Chiyambi ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera nakulitsa. Zosangalatsa za mbewu mbewu

zomera nakulitsa ali kotero mbe mu moyo wa munthu kuti anthu ochepa ndikuganiza za komwe nkhani awo anayamba kulima. Kudya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba chakudya, munthu sapempha za mmene angapezere ngati achibale awo zakutchire ochuluka bwanji zosiyanasiyana zomera nakulitsa.

mabuku a mbiri yakale

Pafupifupi onse odziwika zomera wobzalidwa lero inayambira mbiriyakale kuti chimatanthauza malo zikamera awo ndi kusintha pang'onopang'ono.

Chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa a 50 000-60 000 zaka BC. e. Isanafike nthawi imeneyi, mndandanda wa zomera chinali njira ya kupulumuka kwa fuko, amene anali ndi udindo wa akazi. umboni wotsimikizira kuti anthu anayamba kutenga mbewu yaikulu ndi wathanzi ndi zipatso kukula iwo pafupi ndi nyumba zawo ndi ziwiya wakale, miphika ndi zinthu m'manda a alemba.

Pakali pano, 640 mitundu ya yotchuka kwambiri ya zomera nakulitsa amadziwika kuti pafupifupi 400 a iwo achokera Asia South, 50 - mu Africa, oposa 100 - kuchokera North ndi South America, ndi ena - kuchokera ku Europe.

Zosangalatsa za mbewu Mwachitsanzo tirigu, kuti Tirigu anali mitundu koyamba kuti anthu mwadala wamkulu pafupi nyumba. Umboni wa mawu amenewa ndi mortars wakale ndi pestles, wopezeka mu malo kuthetsa cavemen.

Malo chomera kuweta

M'zaka za m'ma 20, asayansi anatha kwambiri kudziwa kumene iwo anabwera kwa ife mitundu yamakono ya zomera nakulitsa. Ngakhale N. I. Vavilov unagawanika madera mbewu 7 m'madera:

1. Choncho, Asia South wakhala kholo la 33% wa mitundu kuŵetedwa. zomera nakulitsa (zitsanzo angapezeke mu ntchito za Vavilov), monga mpunga, nzimbe, nkhaka, biringanya ndi ena ambiri, anabwera kwa ife kuchokera kumeneko.
2. Asia East watipatsa 20% ya mitundu nakulitsa, monga soya, mapira, yamatcheri, buckwheat.
3. South-West Asia ndi malo tirigu, rye, nyemba, turnips, ndiwo 4% ya zomera.
4. Mediterranean mbali mwini 11% ya kudziwika zomera nakulitsa. Izi adyo, mphesa, kaloti, kabichi, mapeyala, mphodza ndi ena.
5. Ethiopia anali kunyumba 4% a mitundu, monga nsawawa, balere, khofi mtengo.
6. Central America anapereka dziko ndi chimanga, maungu, fodya, koko.
7. America South a mbatata, koka, oki, cinchona.

achibale Wild mwa zomera angapezeke mpaka tsopano. Mu chidwi mfundo izi za mbewu mbewu sikuthetsa kumeneko.

Kusankha anthu akale

Nkomwe cavemen kapena chitukuko kenako mitundu ya anthu ndi obereketsa, koma ena luso kusankha ndi kulima zomera iwo anali.

Ofukula anapeza kuti ulimi ndi moyo wongokhala ngati njira ya kupulumuka anakhala applicable zaka 10 000 zapitazo. Iwo nthawi imeneyi imatengedwa chiyambi cha kuweta zomera. Ndipotu, zomera mbewu (zitsanzo za zimene ofukula kupeza malo wakale m'munda) ndi kusudzulana kale kuti.

Asayansi amanena kuti anasonkhana mbewu zakutchire, mwala zipatso ndi zomera zina anakula pafupi ndi malo a anthu akale, pamene iwo kudzuka maenje tirigu kapena kuponyedwa pamodzi ndi zotsala. Akazi a fuko anapangidwa kwa taidule ntsanga pafupi "m'minda" amene anapulumuka lero.

Pang'onopang'ono, anthu anayamba mizu, mbewu ndi mafupa a zipatso zambiri zokoma ndi lalikulu mwadala anabzala pafupi ndi nyumba zawo. Choncho anayambitsa ulimi, umene wafunsira mlingo watsopano chitukuko anthu.

The zosiyanasiyana zomera nakulitsa lero

Mu nthawi yathu, kusankha wakhala sayansi kuti ntchito osati pa zokolola, komanso kukoma kwawo ndi kuchuluka kupulumuka. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya masamba, zipatso ndi mbewu monga chimanga, amene adya munthu zamakono - wosakanizidwa, amene zimaŵetedwa chongopeka.

