The Launch loyamba roketi mu mlengalenga. Recent chida imalankhula. Ziwerengero Space Launch

Today, aliyense roketi Launch, amene anauzidwa nkhani, zikuwoneka gawo chizolowezi cha moyo. Chidwi cha anthu wamba, monga ulamuliro, tingafunse okha pankhani ntchito yaikulu kwa kufufuza malo kapena mlandu wa ngozi yaikulu. Komabe, osati kale pa chiyambi cha theka lachiwiri la atumwi wotsiriza, aliyense amayamba mabomba panthawi ya amaundana dziko lonse, kwa kupambana kapena kulephera anaonerera zonse. Komanso anali mu chiyambi cha m'badwo wa mmwamba ndi US, kenako m'mayiko onse kumene pulogalamu atafunyululidwa ndege zawo nyenyezi. Ndiko kupambana kapena kulephera kwa zaka maziko pa chimene kuchuluka roketi sayansi, ndipo pamodzi nacho Launch malo, ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri. Mwachidule, chida ndi mbiri yake, matabwa, mbali ndi ziwerengero kuchilingalira.

Chinthu chachikulu mu Mwachidule

Chilimbikitso ndi zosinthika ya multistage ballistic mzinga, amene cholinga chake ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zinthu zina danga. Malinga ntchito zinayambitsa zida roketi zingabweretse kuti ndi mpita geocentric, kapena mathamangitsidwe kuthawa yokoka zone Dziko Lapansi.

Nthawi zambiri, roketi Launch ndi chifukwa malo ake woongoka. kawirikawiri ntchito mpweya chiyambi mtundu pamene makina koyamba anaperekedwa kudzera ndege kapena zina chipangizo ofanana pamwamba, ndiyeno.

multistage

Njira imodzi m'kagulu maroketi - chiwerengero cha magawo awo constituent. Zida kuphatikizapo chimodzi chokha pamlingo wotere, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapulumutsa ndi payload mu mlengalenga, ndi chibwenzi, zitsala kokha maloto opanga ndi akatswiri. The protagonist pa Launch malo a dziko - ndi zida Mipikisano gawo. Ndipotu, tichipeza maroketi angapo inakula ndondomeko zikuphatikizapo ndege ndi kusagwirizana pa akamaliza cholinga chake.

Kufunika ngati makonzedwe ndi vuto kuwagonjetsa yokoka dziko lapansi. Chida ayenera detach padziko kulemera yake chikukhudza makamaka tani mafuta ndi dongosolo zosagwiritsa, ndi payload kulemera. Kumbali kuchuluka, chomalizachi chili% 1.5-2 yokha ya unyinji wa roketi Launch. Detaching utsi ndege masitepe facilitates ntchito akhala ndi kupanga ndege zosavuta. Chonchi yomanga pali downside: izo kulamula wapadera cosmodrome lapansi. Amafuna zone ufulu wa anthu, pamene gawo anakhala adzagwa.

Reusability

Iwo ankadziwa kuti ngati ntchitoyo, chilimbikitso sangathe ntchito kangapo. Komabe, asayansi zonse ntchito kulenga ogwira ntchito zofanana. Kwathunthu reusable Roketi ku tsiku kulibe chifukwa cha kufunika kwa ntchito zina zamakono, anthu simunayambe zilipo. Komabe, pali akuyendera pulogalamu dongosolo pang'ono reusable - ndi American "Space Olumikiza". Tikumbukenso kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene kutukula akuyesetsa kuti akonze chombo reusable - ndi kufuna kuchepetsa ndalama magalimoto Launch. Komabe, "Space Olumikiza" sikunapangitse zotsatira sikhala lingaliro limeneli.

Woyamba roketi Launch

Mukapita ku mbiri ya vuto, maonekedwe a maroketi leni unachitika chilengedwe nkhondo ballistic. Mmodzi wa iwo, German "V-2" anamugwiritsa ntchito Achimereka anayesa oyamba "amayesetsa" chilengedwe cha. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo, pa chiyambi cha 1944, chiwerengero cha amathamanga ofukula kunachitika. The roketi anafika okwera 188 Km.

