Madera aakulu a chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa

Ngati mwaika ntchito: "Kuitana pakati pa chiyambi", anthu ambiri amene si kuti mwakusakaniza ndi sadzatha kuthana nazo. M'nkhaniyi muli mfundo ofotokozera.

terminology

Center chiyambi - ndi zenizeni chirengedwe "otentha mawanga". Iwo adaona zosiyanasiyana majini mitundu ulimi. Malo chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa ndi yaikulu - zikuphatikizapo m'madera zakutchire ndi kuŵetedwa mitundu anakula poyamba, ndi sekondale. Otsiriza - madera, amene anapanga ndi wotsatira yogawa polukulturnyh, mitundu nakulitsa zomera ndi kuswana kwawo zambiri.

nkhani za m'mbiri

zochitika monga mbewu, anatuluka kale isanayambike AD. Poyamba, chitukuko zinachitika, mosaganizira za mitundu ya zomera ozungulira, zisanu mbali madera akutali a dziko. Kwenikweni zamaluwa dongosolo mitundu amene anayesa domesticate anali kuderako m'madera ambiri. Izi amakakamizidwa amachita ntchito nyama wamba. chitukuko anthu akupitiriza chitukuko ... A nthawi kuyanga m'madzi komanso m'dziko mauthenga pakati pa anthu okhala m'madera osiyana m'mayiko ambiri. pasukuluyi akhoza imathandizira kufala kwa zipatso ndi mbewu za kuderako zomera kuŵetedwa. Pachifukwa chimenechi ndi zovuta kukhazikitsa kunyumba ya mtundu chikhalidwe. Patsogolo kuweta, umene unachitika mu zikhalidwe zosiyana Hrs madera ena, anali kumvera malamulo a kusanduka. Mwachitsanzo, ndi zomera zimachitika zochitika monga mating mwachisawawa, khola kuchuluka DNA zachilengedwe maziko mwakusakaniza. Pakhala osiyanasiyana masinthidwe.

Research mapeto

Pamaziko a kutsegula kwa Charles Darwin pa malo dera limene magwero a mitundu yosiyanasiyana anapanga njira ina mu kuphunzira mwakusakaniza. Mu A. XIX m'ma de A Candolle kafukufuku wake, amene anazindikira malo chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa ndi gawo la maonekedwe awo oyambirira. M'mabuku ake a m'madera amenewa a Africa ambiri, komanso zinthu zina zikuluzikulu. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu patatha zaka buku la Labor de A Candolle kudziwa malo chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa kukodzedwa kwambiri. Inasindikizidwa mabuku ochepa, amene yokutidwa mitundu zaulimi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso zipangizo pa mitundu payekha. Kenako funso ili kumvetsa Ni Vavilov. Pamaziko a nkhani pa chuma cha dziko la zomera iye anayizindikira malo chachikulu cha chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa. A okwana asanu ndi awiri; Asia East, ku Mediterranean, Central America, Asia South, South-Western ku Asia, ku Aitiopiya ndi Indian. Aliyense wa iwo kukula kwa kuchuluka ena a okwana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ya zaulimi.

kusintha

Akatswiri ena, monga A. I. Kuptsov ndi PM Zhukovsky, anapitiriza ntchito N. I. Vavilova. Iwo adzipangira ena kusintha kwa mapeto ake. Choncho, South-West Asian pakati unagawidwa Near Eastern ndi Sredneaziatsy ndi Indochina ndi otentha India kutuluka awiri osiyana cholinga lawolawo. Pool wa Yellow Mtsinje imatengedwa maziko a pakati East Asia. Choyamba chinali Yangtze Mtsinje, koma gawo lino Chinese - monga anthu a ulimi - anakakhala patapita nthawi yaitali. New Guinea ndi Western Sudan akudziwikanso monga mbali ya ulimi.

