Chidule cha "yaikulu ya Gilgamesh" mavuto nzeru zaumunthu, ndi kusanthula

anthu onse ndi akatswiri awo. Ku Mesopotamia izi ngwazi laulemerero Gilgamesh anali mfumu - wankhondo ndi wanzeru, kufunafuna chosafa. Point miyala ndi zolemba amene amafotokoza za izo, mwina, ndi chachitali woyamba akhale mmisiri zolembalemba.

Gilgamesh ndi ndani?

Nthano ya Gilgamesh - komanso ndi nkhokwe adziwe za zikhulupiliro za Sumerians. Ku Mesopotamia, mfumu ya Uruk (amphamvu ndipo anayamba pa nthawi imene anthu ambiri a ufumu wa mzindawo) anali koopsa unyamata wake Gilgamesh. Iye anali amphamvu, aliuma, ndipo ofuna palibe kulemekeza milungu. mphamvu zake ndi wapamwamba mphamvu ya munthu padziko lapansi, kuti zikadagonjetsa ng'ombe kapena mkango pakati manja, monga mmene anachitira ndi ngwazi m'Baibulo Samson. Iye amakhoza kupita tsidya lina la dziko, kupitirizabe dzina lake; ndipo kusambira kudutsa nyanja ya imfa, kuti anthu chiyembekezo cha moyo wosafa padziko lapansi.

Ambiri mwina, atamwalira, anthuwo anakweza kwambiri mu nkhani ya Mfumu yawo, iye anati ndi kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili mulungu ndi mmodzi lachitatu - munthu. Iye akwaniritsa zikomo izi ludzu losakhutiritsidwa kulemekeza milungu kupeza ndipo amati moyo wosatha. Ndi nkhani anafotokoza Babulo yaikulu ya Gilgamesh.

Nthano iyi ya ngwazi za, kuphunzira mavuto kwambiri woyendayenda, kusanthula ndi nzeru ena ndi azamulungu, akuyembekeza kupeza mayankho a mafunso wosatha wa moyo ndi imfa, yemwe adziwe za Sumerians.

Aliyense Gilgemesha - Enkidu

protagonist ina yaikulu ya - wamphamvu Enkidu, adabuluka milungu kupha Gilgamesh. Choncho mfumu ya Uruk atazunzidwa ndi anthu, anthu ankapemphera kwa mulungu wamkazi wamkulu kulenga mdani kwa mfumu yake kwa Warmaster wamng'ono anali choti achite ndi changu achinyamata ndi mphamvu nkhondo.

Ndi kulenga wamkazi Chisumeriya pa pempho la mavuto ndi poluzverya polucheloveka. Ndipo dzina limene analandira Enkidu - mwana wa Enki. Iye anapita kukamenyana ndi kugonjetsa Gilgamesh. Koma pamene iye analephera kugonjetsa mdani mu duel ndi, Enkidu Gilgamesh anatsanzika chakuti zimafanana mphamvu. Kenako Gilgemesh anakhala mnzake weniweni Enkidu. Ndipo Gilgamesh ngakhale n'kupita naye kwa mayi ake - wamkazi Ninsun kuti iye anadalitsa poluzverya ngati m'bale mwana wake.

Pamodzi ndi ngwazi za Enkidu anapita ku dziko la mitengo ya mkungudza. Zikuoneka kuti dziko la mkungudza otchedwa Lebanon ano. Pali iwo anapha asilikali mkungudza nkhalango - Humbaba, chifukwa adamva kuwawa mwana wa Enki.

Malinga ndi nthano ina, iye anamwalira ku matenda atatha masiku 12 mmalo mwa Gilgamesh lolemera. Mfumu kuwawa maliro bwenzi lake lapamtima. Koma Gilgamesh amayembekezeka ulendo wawo padziko lapansi. Chidule cha yaikulu ya Gilgamesh amapereka lingaliro la momwe zambiri zasintha ubwenzi ndi ichi mwano milungu ya Gilgamesh. Ndipo pambuyo pa imfa ya ngwazi mfumu ukasintha anasintha.

Zizindikiro ndi nthano

Asayansi a m'mayiko onse chidwi funso kumene epic ya Gilgamesh analengedwa. Tating'ono kwambiri olembedwa pamapale akale. Pali nkhambakamwa kuti nthano kwalembedwa penapake cha m'ma 22. BC Pali miyala 12 ndi zolembedwa mwanjira m'zaka 19 mochedwa. Woyamba mwa iwo (amene akuuza nkhani ya chigumula) anapeza zofukulidwa ya laibulale wakale wa Asuri mfumu Shurbanipalla. Ngakhale malo amenewa anali mumzinda wa Nineve. Ndipo tsopano ndi dera la pano Iraq.