Zotsatira zofunika kwambiri akhala akwaniritsa pambuyo zaka zisanu. Panali zida Launch ku US pa akhala akutayirapo dothi White Sands. Mpheroyi magawo awiri: mizinga "V-2" ndi "WAC-chomenya" ndipo anali kukwaniritsa kutalika 402 Km.

chilimbikitso choyamba

Komabe, kuyamba kwa m'badwo danga akuti ndi 1957. Kenako ndinayamba woyamba weniweni muchilichonse cholankhulidwa chonyamulira roketi, Union "Sputnik". Launch zinachitikadi pa Baikonur Cosmodrome. Roketi wakhala athana ndi ntchito - kuika mu kanjira woyamba yokumba Earth Kanema.

The Launch "Sputnik" ndi zosintha ake "Sputnik-3" opangidwa maulendo anayi, atatu amene anali bwino. Ndiye, pa maziko a pachikhalidwe wakhala analenga banja lonse magalimoto Launch, yodziwika ndi makhalidwe a mphamvu ndi makhalidwe ena ena.

The Launch mu mlengalenga, chopangidwa mu 1957, kunali chochitika chokhudza zambiri. Chizindikiro chiyambi cha siteji watsopano kufufuza anthu a madera ozungulira, makamaka anatsegula malo nyengo, anatchula mwayi ndi zofooka za njira za nthawi, ndipo anaperekanso USSR mwayi kwambiri pa America mu malo mpikisano.

Mbali zamakono

Today tikambirana amphamvu kwambiri chilimbikitso maroketi "purotoni-M" opangidwa ku Russia, ndi US "Delta-IV kunagwa», komanso European "Ariane 5". The kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu uwu limakupatsani kuona roketi mu kanjira, mabodza pamalo okwera 200 Km ndi payload yolemera matani 25. Pamaso geopromezhutochnoy kanjira zipangizo amenewa amatha kubweretsa 6-10 matani kuti geostationary - matani 3-6.

M'pofunikanso kukhala pa boosters "purotoni". The Soviet ndi Russian malo kufufuza, iye anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito pa kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana malo, kuphatikizapo kutumiza siteshoni danga zigawo "Mir". Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo danga amasulidwa "Dawn" ndi "Star", ndi mayunitsi zofunika kwambiri MKS. Ngakhale kuti si imalankhula onse atsopano a maroketi wa mtundu uwu anapambana, "purotoni" kudakali Launcher wotchuka: chaka limapanga 10-12 udzayamba.

anzake yachilendo

"Ariane-5" ndi analogue a "purotoni". Roketi uyu ali nambala kusiyana kwa Russia, makamaka Launch ake zambiri zodula, koma ali wamkulu katundu mphamvu izo. Pa kanjira geopromezhutochnuyu "Ariane-5" akhoza kubweretsa nthambi ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Zinali za kukhazikitsidwa kwa danga roketi wa mtundu uwu chinali chiyambi cha kugwiritsa ntchito "Rosetta" Cholinga phwando la kafukufuku amene atatha zaka khumi ndege wakhala Kanema wa nyenyezi Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

"Delta-IV» anayamba wake "ntchito" mu 2002. Mmodzi wa zosintha ake, Delta IV heavy, malinga deta cha 2012 anali payload waukulu pakati pa magalimoto kuponyedwa dziko.

zigawo za kupambana

A bwino chida Launch sikuti zochokera abwino makhalidwe luso chipangizo. Zimadalira chisankho cha PAD Launch. Location Baikonur n'chofunikira kwambiri bwino ntchito zinayambitsa chipangizo.

mowa mphamvu kuchotsa kanjira Kanema ndi kuchepetsedwa pamene mbali ya ndingaliro limafanana Latitude mbali zimene chiyambire imagwiridwa. Ndi pongoganizira mungachite izi kuyamba makina, kwa kanjira geosynchronous. Malo abwino kuyamba monga roketi ndi - ndi equator. The kupatuka digiri pa zotsatira equator akufunika kuti apereke liwiro pa 100 m / S wamkulu. Ndi chizindikiro chimenechi pakati oposa 20 Launch malo dziko malo ambiri zaphindu wotanganidwa European Kuru ili pa ufulu 5º, Brazil Alcantara (2,2º), komanso Nyanja Launch, akuyandama Launch malo ndi luso kuthamanga mwachindunji Roketi ku dziko.

