Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence: Kufotokozera

Mpingo wa Santa Maria del Fiore ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu zokopa za Florence. Izi lonse mapulani gulu loyimba, limene lili ndi mobatizira (mobatizira) ndi campanile (belu nsanja). Yotsirizira akutumikira ngati kalozera anataya alendo, monga limatuluka kuti mamita anayi. A ofiira owala mzikiti wa Santa Maria del Fiore ndi chizindikiro cha likulu Tuscan. Ponena za udindo. Mipingo wodzipereka kwa Namwali Mariya, mu Florence ochepa. Suli kutali kusiteshoni ndi Santa Maria Novella. Iye amaona ngati wokometsedwa bokosi ndi wapakamwa ake wakuda ndi oyera. Koma pamene iye akubweretsamo pa Florentines mantha, monga unali mpingo wa Dominicans ndi kusaka. Koma "Madonna mu Flower" unali msonkhano malo a m'tauni ya chizindikiro cha ukulu wa Florence. tchalitchi ichi, kapena monga mmene anthu ambiri amatchedwa Italy, ndi Duomo. M'nkhaniyi tiona adzapereka nkhani yonse za mpingo.

Chiyambi m'mbiri ya zomangamanga

Iyo inali cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, pamene atagonjetsedwa wa Ghibellines mphamvu ya Chiroma Papa anali anagwirizana. Ndipo kusonyeza kupambana kwa Mpingo wa Katolika pa "patarenskoy (Albigensian) mpatuko", anayamba anamangidwira aang'ono yaikulu. Iwo anali pamwamba pa mzinda ngati chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa Papa. Komanso musaiwale za kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, zomwe kudutsa Italy. Duomo wa Florence anayenera "apambane" okalamba mizinda odana ngati Pisa ndi Siena. Mzindawu nayenso akufuna kachisi ngati izo zikanakhala okwanira anthu onse. A yaikulu nthawi imeneyo Florence kuposa ndi chiwerengero cha anthu London. anthu zikwi makumi atatu - ndicho chimene mphamvu ya tchalitchi likulu la Tuscany. Izo ndi pathupi amisiri inali yokutidwa Forum kumene akanasonkhanako nzika zonse za Chikhristu kuyambira wamng'ono mpaka lalikulu. Kumene, kuchuluka kwa yomanga chofunika zakuthambo. Koma Florence zaka khumi ndi chitatu zambiri. Ankaudaya ubweya ndi malonda anabweretsa yodalirika mzinda. Ndipo chifukwa ndalama kwa pomanga anali.

Mbiri ya Duomo

Malo yomanga a tchalitchi anasankhidwa kale dilapidated kwa zaka zingapo Mpingo wa St. Reparata. kusankha kuwononga inamangidwa m'zaka za zana lachinayi, mpingo unapangidwa mu 1289. Monga masiku ano, mpikisano analengeza, koma aang'ono adagonja ndi Florence munalidi gulu la Tirhana, amene anapempha membala wake, wazomangamanga Arnolfo di Cambio, kukhala polojekiti. Kuti mwachindunji kuti Duomo (Florence) kukhala zazikulu ndi watanthauzo chokongoletsedwa kuposa matchalitchi a Siena ndi Pisa. Mwala woyamba anauika pomanga kazembe wa papa, Cardinal Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra mu September 1296. Arnolfo di Cambio kutsogolera ntchito. Koma pambuyo pa imfa mbuye mu 1302, ntchito yomanga waima monga mmene twente eyiti zaka. Mwina kunena kusowa ndalama zogulira kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi zikuluzikulu. Koma apa pomanga zinasokoneza mphamvu za kumwamba. Mu chapansi a mpingo wakale wa Santa Reparata anali "mozizwitsa chipenyere" mphamvu Zinovy Florence. Uthenga zozizwitsazo anamubweretsa kwa alaliki a makutu anthu Mkhristu, ndi mphatso ya aulendo achipembedzo anathandiza kupitiliza kumanga.

