siketing'i, kupalasa njinga.

Kufotokoza, tikhoza kunena kuti njira ochepetsera mu chapakati mantha dongosolo - ndi chifooke kapena kutha kwa zochita zina za chamoyo. Ndi ofunika kwambiri, monga bongo thupi lonse amakonzedwa mogwirizana ndi mawu kusinthidwa, ndipo ngati zowongolera chizindikiro wataya mtengo wake, ngakhale kwathunthu akhoza kutha. zosiyanasiyanazo deceleration mu CNS ndi zofunika kwa luso anthu amenewa maganizo monga kuteteza kudzikonda, kusalana zikuchitika kuyembekezera.

The anachedwa maonekedwe a ndondomeko mantha

Empirically wina angalenge zimene zinachitikira ayankhe thupi mbendera wabwino ku malo akunja kukuonetsedwa pamaso kukhudzana ndi kuwalimbikitsa unconditioned, monga chakudya. Ndi kuwonjezera nthawi imeneyi pakati pa chiyambi cha kukhudzana kwa mbendera wabwino (kuwala, phokoso, mwachitsanzo, metronome) ndi nthawi zolimba kwa mphindi zitatu pa pamwamba malovu wabwino zikuchitika kunadetsa anachedwa ndi kumachitika kokha pamene kutsogolo kwa nyama limapezeka wodyetsa ndi chakudya. Yankho zomwe zikutsalirazi kwa mbendera wabwino ndi zimasonyeza chopinga njira CNS otchedwa anachedwa view, chomwe limafanana otaya nthawi ya kuchedwa imeneyi ya nzothandiza unconditioned, monga chakudya.

Mtengo wa chopinga mu CNS

Thupi mophiphiritsa, ali "Mmaso" nambala yaikulu zinthu kunja ndi mkati chilengedwe chomwe amakakamizidwa kuchita ndi kupanga kuchuluka kwa mawunikidwe. Awo malo mitsempha ndi arcs anapanga mu ubongo ndi msana. mantha dongosolo zimamuchulukira yaikulu chiwerengero malo okondwa mu kotekisi oziziritsa ali kungasokoneze maganizo, komanso amachepetsa Mwachangu ake.

zapansi Tizilombo pa khalidwe la munthu

Onse mitundu ya mantha ntchito minofu, monga malemeredwe ndi chopinga mu CNS, ndi maziko a ntchito apamwamba mantha. Izo zimayambitsa zimagwirira thupi la ntchito maganizo a anthu. Chiphunzitso cha ntchito apamwamba mantha anali kukonza I. P. Pavlovym. A kutanthauzira yamakono ya akuti motere:

• Malemeredwe ndi chopinga mu chapakati mantha dongosolo, kunachitika molumikizana, kupereka njira zovuta maganizo: kukumbukira, kuganiza, kulankhula, chikumbumtima, ndi kupanga zovuta anthu mayankho khalidwe.

Kuti sayansi ofotokoza akafuna kuphunzira, ntchito, yopuma, asayansi ntchito chidziwitso cha malamulo a ntchito apamwamba mantha.

Tanthauzo zamoyo zoterezi yogwira ndondomeko mitsempha monga chopinga zingadziŵike motere. Kusintha kwa zinthu za chilengedwe kunja ndi mkati (pakalibe wabwino zolimba chizindikiro titadziwa reflex) kumatanthauza kusintha chokwanira njira dziphunzitsiranso mu thupi la munthu. Choncho anapeza reflex kuchita imathetsa (kuchokera) kapena kwathunthu Mwamsanga pamene amakhala kosathandiza kwa chamoyo.

maloto ndi chiyani?

I. P. Pavlov ntchito ataonedwa experimentally chakuti ndondomeko ya chopinga mu dongosolo chapakati mantha ndi kugona nacho chikhalidwe chomwecho. M'nthawi ya maso a thupi pa maziko a ntchito yaikulu ya kotekisi oziziritsa akadali matenda ena malo ake ataphimbidwa ndi braking mkati. Akagona, izo chimachokera pamwamba lonse la hemispheres oziziritsa, kufika nyumba subcortical: thalamus (thalamus), ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha, mapangidwe reticular ndi dongosolo limbic. Monga tanenera ndi neuroscientist otchuka P. K. Anohin, onse mbali iyi ya dongosolo chapakati mantha udindo muzochitika khalidwe, maganizo ndi achibadwidwe, akagona kuchepetsa ntchito yawo. Iyi imalimbikitsa kuchepetsa mu m'badwo wa zikhumbo mitsempha akubwera kuchokera pansi pa chivundikirocho. Choncho, kutsegula kwa kotekisi wa yafupika. Ichi chizathandiza zina ndi kusintha kagayidwe mu neurocytes ubongo ndi thupi lonse wonse.

Zatsopano asayansi ena (Hess kupulumutsa) maofesi akhazikitsidwa maselo wapadera mitsempha za thupi si yeniyeni ngale thalamus. njira malemeredwe anapezeka pa iwo, kuchititsa kuchepetsedwa mu biorhythms kutumphuka amene angaonedwe ngati kusintha kwa boma yogwira (maso) kugona. Maphunziro a m'madera ubongo monga Silvio kuikira ndi III ventricle amatsogoleredwa asayansi kwa aliko wa pakati pa lamulo la kugona. Iye anatomically chikugwirizana ndi malo a ubongo udindo maso. Akunde izi locus kotekisi ndi kupwetekedwa kapena chifukwa cha matenda chawo anthu zimabweretsa zinthu pathologic wa tulo. Komanso dziwani chakuti lamulo la thupi kofunikira kwambiri pa ndondomeko braking monga kugona anagwira malo mitsempha diencephalon ndi mtima subcortical: ndi caudate, amygdala, mipanda ndi lenticular.