Ndiyeno kafukufuku Dzhordzh Smit anachira pofunafuna matebulo ena m'gawo la Sumer wakale. Zonse mu nyimbo epic 12, omwe ali mizere 3000 za vesi malemba. Tsopano mapiritsi onsewa dongo anali mu British Museum of History World.

Kenako pambuyo pa imfa ya J. Smith, anapezeka ndi kuwerenga miyala ina. Anapeza Chisumeriya "yaikulu ya Gilgamesh" mu Syriac, atazindikira ndi 2 zinenero zakale.

Amene analembedwa epic: Baibulo

Amene analemba ndakatulo katswiri Assyriologist osadziwika. Nthano ya ngwazi, ndi mphamvu kuti tipirire mavuto oopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha cholinga chapamwamba - buku chidali cha Sumer. Ena nthano kunena ngati Gilgamesh pambuyo akubwera kuchokera m'mayiko osadziwika anayamba kulemba wodula pa dongo Zopatsa wake, choncho makolo iwo aiwala. Koma n'zokayikitsa Baibulo. Lembani ndakatulo kodi munthu ndi maganizo wojambula ndi kalembedwe luso, amene anakhulupilira mu mphamvu ya mawu, osati zida.

Wina mwa anthu amene anali zoonekeratu zolembalemba talente, asonkhane nthano zonse anthuwo mu nkhani umodzi ndipo analemba mu mawonekedwe a ndakatulo ndi. Izi ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh, zilipo, imatengedwa woyamba ntchito zolembalemba.

Chidule cha yaikulu ya Gilgamesh

Ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh limayamba ndi kufotokoza mmene achinyamata ndi eccentric mfumu ya Uruk anapambana ndipo anakana kumvera mfumu ya mzinda wa Kisi Agge. Pamodzi ndi asilikali, iye anateteza ufumu wake analamula kuti amange linga la miyala kuzungulira mzindawo. Ichi ndi kutchula koyamba za Gilgamesh. Komanso, anthu ena amanena limatiuza za Gilgamesh ndi huluppu mtengo (msondodzi anabzala pa magombe a mtsinje wa Firate milungu mtsinje), imene thunthu obisalamo chiwanda Lilith. Ndi muzu wa mtengo wooka milungu, m'manda njoka yaikulu. Gilgamesh zikusonyezedwa pano monga munthu woteteza wolimba sikuloledwa kwa nkhondo mtengo amphamvu, chikondi Asuri mulungu wa chikondi Inanna.

Pamene mulungu wamkazi wa kubeleka Ishtar (Isisi Agiriki) anayamikira mtima wa mfumu wamng'ono, iye analamula iye kuti akhale mwamuna wake. Koma Gilgamesh anakana, milungu anatumizidwa padziko lapansi zoopsa ndi ng'ombe yaikulu, wofunitsitsa kuononga ngwazi. Gilgamesh ndi zabwino ndi ndinapirira kugonjetsa Bovine ena, komanso Humbaba chiphona.

Ndipo mayi wa mfumu, pamene msonkhano pakati, anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kum'pempha kuti asapite ku nkhondo yolimbana Humbaba. Koma Gilgamesh palibe anamvetsera, ndipo anaganiza yekha. Pamodzi ndi mnzanu, apambane chimphona asunga mkungudza nkhalango. Anadula mitengo yonse, Ndidzawazula mizu yaikulu. Axamwali sanagwiritse ntchito iliyonse ya mitengo izi zomangamanga, kwa china chirichonse. Mkungudza ena monga tanthauzo wopatulika epic lapansi.

Ndiye, chifukwa kupha Sitefano chimphona ndi yodula nkhalango milungu wopatulika kupha Enkidu. Iye anafa matenda unexplored. Ngakhale mapemphero onse, milungu chifundo poluzverem. Kotero ati epic Chisumeriya ya Gilgamesh.

Gilgamesh wavala chiguduli ndi anapita kwa njira osadziwika kuti kupeza chidziwitso choona cha zimene imfa, ndi kupempha mphamvu apamwamba a moyo wosatha. Iye anawoloka madzi a imfa, sanaope kubwera kwa wina wa pagombe ake, kumene Utnapishtim moyo. Iye anauza Gilgamesh za duwa womera pansi pa nyanja ya imfa. Only amene amanyamula duwa zodabwitsa akhoza kutalikitsa moyo wanu, koma osati kwamuyaya. zikulumikizana Gilgamesh miyala wolemetsa miyendo amphamvu, ndi kuponyedwa mu nyanja.

