Kwa dziko lapansi, "makhadi oyendera" otchuka kwambiri ku Russia ndi Kremlin, Red Square ndi Cathedral ya St. Basil ku Moscow. Wachiwiriyo ali ndi mayina ena, omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi omwe amatchedwa Cathedral yopempherera pa zolembazo.
Zambiri zadzidzidzi
Cathedral ya St. Basil idachita chikondwerero cha 450 pa 02.07.2011. Nyumbayi idapangidwa ku Red Square. Chodabwitsa ndi kukongola kwake, kachisi ndi zipembedzo zambiri zovomerezeka ndi mgwirizano. Ngakhale iwo omwe sakudziwa kanthu za zomangidwe za Russia adzazindikira mwamsanga Mpingo wa St. Basil Wodala. Tchalitchichi chili ndi mbali yapadera - mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana ya nyumbayo imasiyana.
Mu mpingo waukulu (Pokrovskaya) muli iconostasis, yomwe inasuntha kuchokera kuonongedwa mu 1770 Kremlin mpingo wa ochita zodabwitsa ku Chernigov. Podklet ya Tchalitchi cha Kupembedzera kwa Amayi a Mulungu ndi mafano ofunikira kwambiri a tchalitchi chachikulu, omwe ndi akale kwambiri omwe ali chizindikiro cha St. Basil Wodala (zaka za m'ma 1600), olembedwa makamaka pa mpingo uno. Posakhalitsa anasonyeza zithunzi XVII zaka: Dona Wathu wa Chizindikiro ndi Chitetezo cha Namwali Wodala. Makope oyambirira chithunzi chomwe chili kumbali yakum'mawa kwa tchalitchi.
Mbiri ya kachisi
Cathedral ya St. Basil Wodala, mbiri ya zomangamanga yomwe idali ndi nthano zambiri ndi nthano, idamangidwa pa malamulo a Tsar woyamba wa Rus Ivan Woopsa. Anapatulira kuchithunzi chodziwika, kupambana kwa Kazan Khanate. Kwa akuluakulu a mbiri yakale, mayina a okonza mapulani omwe adapanga chojambulachi chosasintha sanapulumutse mpaka lero. Pali matembenuzidwe ambiri a iye amene anagwira ntchito yomanganso kachisi, koma sizinakhazikitsidwe modalirika, amene adalenga Katolika ya St. Basil Wodala. Mzinda wa Moscow unali waukulu ku Russia, kotero tsar anasonkhanitsa mabwana abwino kwambiri mumzindawu. Malinga ndi nthano imodzi, wamisiri wamkulu anali Postnik Yakovlev wochokera ku Pskov, wotchedwa Barma. Chinthu china chimatsutsana ndi izi. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Barma ndi Postnik ndi ambuye osiyana. Chisokonezo chochulukanso chimachokera ku buku lachitatu, lomwe limati Katolika wa St. Basil Wodalitsika ku Moscow anamangidwa ndi womangamanga wa ku Italy. Koma nthano yotchuka kwambiri yokhudza kachisi uyu ndi yomwe imanena za khungu la omanga mapulani omwe adalenga mbambande iyi, kotero kuti sangathe kubwereza chilengedwe chawo.
Chiyambi cha dzina
Ndizodabwitsa, komabe ngakhale kuti tchalitchi chachikulu cha tchalitchi ichi chinadzipereka ku Chitetezo cha Namwali Wodala Mariya, amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi monga St. Basil's Cathedral. Ku Moscow nthawi zonse kulipo opusa opatulika (adalitsika "anthu a Mulungu"), koma dzina la mmodzi mwa iwo lidalembedwa nthawi zonse m'mbiri ya Russia. Mad Vasily ankakhala mumsewu ndipo ankayenda atakhala ndi nyere-hafu m'nyengo yozizira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo thupi lake lonse linali litakulungidwa mu unyolo, omwe anali mitsulo yachitsulo ndi mitanda yayikulu. Mwamuna uyu ankalemekezedwa kwambiri ku Moscow. Ngakhalenso mfumuyo inamuchitira iye ulemu wopanda ulemu kwa iye. Vasily Wodala anali wolemekezeka ndi anthu a mumzindawu monga wogwira ntchito yozizwitsa. Anamwalira mu 1552, ndipo mu 1588 mpingo unamangidwa pamanda ake. Ndi nyumbayi yomwe idapatsa dzina lovomerezeka ku kachisi uyu.
