Chonyamulira roketi "purotoni-M": makhalidwe, kuthamanga, ngozi

Space wakhala "lipenga khadi" wa dziko, gwero la kunyada kwa nzika. Kuyambira Kanema choyamba ndi mwamuna woyamba mu mlengalenga, ife anazolowera chitukuko wochitachita wa gawo ili, lomwe ndi limodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri geopolitical.

Mwatsoka, owonongedwa mu 90s a kwambiri anakankhira makampani, koma zinthu kuyambira kusintha zisakuyenda bwino. Umboni wa zimenezi kutumikira kuyambiranso flights "purotoni-M" chida katundu amene amatha kuika mu kanjira mabuku mbiri ya katundu.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

M'chaka cha 1960, womwe pafupifupi mwalamulo ankaona nthawi ya kukwera kosayerekezeka kwa danga Soviet, izo potsiriza zinadziwika kufunika boma mu wamphamvu kwambiri galimoto Launch, amene akhoza kuika mu kanjira katundu kwambiri. Ndithudi, "choyamba zeze" mu lobbying chifukwa mapulani amenewa ngakhale boma danga pulogalamu ndi asilikali, amene ankasowa amphamvu "galimoto" la mayendedwe a asilikali katundu danga lolemera.

mbali zonse za nkhondo Cold zaka anachita chidwi kuposa madongosolo kusonyeza geostationary kanjira wapamwamba wamphamvu mabomba wa hydrogen. Mwamwayi, kukhazikitsa ntchito chotero kudzipha sitepe USSR asilikali komanso US akadali sizinawakhudze, koma chombo "purotoni-M" nthawi kuti anali wokonzeka.

Tiyeni tionenso mbiri atangochimwa chilengedwe. Mukhale anapatsidwa OKB 52, amene ankapita ndi Chelomey V. N. kuti ofesi akhoza kulimbana ndi kuchuluka zosaneneka za ntchito yofunika yochepa nthawi, ankafunika kuchita zinthu zinanso kuposa CB dazeni ndege kuchokera pa dziko lonse naye.

Kale zinachitika woyamba inamangidwa mu 1962. Chida ankatchedwa "Uri-200." Kuyambira 1962 mpaka 1964, naini inkachitikira amathamanga mayesero zida zatsopano.

The zinachitika latsopano

Onse a iwo anali wabwino, koma mu 1961, pamaso flights mayeso, iye Chelomei anaumirira pakhale zinachitika latsopano. Malinga anapezazo, iye amayenera kukhala zisanu (!) Times zolemera kwambiri kuposa buku pachiyambi!

Poyamba, ndiAmene anafuna kuti apite pamodzi ndi njira ya "kukana osachepera" ndi kaphatikizidwe mabomba awiri "Sd-200" ndi kuwonjezera kapangidwe chifukwa cha gawo lina chilimbikitso. Komabe anapezazo kuyambirira kuti yasonyeza kuti kudalirika kwa zimenezi zinaoneka kusiya kwambiri wolakalakika.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anaganiza kuti akonze chombo latsopano "Sd-500", koma wosalira anapezazo ndi asayansi anakakhala pa kukondera ndi: kuchita zinthu Kamangidwe zonse, monga iwo ntchito pamwamba pa wina "Sd-200". Kumene ntchitoyi koyamba anali kwambiri redesigned.

injini

Ndi injini kutukula anali tinker. mfundo ndi yakuti chifukwa cha kusiyana maganizo kwa nthawi yaitali, anasankha polyblock buku la kamangidwe ka gawo loyamba. chiwembu Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti agwirizane mu ndondomeko utali wa milatho ndi ngalande pa magawo zoyendera roketi, koma pali zofooka pa mafuta ntchito.

Chakale awiri mpweya-palafini zinali zosatheka chifukwa panadutsa kwambiri pa kukula, choncho ngati mafuta anasankha poizoni unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine tetraksidom ndi asafe monga oxidant lapansi.

