Chartist kayendedwe: atsogoleri, zifukwa, zolinga zikuluzikulu, njira ya kulimbana zotsatira zake. Chiyambi cha kayendedwe Chartist. Chifukwa Chartist kayendedwe analephera?

Chimodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri zochitika m'mbiri ya zaka za m'ma XIX mu UK wakhala otchedwa Chartist kuyenda. Chinali wa kuphatikiza loyamba la akuyesetsa kugwira ntchito mu dziko kuteteza ufulu wawo. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya ndale za proletarians sankadziwa patsogolo kuposa kale a Britain. Tiyeni tipeze zimayambitsa Chartism, tifufuza patsogolo ake komanso kukhazikitsa chifukwa Chartist kayendedwe analephera.

prehistory

Mpaka kotala chachiwiri cha m'ma XIX, waukulu chosintha mphamvu mu UK anakhalabe bourgeoisie. Pomaliza, kangapo ndithu likhale kusintha aphungu mu 1832, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwambiri wa mavoti ake mu Nyumba ya Commons, ndi bourgeoisie ali adzakhala mmodzi wa makalasi olamulira. Antchito anakulandirani kukonza monga mbali ndi izo zinali mu chidwi, koma kunapezeka, kutali mokwanira anakumana zoyembezereka za proletarians lapansi.

Pang'onopang'ono, proletariat anakhala waukulu chosintha ndi zinthu zisinthe mphamvu mu UK.

The zifukwa anayambitsa

Monga akhoza kumva kuchokera pamwamba, chifukwa kayendedwe Chartist kugona ntchito kusakhutira ake ndi mavuto azandale m'dziko, kuchepetsa ufulu wawo kusankha nthumwi kuti yamalamulo. Mafuta moto anatsanulira mavuto a zachuma a zaka 1825 ndi 1836, makamaka wotsiriza, umene unali mtundu wa choyambitsa kwa chiyambi cha gululi. Zotsatira za vutolo kugwa miyezo ya moyo ndi misa ulova mwa proletariat lapansi. Makamaka vuto anali kumadzulo County la England, Lancashire. Zonsezi sanathe koma samasangalala ogwira ntchito amene anafuna kukhala zida zambiri kusonkhezera kudzera yamalamulo chuma cha charo.

Komanso, mu 1834 yamalamulo anatengera otchedwa malamulo osauka, amene omangika antchito. Yokhala pachiyambi Chartist kayendedwe anali kugwirizana ndi pokwiya ndi chilamulo ichi. Komabe, kenako zolinga zambiri lofunika aonekere.

Choncho, zimayambitsa kayendedwe Chartist anali chikhalidwe zovuta, kaphatikizidwe zinthu zandale ndiponso zachuma.

Kupeza Magalimoto Chartists

Chiyambi cha kayendedwe Chartist, monga zanenedwa pamwambapa, azambiriyakale ambiri amanena kuti 1836, ngakhale tsiku lenileni sangathe zotsimikizika. Mogwirizana ndi chiyambi cha mavuto lotsatira zachuma anayamba misonkhano misa ndi zionetsero za ogwira ntchito, nthawi zina analipo masauzande anthu. The zikamera wa gulu Chartist poyamba m'malo anali padera ndi chifukwa cha maganizo kumusonyeza wa oimira, ndipo sanali limodzi m'bungwe mphamvu, amene wakhazikitsa bwino cholinga wamba. Monga tanena poyamba Anthu kupanga zofuna chiyembekezo chakuti la chilamulo osauka, choncho nthawi iliyonse masewera anali anadyetsa nambala yaikulu zopempha yamalamulo kuthetsa lamulo limeneli.

Pakali pano, magulu omwazikana. zionetsero anayamba kulumikizana ndi mzake ndi kukhala wamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1836 ku London, panali London Ntchito Association Amuna, zomwe zimabweretsa pamodzi angapo mabungwe ang'onoang'ono a proletariat lapansi. Ndi ubale m'tsogolo kukhala waukulu zandale wa Chartist kuyenda mu Britain. Komanso ndi poyamba pulogalamu awo zofuna kwa nyumba yamalamulo wopangidwa mwa mfundo zisanu ndi imodzi.

Chartists otaya

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti kuchokera pachiyambi cha zionetsero ku gulu akhala mapiko ziwiri: lamanja ndi kumanzere. Kumanja phiko anayimira mgwirizano ndi bourgeoisie ndipo sanasinthe njira makamaka ndale za kulimbana. Phiko kumanzere wakhala ukasintha kwambiri kusintha. Ndi maganizo oyipa kwambiri mgwirizano n'zotheka ndi bourgeoisie, komanso za maganizo ndi zolinga izi kokha kukhala zotheka kuti apindula mphamvu.