Cathedral ya St. Basil (kufotokoza)
Pafupifupi aliyense amene akuyendera Moscow amadziwa kuti chizindikiro chachikulu cha Russia ndi Red Square. Cathedral ya St. Basil imakhala malo amodzi olemekezeka kwambiri m'nyumba zonse ndi zipilala zomwe zilipo. Kachisi wamakongoletsedwa ndi nyumba 10 zokongola. Pakati pa tchalitchi chachikulu (chachikulu), chotchedwa Intercession ya Theotokos, ena asanu ndi atatu ali osiyana kwambiri. Zamangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a nyenyezi zisanu ndi zitatu. Mipingo yonseyi ikuimira maholide achipembedzo omwe amachitika masiku a kutenga Kazan Khanate.
Makapu a Cathedral ya St. Basil ndi bell tower
Mipingo isanu ndi iwiri yokhala ndi mitu 8 ya anyezi. Cholinga chachikulu (chapakati) chimakwaniritsidwa ndi "hema" pamwamba pake pomwe "pang'ono" glavka imatuluka. Dome la khumi linamangidwa pamwamba pa tchalitchi cha belu. Ziri zovuta kuti nyumba yonse ya kachisi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake mu maonekedwe ndi mtundu wawo.
Mwala wamakono wa tchalitchi unakhazikitsidwa pa malo a belfry yakale, yomwe inasokonekera kwambiri mu zaka za XVII. Iyo inamangidwa mu 1680. Pamunsi mwa nsanja yotchinga pali kutalika kwa quadrangle, komwe octagon imamangidwira. Pa izo pali nsanja yotseguka, yokhala ndi zipilala 8. Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi arched spans. Pamwamba pa nsanjayo imakhala ndi nsalu yaatali yayitali, yomwe nthiti zake zimakongoletsedwa ndi matalala a mitundu yosiyanasiyana (yoyera, ya buluu, yachikasu, ya bulauni). Mphepete mwace muli zophimba zobiriwira. Pamwamba pa hema ndi anyezi a glauca okongoletsedwa ndi mtanda wa octagonal. M'kati mwa malo pazitsulo zamatabwa zomwe zinapachikidwa mabokosi omwe anaponyedwa m'zaka za XVII-XIX.
Zomangamanga
Mipingo isanu ndi iwiri ya Cathedral ya St. Basil imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo omwe anthu ambiri amakhala nawo. Zodabwitsa zake ndizojambula zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zokongoletsera zikhale zokongola. Mtundu wapadera wa kachisi umaphatikizapo miyambo ya zomangamanga za ku Ulaya ndi Russia za Renaissance. Mbali yapadera ya tchalitchi chachikulu ndi archways. Kutalika kwa kachisi (pamphepete mwa dome) ndi mamita 65. Mayina a mipingo ya tchalitchi chachikulu ndi Nicholas Wodabwitsa, Utatu, Martyrs Adrian ndi Natalia, Kulowa ku Yerusalemu, Yohane Wachifundo, Varlaam Khutynsky, Alexander Svirsky, Gregory wa Armenian, ndi Chitetezo cha Amayi a Mulungu.