Pezani maluwa anapambana. Komabe, pa njira kwawo, plunges mu dziwe ozizira, ndi maluwa masamba pagombe sizikugwiridwa. Ndipo pa nthawi iyi njoka abera maluwa kutsogolo kwa ngwazi kukhala wamng'ono. Ndipo Gilgamesh kunyumba, anaphwanyidwadi ndi kugonjetsedwa awo. Ndipotu iye konse analola kutaya. Apa ndi chidule cha yaikulu ya Gilgamesh.

chigumula m'Baibulo nthano ku Sumer wakale

Mfumu yoyamba ya mzinda wa Uruk panalibe kukaikira. Mfundo za Gilgamesh - osati kwathunthu zopeka. Komabe, patapita zaka zambiri chifaniziro cha munthu weniweni zopeka ophatikizidwa kuti kupatukana zithunzi izi sizingatheke lero.

Ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh muli nkhani zambiri za Chigumula. Pa ulendowo, lofunyululalo kwa dzuwa chimodzi chokha, Gilgamesh akubwera mayankho a mafunso awo kudziko la Utnapishtim - wamba pakati pa anthu wosafa. Prapredok Utnapishtim, amene anadziwa zinsinsi zonse, iye adalemba za chigumula zoyipa kale kupulumutsidwa chombo anamanga. Zinachitika makolo a Utnapishtim - ndi Old Testament Nowa. Kodi Sumerians mukudziwa nkhani iyi ikufanizira madzi osefukira a m'Baibulo - sizikumveka. Koma malinga ndi nthano m'Baibulo, Nowa kwenikweni anakhalako zaka zoposa 600, ndipo zikhoza kuganiziridwa wosafa kwa anthu a mitundu ina.

M'mayiko amene anali kale Asuri "Nthano ya Gilgamesh, onse mtundu" - inasonyeza zofunika kuposa kale lonse, monga likupereka chakudya cha ganizo. Nthano iyi poyerekeza wofunika ndi "Buku la Akufa" anthu Iguputo, ndipo ngakhale Baibulo.

The lingaliro lalikulu la ndakatuloyi

Ganizo ndakatuloyi si chatsopano. Kusintha kwa khalidwe la ngwazi ndi chofuna kuchita nthano zakale. Kuti mudziwe ngati ndi wofunika kwambiri anapeza epic ya Gilgamesh. Analysis zikhulupiriro za Sumerians ndi lingaliro moyo wawo ndi milungu mfundo zawo zimene moyo pambuyo pa imfa - onsewa kupitiriza kufufuza kufikira tsopano.

ganizo zofunika agona mu nthano chiyani? Chifukwa cha maulendo ake, Gilgamesh sakhala zimene anali kufuna. Kumapeto kwa nthano, monga anafotokozedwa ndi nthano ya Gilgamesh, duwa la moyo wosatha ndi mwa njoka lokopa. Koma moyo wauzimu mu ngwazi epic wabadwa. Kuyambira tsopano, iye amakhulupirira kuti moyo wosatha ndi zotheka.

Chidule cha yaikulu ya Gilgamesh kosamugonjera okhwima zomveka kufotokoza. Choncho, palibe njira mme- mndandanda, monga khalidwe otukuka, amene anali mu zofuna zake. Koma nthano limanena kuti Gilgamesh anafunafuna ulemerero, monga wina. Conco iye apita pa nkhondo yoopsa ndi chimphona Humbaba, kumene ngwazi za amapulumutsa pempho kwa Mulungu Shamash wake mayi wamkazi. Mulungu Shamash aukitsa mphepo kusesa anadutsa pamaso chimphona, ndipo amathandiza otchuka mu chigonjetso awo. Koma Gilgamesh kusoŵanso kutchuka. Iye tiziwakonda. Izo zipita madzi a imfa.

Komatu kumapeto kwa ndakatuloyi mfumu wapeza mtendere wa mumtima akaona khoma pafupifupi onse padziko ufumu wa Uruk. anasangalala kwambiri. epic ngwazi ndikupeza nzeru ya moyo, lomwe limati za malire a moyo, kubvutika kwa ena. Gilgamesh amaona adathandizapo - anatha kuchita chinachake kalekale m'mibadwo yanu.

Anamvera malangizo a milungu imene inapatsidwa kwa iye m'munda: Munthu ndani mwa chilengedwe, ndipo tiyenera kuyamikira moyo wake waufupi, kuti athe kupeza zimene zapatsidwa.