Monga mukuonera, njira ya kulimbana kwa kayendedwe Chartist ndi osiyana kwambiri, malinga enieni kumene ake. Choncho m'tsogolo, ndipo icho chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa kugonjetsedwa ndi.

Atsogoleri bwino phiko

kayendedwe Chartist zinali zodzaza ndi kukhalapo kwa angapo a atsogoleri otchuka. Phiko lamanja lotsogoleredwa ndi William Lovett ndi Tomás Ettvud.

William Lovett anabadwa m'chaka cha 1800 mu mzinda wa London. Ngakhale unyamata wake anasamukira ku likulu. Poyamba anali kalipentala, ndiye iye anadzakhala pulezidenti wa Society of woodworkers. Kunapezeka kuti kwambiri ndi maganizo Roberta Ouena - zosatheka Socialists wa zoyambirira za m'ma XIX. Kuyambira 1831 Lovett anayamba nawo zionetsero zosiyanasiyana za kayendedwe ntchito. Mu 1836 iye anali mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa Association wa London Ntchito Amuna, amene anakhala maziko a kayendedwe Chartist. Monga kazembe wa otchedwa ntchito apamwamba, William Lovett kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi bourgeoisie ndi njira yothetsera ndale zimatsimikizira ufulu ogwira ntchito.

Tomás Ettvud anabadwa mu 1783. Mumadziwika banki ndi zachuma. Kuyambira ndili mwana, anachita nawo mwakhama zandale mumzinda wa Birmingham. Mu 1830, chipanichi unali kuseri kwa Birmingham Union Political umene ukuyenera kuimira zofuna za anthu a mzinda uno. Attwood anali mmodzi wa othandizana kwambiri yogwira lisinthe mu chaka cha 1932. Pambuyo iye anasankhidwa yamalamulo mu Nyumba ya Commons, pamene iye anali m'gulu la akuluakulu ambiri kwakukulu. Iye chifundo ndi phiko zolimbitsa wa Chartists ndipo ngakhale anatenga mbali mu gululo, koma kenako nkumapita kwa iye.

Atsogoleri kumanzere phiko

Mwa atsogoleri a phiko kumanzere kwa Chartists ulamuliro wapadera anasangalala Fergasi O'Connor, James O'Brien, komanso wansembe Stephens.

Fergasi O'Connor anabadwa mu 1796 ku Ireland. Ophunzira wazamalamulo, ndi mwachangu ankachita. O'Connor anali mmodzi wa ophunzira yogwira mu dziko kayendedwe kumasulidwa ku Ireland, anayamba mu 20s a XIX atumwi. Koma ndiye ine kuti anasamukira ku England, komwe anayamba kufalitsa nyuzipepala "North Star". Pamene anayamba Chartist kayendedwe, anakhala mtsogoleri wa mapiko kumanzere. Fergasi O'Connor anali wothandiza njira chosintha wa nkhondo.

James O'Brien komanso anali mbadwa ya Ireland, iye anabadwa mu 1805. Iye anakhala Mtolankhani wina wodziwika, ntchito cholembera dzina Bronter. Iye anachita monga mkonzi mu mabuku ambiri, amene anathandiza Chartists. James O'Brien mu nkhani anayesa kupereka kayendedwe ndi kulungamitsidwa maganizo. Poyamba kumbuyo njira chosintha wa nkhondo, koma anadzakhala mulandu kusintha mtendere.

Choncho atsogoleri a gulu Chartist analibe udindo wamba pa njira ya kulimbana kwa ufulu ogwira ntchito.

pempho

Mu 1838 izo anayamba Pempho wamba za matchalitchi, imene inkatchedwa hayala la Anthu (Peoples hayala). Choncho dzina la gululi, amene anathandiza hayala - Chartism. zopempha Ofunika kamba akhala anakonza mfundo zisanu:

• kupereka ufulu kuvota kwa anthu onse pa zaka 21;
• chiyembekezo chakuti ya Choyenereza katundu pa ufulu kusankhidwa ngati yamalamulo;
• mobisa wa kukavota;
• m'maboma masankho zofanana;
• zakuthupi aphungu mphoto pogwira ntchito malamulo;
• nthawi kusankha pachaka.

Monga mukuonera, mu kupempha akhala amadziŵika, osati ntchito yonse yaikulu ya gulu Chartist, koma okhawo zokhudza chisankho ku Nyumba ya Commons.

Mu July 1839 pempho anali kutsatira yamalamulo ndi anasaina oposa 1.2 miliyoni.