Mbali ina ya kachisi ndikuti ilibe pansi. Ili ndi makoma amphamvu kwambiri a podklet (kufika mamita 3). Kutalika kwa zipinda zonse ndi pafupifupi 6.5 mamita. Nyumba yonse ya kumpoto kwa kachisi ndi yapadera, monga momwe bokosi lalitali la bokosilo liribe zipilala. Makoma a nyumbayi "amadulidwa" ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "ziphuphu", zomwe ndizo mabowo opapatiza. Iwo amapereka microclimate yapadera mu tchalitchi. Kwa zaka zambiri, malo a podklet sanali kupezeka kwa anthu amtchalitchi. Nishi-caches ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinyumba ndipo anali atsekedwa ndi zitseko, pomwepo pomwe panopa zikuwonetsedweratu ndi makinawo pamakoma. Amakhulupirira kuti mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600. Anasunga chuma chamfumu.
Kusintha pang'ono kwa Katolika
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600. Pamwamba pa kachisi panawonekera mitu yowoneka, yomwe inalowetsa choyambiriracho, inawotchedwa mumoto wotsatira. Katolika wa Orthodox mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Anatchedwa Troitsky, chifukwa mpingo woyamba wa matabwa umene unali pamalo ano unamangidwa kulemekeza Utatu Woyera. Pachiyambi nyumbayi inali ndi mawonekedwe okhwima ndi oletsedwa, monga momwe anayikamo kuchokera ku miyala ndi njerwa. M'zaka za m'ma XVII yokha. Nyumba zonsezo zinali zokongoletsedwa ndi matabwa a ceramic. Panthawi imodzimodziyo nyumba zowonjezera zinawonjezeredwa ku kachisi. Kenaka panaoneka mahema pamwamba pa zitseko ndi mndandanda wovuta kwambiri wa malinga ndi zidutswa. Pa nthawi yomweyi pamakoma ndi padenga panali zojambula zokongola. Mu 1931, kachisi asanayambe kumanga chipilala ku Minin ndi Pozharsky. Mpaka pano, Cathedral ya St. Basil ili m'gulu lomwe likugwirizana ndi Russian Orthodox Church ndi Historical Museum of Moscow. Nyumbayi ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko la Russia. Kukongola ndi kupambana kwa kachisi uyu kunayamikiridwa padziko lonse lapansi. Cathedral ya St. Basil Wodalitsika ku Moscow akuyambidwa monga malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kufunika kwa Katolika ku Intercession ku USSR
Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a Soviet ankazunza chipembedzo komanso kuwonongedwa kwa mipingo yambiri, Katolika ya St. Basil Wodalitsika ku Moscow mu 1918 inagonjetsedwa ndi boma monga chikumbutso cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi. Panali nthawi ino kuti kuyesa konse kwa akuluakulu a boma kunali cholinga chokhazikitsa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Woyang'anira woyamba wa tchalitchi anali John Kuznetsov wokonda kwambiri. Ndi iye amene ankachita mosamala kuti azikonzekera nyumbayo, ngakhale kuti matenda ake anali ovuta kwambiri. Mu 1923, Cathedral inakhazikitsa mbiri yakale ndi zomangamanga "Intercession Cathedral". Kale mu 1928, anakhala nthambi imodzi ya State Historical Museum. Mu 1929, mabelu onse anachotsedwa kwa iye, ndipo utumiki waumulungu unaletsedwa. Ngakhale kuti kachisi wakhala akubwezeretsedwa kwa zaka pafupifupi zana, kufotokozera kwake kunatsekedwa kamodzi kokha - pa Nkhondo Yakukonda Dziko Lopatulika.
The Intercession Cathedral mu 1991-2014.
Pambuyo pa Soviet Union, Cathedral ya St. Basil inasamutsidwa ku tchalitchi chogwirizana ndi Russian Orthodox Church ndi State Historical Museum. Kuyambira pa 15.08.1997, misonkhano yachikondwerero ndi Lamlungu inayambiranso mu mpingo. Kuchokera mu 2011, machaputala osatheka kupezeka kuti atseguke, kumene mawonedwe atsopano akukonzedwa.