Pa mfundo imeneyi panali kutsutsana ndi Mfumukazi, amene amanena zinali palafini. Mpaka 1965 kunachitika kuyezetsa kwambiri watsopano magetsi zinthu monga pafupi zenizeni.

mbiri zina

Nthawi zimachitika mu pulogalamu danga dziko mu zaka, ndale chogwidwa pa onse. Ndi 1965, pamene polojekiti anali kale pafupifupi kwathunthu okonzeka, kampaniyo anali mliri macheke mkulu wa L. Brezhnev. Iye unconcealed Muzisamala kuyambira kuloŵedwa m'malo ake.

N'chifukwa chake chitukuko cha "Sd-200" potsiriza ndinayima. Mwamwayi, 500 TH chitsanzo anakwanitsa kuteteza. Mu zaka za m'ma 1965 Kanema "purotoni" bwinobwino anapezerapo kanjira. The chizindikiro kwa izo anacititsa okha maola ochepa pambuyo jekeseni mu kanjira, kotero kuti kwa nthawi yaitali anayesedwa kuyamba zoipa.

Mu buku loyamba atolankhani mzinga molakwika dzina ya mwezi wa. Ndipo posachedwapa anagwira, ndipo ndicho chifukwa chake kuyambira 1965 mu malo athu ndi anaonekera "purotoni-M". More ndendende, mmalo mwa index "M" pa chida ali ndi manambala oyambirira "K".

Modernized izo anadziwika kokha mu 2001, pamene anaponyedwa kanjira kwa nthawi yoyamba mothandizidwa ndi katundu wake.

Features Ofunika

Features wa chozizwitsa cha roketi Soviet-Russian ndi chidwi. Kamangidwe wa roketi wa - atatu siteji. The kwambiri kulemera kwa "purotoni M AE" - matani 702! Chida Mungasonyeze pa geosynchronous kutengerapo kanjira matani asanu chabe payload.

Gawo loyamba ali ndi awiri mamita oposa asanu, wachitatu - oposa anayi. Podziwa kuti mafuta ntchito zigawo poizoni kwambiri zofuna mfundo apamwamba kukonzekera preflight kwa roketi ndi Launch PAD iye.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Kuyambitsa mtengo - zosakwana $ 100 miliyoni. Mwa njira, kwa American Delta IV kunagwa roketi, yemwe ali mmodzi wa mpikisano waukulu galimoto yathu "purotoni-M", chithunzi ndi $ miliyoni 265 .... katatu apamwamba!

The ziwerengero zachisoni

Kalanga ine, mu mutu wa nkhani sanangobwera ndi mawu akuti "Kuwonongeka". Far osati kukula ndipo chiwerengero cha katundu linanena bungwe nalemekeza chonyamulira. chakuti roketi "purotoni-M" amadziwika nambala yake imalankhula analephera. mwambo uwu wapita nanu kuloŵedwa m'malo.

Nokha. Wa koyamba imalankhula anayi inachitika ku nthawi kuchokera 1965 mpaka 1966, mmodzi wakhala zinalephereka chifukwa ngozi ya Gawo lachiwiri chilimbikitso. Komabe, zingakhale zachilendo kuyembekezera zosiyana, monga umisiri ukasintha atsopano a mtundu umenewu nthawi zonse mkulu Mwina kulephera.

Nthawi zambiri, chabe pafupi 47 analembedwa milandu imene kukhazikitsidwa kwa "purotoni-M" zinatha zoopsa. Popeza kuti onse anali 400 kumayamba, ife tikufika pa 89% ya imalankhula bwino.

Tsoka wotchuka

Ngozi ya Launcher izi n'zokayikitsa achititsa ngati kulira pagulu (makamaka chifukwa mavuto mwadzidzidzi zinachitika ndi "purotoni" zonse), koma ndizo basi akuthamanga wake kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa dongosolo zoweta wa pamalo lonse - GLONASS.