Analysis wa nkhani zina nthanthi anakulira epic ndi

Olandira ku mpando wachifumu ndi ngwazi magwero zakale zoterezi monga ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh, udzadutsa mayesero osiyanasiyana ndi kusintha. Ngati pachiyambi cha mfumu zikuoneka ngati zakutchire, wopulupudza ndi wankhanza mnyamata atamwalira Enkidu anatha chisoni chachikulu ndi mtima wofuna ena.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pozindikira kulephera kwa kukhalapo, akuopa imfa ya thupi, ngwazi ya ndakatulo akutchula milungu, kuphunzira zinsinsi za moyo ndi imfa. Kuyambira tsopano, Gilgamesh simungakhoze basi adzalamulira anthu ake, akufuna kuphunzira za chinsinsi cha imfa. moyo wake akadzafika mu kusimidwa: momwe mphamvu wofunitsitsa ndi mphamvu akhoza kutayika mu thupi la Enkidu? moto umenewu ndi moyo wa ngwazi patsogolo m'dziko lakwawo, amapereka mphamvu kuthetsa mavuto osayembekezereka. Choncho anamasulira epic ya Gilgamesh. Vuto nthanthi aliko ndipo sanali kukhalisana ndi translucent m'mavesi amenewa. Makamaka mu ndimeyi kuti akunena za maluwa otaika ankati popatsa kusafa aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino. Izi maluwa - bwino ndi nzeru zaumunthu chizindikiro.

A kutanthauzira mwakuya epic a - kusintha mzimu. Gilgamesh m'dziko anthu inasanduka m'kamwa anthu. Enkidu chithunzi angathe kutanthauziridwa monga achibadwidwe nyama ya mfumu. Ndipo polimbana ndi nkhondo nokha. Pomaliza, mfumu ya Uruk Umapeza adzayambira m'munsi, kudziŵa, ndi makhalidwe a khalidwe kukhala kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili Mulungu.

Kuyerekezera epic ya Gilgamesh kuti "Buku la Akufa" Aigupto

Omveka amanena angapezeke mu mbiri ya Gilgamesh kusuntha mwa madzi ndi thandizo la Charon akufa. Charon mu nthano Iguputo - kwambiri chochepera wachikulire wonyamula womwalirayo ku dziko wamba dziko lina ndipo wayamba pantchitoyi.

Ndi nthano za Gilgamesh ananena kuti chiyani pa zikhulupiliro za dziko Asuri akufa. Izi mzimu yosautsa obisika, kumene madzi si ikuyenda sizikula aliyense mbewu imodzi. Ndipo anthu kulipira zinthu zonse kulandira kokha pa moyo wake. Ndipo moyo wake unali ndithu lalifupi ndi tanthauzo, "Only milungu ya dzuwa lidzachita mukhala kwamuyaya, ndipo munthuyo - zaka liwerengedwa ..."

Egypt ndi "Buku la Akufa" - amtunduwu, kumene zosiyanasiyana mfiti olembedwa. Chigawo chachiwiri cha buku la tikunena kuti moyo kumidima. Koma ngati Osirisi anaganiza kuti moyo Wakuchitira zabwino kwambiri, anawombola ndipo analoledwa kukhala osangalala.

Gilgamesh, pambuyo kulankhulana ndi milungu anatumiza ku dziko lake. Iye akuthamanga kusamba, wavala zovala zoyera, ndi ngakhale kutaya duwa la moyo uli mbadwa Uruk akweza, kuyeretsedwa madalitso ake.

Yadzaoneni anawamasulira Dyakonova

Russian orientalist IM Madikoni mu 1961, anayamba kumasulira yadzaoneni. Mu ntchito yake anadalira otembenuza wamaliza kumasulira VK Šileika. The yaikulu ya Gilgamesh anali olondola kwambiri. Iye anagwirira ntchito zipangizo zambiri wakale, ndipo ndi nthawi kuti anali kale kuti dziko sayansi kuti zinachitika ya ngwazi za akalipo.

Ichi ndi lofunika zolembalemba ndi mbiri yakale chikalata - ndi epic ya Gilgamesh. Translation Dyakonova tinalisindikizanso mu 1973 ndiponso mu 2006 kale. M'Baibuloli - luso philological namatetule, kuchulukitsa ndi phindu la nthano yakale, mbiri ya chipilala cha. Choncho, onse amene kuwerenga komanso kuyamikira nthano Babulo, nthano ya Gilgamesh, ndi ndemanga buku zosiyana.