Onani kuti mbewu zipatso, kuphatikizapo orehoplodnye ndi mabulosi ndi malo ochuluka. Iwo unafalikira malire a m'madera a chiyambi. zodabwitsazi ndi zambiri nyimbo ndi ziphunzitso za de A Candolle kuposa ena. chifukwa yilungamitsidwa makamaka chiyambi nkhalango osati Piedmont womwe ndi wa kumunda komanso masamba mitundu. Komanso kwambiri ndi kusankha. Center chiyambi tsopano bwino kumatanthauza. Ena mwa iwo ndi European-Siberia ndi matumba Australia. Zinapangidwa North America Center.

mwachidule

M'mbuyomu, mitundu munthu akhala anadzetsa pa chikhalidwe kunja kwa foci chachikulu. Komabe, chiwerengero chawo ndi ochepa. Poyamba, madera aakulu mbewu wakale ulimi ankaona kuti kukhala Nile Valley, mtsinje wa Firate, Tigirisi, Ganges ndi mitsinje ina yaikulu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi Vavilov, mitundu yambiri ulimi anaonekera m'madera lamapiri la woyendera nthambi kotentha, ndi kotentha ndi mayiko. Pakatikati koyamba chiyambi zikugwirizana kwambiri zosiyanasiyana floristic ndi chitukuko wakale.

malo Chinese

m'dera Izi zikuphatikizapo madera lamapiri la magawo kumadzulo ndi chapakati dziko, ndi madera ozungulira otsika-atagona. Maziko a malo ndi ufulu kotentha zone, yomwe ili pa Yellow Mtsinje. zinthu Local ndi chibadidwe makhalidwe monga kotentha kukula nyengo, ndi ufulu wosankha kwambiri hydration ndi mkulu mode kutentha. The moto ndi malo achilengedwe kwa soya, okhota, nyemba, manyuchi, mapira, mpunga, Mapila, payzy, mapira, balere, Chitibeta ndi ambiri mbewu zina.

gawo South-East Asia

M'mayiko a ku Malaysia chiyambi agricultures pakati likugwirizana ndi Indian dera. Pamafunikanso m'madera monga a m'mayiko a China, onse Chimaleya Archipelago, ndi Philippines. Hindustan ndi malo Chinese chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa ali ndi mphamvu pa nkhani imeneyi. zinthu Local yodziwika ndi vegetative chonse, chinyezi kwambiri mkulu ndi kutentha. Derali lili ndi malo achilengedwe kuti nutmeg ndi, allspice, cardamom, lalanje, malalanje amenewa, tsabola wakuda, mangosteen, chamba, laimu ndi mitundu zina zambiri.

dziko Indian

Limatchedwanso ndi Hindustan moto ndi zikuphatikizapo Indian boma la Assam, Burma ndi lonse Indian kudela, kupatulapo limati kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Nyengo amalimbikitsa kukula yaitali nyengo, mkulu mlingo wa kutentha ndi chinyezi. Field zotsatira odziwa m'mayiko a Malayan pakati. Pa gawo kukula zipatso, nzimbe, mpunga, ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya zomera.

gawo Central Asia

Pakati zimenezi zimaphatikizapo dziko la Western Tien Shan, Tajikistan, kumpoto Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan ndi gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. zinthu Local yodziwika ndi zolimbitsa nthawi zomera, kutentha ndi kusinthasintha amphamvu nyengo ndi tsiku ndi mlingo wochepa kwambiri chinyezi. Kudera limeneli wakhala amadza amphamvu Peredneaziatski ndi malo Chinese. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi malo sekondale chifukwa ambiri a mitundu m'dera zipatso.

Near Eastern gawo

moto ili mu Asia kum'mwera. Malo zikuphatikizapo m'dera lamapiri la Turkmenistan, onse Transcaucasia, Fertile Crescent, Iran ndi mkati mwa Asia Minor. Nyengo yodziwika ndi nthawi yaitali chilala, kutentha ndi chinyezi otsika kwambiri. Kudera limeneli akumana ndi mphamvu ya malo Asian ndi Mediterranean Central. Malire a foci atatu amenewa zogwirizana, kotero kuli kovuta kukhazikitsa.

American South pakati pa chiyambi

Mbali zimenezi ndi monga madera phiri mapiri a Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia ndi Peru. zinthu Local yodziwika ndi wetting osakwanira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Central America Center anali pa malo ena zimakhudza.