udindo Focus

Mfundo ina chikukhudzana ndi kasinthasintha wa lathuli. Yambani ku equator roketi yomweyo kutenga ndithu liwiro chidwi kumbali ya kum'mawa, amene amagwirizana chabe ndi kasinthasintha wa Dziko Lapansi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, onse ndege njira, monga ulamuliro, ndi kuthamanga ina easterly. Osati mwayi pa nkhani imeneyi, Israel. Iye ayenera kutsogolera mzinga kumadzulo, kuchita khama owonjezera kugonjetsa kuzungulira kwa dziko, monga kum'mawa kwa dziko ili boma lankhanza.

munda wa zochitika

Monga tanenera kale, anakhala magawo roketi pansi, kotero pafupi spaceport adzaikidwe oyenera m'dera limeneli. Kwambiri kusankha - madzi a m'nyanja. Ambiri mwa malo danga choncho ili pa gombe. Chitsanzo chabwino - pa Cape Canaveral Launch malo ndi US linaikidwa pano.

Russian Launch malo

Spaceports dziko lathu zinalengedwa pa Cold nkhondo, choncho sangakhale udzakhazikitsidwe mu North Caucasus ndi Far East. Nthaka choyamba kwa afunika ya maroketi anakhala Cosmodrome ili Kazakhstan. Apa pali otsika zivomerezi ntchito zabwino nyengo kwambiri pachaka. N'zotheka zinthu kuwonongeka zida Asia ali ndi zotsatira zina pa malo ntchito. Baikonur pali kufunika mosamala kuyala ndege njira siteji utsi sanali m'madera zogona ndi mivi musalekane mu airspace la China.

Free cosmodrome ili Far East ali ndi mayikidwe bwino kwambiri za kugwa kwa minda: iwo agwa nyanja. Wina Launch malo, kumene inu mukhoza zambiri kuona kukhazikitsidwa kwa chombo cha - Plesetsk. Izo aikidwa kumpoto kwa madera ena onse mofanana dziko ndi abwino chifukwa chotumiza magalimoto mu kanjira kumalo ozizira.

Ziwerengero chida imalankhula

Chiyambireni cha m'ma ntchito pa Launch malo a dziko wagwa kwambiri. Ngati Tikayerekeza mayiko awiri kutsogolera mu gawo lino, United States ndi Russia, chaka choyamba umabala imalankhula kwambiri osakwana wachiwiri. Mu nthawi kuchokera 2004 mpaka 2010 kuphatikiza, ndi America cosmodrome anapezerapo maroketi 102 akwanitsa anamaliza ntchitoyo. Komanso, panali zisanu imalankhula analephera. Mu dziko lathu bwinobwino 166 kumayamba, pamene eyiti idatha kulephera.

Mwangozi "purotoni-M" Pakati pa mfundo zazikulu za analephera imalankhula zipangizo mu Russia. Mu nthawi kuchokera 2010 mpaka 2014 chifukwa cha zolakwa umenewu anataya boosters osati kokha, komanso angapo Russian makina, komanso chithandizo munthu wachilendo. Nkhani yofanana ndi mmodzi wa wamphamvu kwambiri galimoto Launch ali zinaonedwa: anachotsedwa akuluakulu nawo pakutchulidwa zakulephera awa, ayamba kukhala ntchito Sinthani makampani malo mu dziko lathu.

Lero, ngati zaka 40-50 zapitazo, anthu anali ndi chidwi kufufuza malo. Mbali panopa n'zotheka mgwirizano osiyana zonse padziko lonse, amene bwinobwino akuyendera polojekiti ISS. Komabe, mbali zambiri ayenera bwino, akweza kapena yantchito. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti ndi kukhazikitsa watsopano nzeru ndi luso chiyambi akuluakulu ziwerengero adzakhala kwambiri yosangalatsa.