Chidwi mfundo za mbewu, amene kakusintha osati kusankha ndi mtanda kuswana ndi mitundu ina - ndi zimene akutembenukira ndi chamoyo zatsopano kuti ndi chosasimbika m'chilengedwe.

Hybrids, zimaŵetedwa chongopeka zasayansi ndi kamodzi mbewu, koma chifukwa iwo chiwerengero cha zokoma kupereka mkulu zokolola za mbewu chawonjezeka maulendo ambirimbiri.

Today hybridity anakhudza ngati dzinthu, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndi lodziwika bwino kwa ife, monga tomato, tsabola, nkhaka, ndi ena ambiri.

nkhaka nakulitsa

Nakulitsa mbewu nkhaka ndi amakonda tebulo wathu mu mwatsopano ndi zam'chitini mawonekedwe, tilibe kudzifunsa "kodi izo zonse abwere kwa ife."

Iwo likukhalira kuti njira ya nkhaka pa tebulo athu anali m'malo chachikulu, monga kwawo ndi China ndi India. Ngakhale 6000 zapitazo, masamba izi civilize, ngakhale achibale ake yakale kukula mu nkhalango India, ngati mpesa, kuzimata thunthu mitengo komanso ntchito zawo chifukwa mipanda malo ndi mipanda.

The frescoes ku Igupto wakale, kenako Greece wakale, masamba izi ankayimiridwa pa magome a anthu olemera ndi nthawi yaitali analipo yekha kwa anthu a udindo wapamwamba.

Ku Ulaya, nkhaka anabweretsa Ahelene, ndi kugawa awo anali mofulumira chifukwa kulawa ndi mwayi kwa nkhaka tsogolo yozizira. Lero, masamba amenewa akupezeka aliyense ndiponso kulikonse. Aliyense munda anachita kukula zokoma za nkhaka, amene ntchito mitundu yake MITUNDU ndi hybrids.

Kulima mbewu m'nyumba

Anthu anayamikira zomera osati kuti n'kutheka kuti ntchito zawo chakudya, komanso mankhwala, komanso kukongola. Chidwi mfundo za mbewu, zomwe zili m'tchire anali lokongola ndi mwachikondi nkhawa ananyamuka.

Rose anakhala duwa wophiphiritsa wa anthu ambiri masiku amakedzana. Choncho, malinga ndi nthano Indian, Lakshmi, mulungu wamkazi wa kukongola, anabadwa mu rosebud a. Iye zoyenera ndakatulo andakatulo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso nthawi zonse, monga kwawo kwa otentha Asia Southeast. Zinali ku chomera nakulitsa ananyamuka anasamukira ku Ancient Greece, kumene ankatchedwa duwa la Aphrodite. Mu Roma, ngakhale kuika kutentha kwa maluwa amene ukufalikira chaka chonse.

Today pali mazana a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ayipanga ndi obereketsa alimi padziko lonse.

maluwa Modern mwakula mu nthaka lotseguka, miphika pa windowsills, mu greenhouses ndi greenhouses yozizira. Kuyambira kukonzekera chokoma ndi wathanzi kupanikizana ndipo anauka mafuta chimodzi cha mtengo kwambiri chifukwa kubala kilogalamu imodzi ya makilogalamu 500 ntchito pamakhala.

zipatso nakulitsa

Komanso mbewu ndi masamba, zipatso akhala chinthu kulima anthu akale. Zothandiza zimatha mabulosi ndi zipatso zomera, komanso kuthekera kupulumutsa iwo mu mawonekedwe a zouma kapena kuzifutsa kuwapanga iwo zinthu okhazikika pantries. Yotchuka kwambiri zipatso maapulo, abale zakutchire zimapezeka strata Cretaceous, ndi zipatso. Lero, mitengo ya zipatso zambiri zimene zaka 200-300 zapitazo ankaziona kunja, ndi kukula anazolowera minda mu backyards.

tsogolo mbewu

Obereketsa padziko lonse adakali ntchito mu Labs awo kukonza mbewu yatsopano kuti adzatha mizu mu zikhalidwe zachilendo kwa iwo ndi kupereka zokolola kale lonse.

Zikomo kuti khama lawo, zomera mbewu zambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, nthaka wakuta wosanjikiza a Dziko Lapansi ndipo motero kupereka zokolola zabwino.

Ambiri zomera mbewu anayamba kupereka mbewu awiri chaka chimodzi kapena nyengo, monga wosakanizidwa nazo idawumitsidwa. Izi amapereka chiyembekezo kuti kutsogoloku pa magome athu adzakhala zipatso ndi masamba, amene m'dziko akhala unasiya kukhala dziko palokha, monga zinali dziko lonse.