Njira zina la gululo

Munyumba ya malamulo, ndi hayala anakanidwa ndi nambala maganizo mavoti.

Patapita masiku atatu mu Birmingham anakonza masewera pothandizira kupempha, imene inatha mu ankalimbana ndi apolisi. Kugunda zakhala zotsatira kwambiri anafa mbali zonse, komanso moto zikuluzikulu mu mzinda. Chartist kayendedwe anayamba zachiwawa.

kumenyana inayamba mu mizinda ina ku England, mwachitsanzo, mu Newport. gululi unatha kumapeto kwa 1839, ambiri mwa atsogoleri awo analandira m'ndende, ndi Chartist kuyenda kwa kanthawi apobe.

Koma izo zinali chabe chodabwitsa osakhalitsa, ngati muzu wa Chartism sanatembenukire inathetsedwa, ndi zotsatira za kayendedwe Chartist panthawi imeneyi sanakhutire ndi proletariat lapansi.

M'chaka cha 1840 ndi Bungwe la Central wa Chartists anakhazikitsidwa mu Manchester. Iwo adagonja ndi phiko zolimbitsa la gululo. Iwo anatengera chikalata zolinga zawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokha mtendere. Koma posakhalitsa, ndi kwakukulu phiko anali kachiwiri kubwerera udindo wake wakale monga njira oyendetsera dziko musataye zotsatira ankafuna.

The hayala lotsatira

Mu 1842, ndi hayala latsopano anagonjera yamalamulo. Ndipotu zofunika izo sizinasinthe, koma anali kuperekedwa mu kwambiri mwaukali kwambiri. nthawi pa nthawi iyi, anasaina anasonkhana anali oposa awiri ndi theka -. 3.3 miliyoni Kachiwiri, zotsatira za kayendedwe Chartist akulephera kukondweretsa anthu ake, kuti pempho ili latsopano anakanidwa ndi anthu ambiri a aphungu. Kenako, nthawi yotsiriza, ndi funde la chiwawa, koma pa sikelo zochepa. Kachiwiri akutsatiridwa ndi kumangidwa, koma chifukwa kuphwanya ndondomeko, pafupifupi akaidi anamasulidwa.

Patapita hiatus ndithu, mu 1848, yoweyula latsopano la kayendedwe Chartist, chikwiyire ndi vuto lina mafakitale. Kwa nthawi yachitatu mu yamalamulo anali anagonjera chopempha, nthawi imeneyi analipo 5 miliyoni. Anasaina. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi kwambiri zokayikitsa, chifukwa signatories anazilemba mwa umunthu amamudziwa, amene sitingakhale kusaina pembedzero, monga Koroleva Viktoriya ndi mtumwi Paulo. Pamene adatsegula, ndi hayala sanali ngakhale anatengedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti amuone.

Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa gululi

Kenako Chartism Ine sindinayambe watsopano. Zinali kugonjetsedwa kwake. Koma chifukwa Chartist kayendedwe analephera? Kwenikweni, chifukwa chakuti nthumwi zake ali bwinobwino cholinga chawo chapamwamba. Komanso, atsogoleri a Chartists m'njira zambiri aona njira za kulimbana: ena otchedwa ntchito kokha kudzera ndale, pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti cholinga cha gulu Chartist zitha Zimapezeka zisinthe.

udindo waukulu kwambiri attenuation la gululo chinali chifukwa chakuti pambuyo 1848 chuma UK wayamba ziziyenda, ndi miyezo ya moyo nyamuka, womwe wakhala adatchithisira zipata za mavuto chikhalidwe anthu.

zotsatira

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ife tikhoza kunena kuti zotsatira za kayendedwe Chartist anali oipa kotheratu. Anali kupata ndi chidwi mphindi chimene tinganene kuti ngati zokambirana Chartism yamalamulo.

Choncho, msonkho ndalama unayamba mu 1842. Tsopano nzika ndi msonkho malinga ndi ndalama zawo, motero mwayi.

Mu 1846, ntchito chimanga anali anathetsa, zomwe zimachititsa mkate kwambiri zodula. kuchotsa awo walola kuchepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala ophika buledi ndi, chotero, kuchepetsa ndalama osauka.

Kupambana waukulu wa gululi ankaona kuchepa milandu 1847, tsiku ntchito kwa amayi ndi ana maola khumi ndi tsiku.

Pambuyo pake, kayendedwe ntchito akhala kwa nthawi yaitali, koma atachira kachiwiri mu mochedwa 60 ntchentche za m'ma XIX mu mawonekedwe a mabungwe malonda (ogwira ncthito kayendedwe).