Byzantine luso. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za

Kukula kwa anthu masiku ano zinakhudza kwambiri cholowa chikhalidwe cha Chiroma Ufumu, Ufumu wa Byzantine, ufumu Aigupto ndi ena ambiri otukuka mofanana kwambiri. A nambala yaikulu zipilala za chikhalidwe anabwera mpaka pano, kupereka anthu miyambo, miyambo ndi worldview a anthu akale.

Byzantine luso - chitsanzo momveka bwino lino. Pambuyo gulu lalikulu Roma anakwera wachifumu wa Constantinople mafumu, amene pambuyo ulamuliro wake odinnadtsativekovogo yaikulu ya chikhalidwe. Zovuta ndi zovuta magawo chitukuko mbiri osati kulimbikitsa kukula ndi kusintha kwa luso la chitukuko, koma anaperekanso m'dziko zakale zosaiŵalika, mbali yaing'ono ya zomwe ndi mosavuta zowoneka kufufuza ndi tsopano.

Byzantine zinayamba chitukuko ndi dongosolo la kapolo. A kusintha yosalala yakale ku Ages Middle komanso kuvala chikusintha chikhalidwe cha amaonekera kukoma. Nthawiyi amakhala ndi zipilala zazikulu za zomangamanga ndi luso labwino. Zinali ndiye kuti mapulani a boma ayesa kusunga mbiri yaikulu kuti muli anthu a lalikulu Roma.

A mbali yaikulu pa luso Byzantine anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ndi anthu. Izi boma pafupi pamodzi ngati mbali yosiyana ngati Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Serbia, etc. Nthawiyi ndi chibadidwe unsembe ambiri m'tchalitchi denga pa ntchito yomanga kachisi. Nthawi akale ndi chitukuko m'madera monga chilengedwe cha Zithunzi, frescoes ndi ankapenta. Tikumbukenso kuti panthawi imeneyi, kuwonjezeka ntchito yomwe iconography. Koma zolengedwa sculptural sangathe kudzitama wa chitukuko mofulumira. Komabe, chithumwa wapadera ndi zapadera mu luso la Byzantium anali ndi akapolo zochita za anthu ndi ntchito za anthu a boma. Pa nthawi yomweyo Mpingo mokwanira ntchito mu utumiki wa anthu. Mogwirizana ndi maganizo akale a anthu, mfumu ndi wolowa mmalo mwa Mulungu. mphamvu yake mothandizidwa ndi amphamvu kachipembedzo zida.

Chabwino luso la Byzantium komanso akukonza kusintha zinthu zina. Ojambula zithunzi za mazana oyambirira a m'nthawi yathu ino anasonyeza analenga awo zithunzi zomwe akhala zinapatsira mbali ophiphiritsa. Ductility ndi zinthu zina ndi mfundo Mkhristu - izi ndi zinthu zofunika zojambula za nthawi. Iwo m'malo ndi ntchito, chinthu chachikulu chimene anali waumulungu. Mawu a ukulu wauzimu anakhala mbali iliyonse chinthu luso.

Mpingo unali chokha n'chimene wotsutsa. Madera yaikulu yomwe panali chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa luso ndi mafano, frescoes, Zithunzi ndi buku kakang'ono. Background shimmering golide mtundu, mbali wothwanima ngale ndi glazes, mapangidwe yowala - izi ndi zinthu zofunika pafupifupi ntchito iliyonse aluso a nyengo ya, amene anakhala wotchuka onse pa dziko Byzantium. The luso la boma wadutsa magawo angapo mu chitukuko. Loyamba ndilochokera wa Chikhristu gawo (kuchokera 1 mpaka m'ma 3 AD). Pamakhala otchedwa oyambirira Byzantine, okhudza zaka chimodzi ndi chiwiri. Nthawiyi amadziwika chitukuko cha zomangamanga kachisi ndi Zithunzi za Ravenna. Kumbuyo kwake amabwera kwa zaka iconoclastic sitepe kusintha kumene ndi Chimakedoniya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, chimene chinafika mpaka m'ma 11. Penultimate nthawi anakhala nthawi ya conservatism, ndipo zinatha chitukuko cha luso lalikulu la Byzantine chiyambi cha Agiriki ndi zizolowezi odana ndi mavuto, amene kumaonekera Palaeologus Kubadwa Kwatsopano.