Choncho madola 100 miliyoni, omwe ndalama kuyamba kwambiri, kungoti tikunenawa ndi ochepa poyerekezera ndi zoipa zimene boma pa nkhani ya kufa imodzi ya Kanema wa. Izi zimaonekera makamaka mu 2010 pamene nthambi zitatu zokha GLONASS kuwundana sikuti wapita mu kanjira ndi pansi pa Pacific Ocean.

kuwonongeka ndiye anakwana biliyoni 3 rubles, osati kuwerengera mtengo wa roketi yokha. Chifukwa cha ngozi (chomwe chinachitika chifukwa cha zolakwa pamene kudzaza zimatiyika mafuta) anachotsedwa ntchito ambiri udindo wapamwamba "danga" boma.

Mu 2011, kachiwiri, chifukwa mavuto ndi injini roketi, analephera kubweretsa olondola chilimbikitso wapadera kanjira Kanema "Express AM4." Iwo amagwirizana nacho kusintha zonse kuti digito kanema wailesi m'dziko lathu. Kupulumutsidwa wagawo anayesa dziko lonse: okwerera telemetry ankagwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse, koma analephera kuteteza kuyatsa ilili mu mlengalenga.

Mtengo wa kuwonongeka Akuti rubles osachepera biliyoni 10.

Mu 2012, analidi nkhani ofanana ndi makina kulankhulana awiri. Kachiwiri, chifukwa mavuto m'dongosolo mafuta mayunitsi ndi roketi anayikidwa mu kanjira cholakwika. Kukumana analephera iwo, njira wakhala anathetsedwa. Mtengo wa kuwonongeka - ziri chomwecho biliyoni 10.

Pakati pa 2013 anapitiriza epic ndi GLONASS. Kachiwiri, atatu kuleza mnzake (!) Analiza ndi roketi a. Kufufuza anali mokwanira. Panthawi imeneyi anasonyeza kuti zimatulutsa mlandu wa mathamangidwe okhota, amene anaika mu msonkhano zimayenda madigiri 180 kwa malo mwake. Chifukwa cha roketi uwu wapita pa kwathunthu kanjira cholakwika.

Kenako mu May chaka chino pansi kachiwiri ndinapita ilili "Fotokozani" kachiwiri m'manda mapulani kwa kusintha athamangira digito wailesi.

Mawuwo ndi chiyembekezo

Chifukwa cha milandu onse pamwamba, tataya atsogoleri utumiki ambiri. boma allocated 2 biliyoni rubles ntchito yokonza bwino kuti afunika nkhondo ya mtundu uwu. Chifukwa cha mtengo wa akuthamanga "purotoni" (kuphatikizapo zomvetsa zonse), inde ndipo sipadzakhalanso wa "Atlas 5" roketi American.

Ngakhale izi, "purotoni-M" ndi mmodzi wa mizati chofunika kwambiri imalankhula malonda. Ngakhale ndi mtengo wa ngozi mu kanjira geostationary akanali wotsikitsitsa mu dziko, koma chifukwa kuchepa kwa abwenzi angathe ndi makasitomala Roskosmos asaone.

Chida latsopano

Komabe, akatswiri yaitali ananena kuti "purotoni-M" posachedwa ntchentche wanu. Popeza kuti chitukuko tima ya "Angara" panopa yayambika. Izi latsopano chipika roketi ndi mtengo osati kuposa zimene zinawonongedwa, koma ndi zosavuta kupanga. The "Angara" ntchito injini palafini-oxygen. Iwo akhoza kuthamanga kwa cosmodrome "Plesetsk" ndi "East" popanda kulipira Kazakhs limanena zakuthambo renti a "Baikonur".

Ngakhale tikuyembekeza zinthu adzapeza, chotengera roketi "purotoni-M" Ndithu ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, monga chitukuko cha umisiri ndi zomwe zikutsalirazi.