Khalidwe la tchalitchi

polojekiti Arnolfo di Cambio, yomanga imeneyi ayenera kupangidwa mu mawonekedwe a mtanda Latin. Nave wa Santa Reparata anali wodzilemekeza ndi naves awiri zambiri pa mbali. Kumapeto kwa mzikiti anawapanga mawonekedwe octagonal. A apse semicircular ndi mbali ziwiri transept anamaliza kamangidwe wa Duomo. Florence mu 1330, anaikidwa mkulu wamanga Giotto - kwambiri yapamwamba ndipo kwambiri analipira ojambula zithunzi za nthawi. Koma wofuna malo wamanga osati kupitiriza ntchito ya kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, ukugwira ntchito yomanga belu nsanja. Giotto anafa 1337, pamene okha oyambirira gawo kampanilly inamangidwa. Ndipo mu 1347 ku Florence anabwera mliri wakuda, ndipo chirichonse chinali osati tchalitchi. Pambuyo pa mapeto a ntchito mliri anayambiranso. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi zaka za zomangamanga akhala asanu mapulani lalikulu. Iwo anali Francesco Talenti ndi Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini, Alberto Arnoldi, d'Ambrodzho Giovanni Neri Di Fioravanti ndi Andrea Orkanya.

Dome Duomo (Florence)

Ndi 1418 makoma anamalizidwa. Ndikanakhoza kokha kuwalamula m'tchalitchi. Koma apa kuvutika zomangamanga chikhalidwe. Area anafuna mzikiti kwadzaoneni moti amisiri anayamba kuopa iye akhoza kugwa. Komanso, anali bwinobwino kupulumutsa zipangizo yomanga ndi kutalika mamita oposa makumi asanu ndi anayi. Ntchito anali linasokonekera kwa zaka makumi anayi. Florence Council analengeza mpikisano wotsatira. Ndinayamba kumanga mzikiti Filippo Brunneleski. Ziziyenda kapangidwe wanzeru injiniya anakhala pa maziko octagonal twente-foro ofukula zisanu ndi chimodzi yopingasa nthiti mphete. Chotero chimango koposa theka Zakachikwi ndi akugwirizira tridtsatisemitonny mzikiti wa Santa Maria del Fiore. Onse lakonzedwa kuti mwatsatanetsatane. Ngakhale Lanterna (nyali turret) si yokongoletsera mapulani. Iye ananenanso kuti katundu yomanga ng'oma, kupanga mzikiti wolimba kwambiri.

magawo Cathedral

Ngakhale pamaso pa mzikiti inatha Brunelleschi, Florence Duomo wodzipereka. Izi zinachitika mu 1436. Kuti mwambo uwu, Florence anadza Roma pontifi yekha, Eugene chachinayi. Izi anapereka Santa Maria del Fiore, kulemera owonjezera pamaso pa anthu wamba ndi atsogoleri. Nyumba otchuka mwa kupha miyeso. Malo okwana tchalitchi ndi 8300 sq.m. kachisi imafika mamita mazana makumi atatu m'litali ndi 90 mamita m'lifupi. Komabe, kachisi sapereka kuganiza za yaikulu, onongani. Chifukwa cha luso la mapulani zikuoneka kuti kukhala akuyandama. Makoma kuuka kwa meters makumi asanu. mzikiti awo yokoma ndi awiri a 42 mamita okwana kutalika kwa kachisi (kuchokera pansi mpaka mtanda pamwamba.) - mamita zana ndi khumi ndi zinayi. Koma ndi kovuta kukhulupirira kuti tchalitchi anali mofikapo yekha mu 1887.

kunja mapeto

Inde, wokongola wapakamwa, anatchuka kwambiri Duomo (Florence), si mankhwala a Kubadwa Kwatsopano ambuye trecento kapena kvadrochento. Popeza kuti m'nthawi ya chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi zinachitika manyazi yomanga. akuluakulu zambiri zochokera kwa woweruza anayesa kuti udzu tenders lapansi. Chifukwa, Francis Ine, Grand Duke, analamulidwa kuti asiye ntchito pa beautification wa wapakamwa lapansi. Only mu 1876 chifukwa analoledwa kutenga wamanga ndi zosemasema Emilio De Fabrice. Iye anabwera ndi masewera a nsangalabwi akuda, pa phale amatikumbutsa mbendera Italy. Mlengi ntchito mwala Prato (obiriwira), Maremma (pinki) ndi Carrara (woyera). Izi mapeto polychrome likusonyeza tchalitchi. Pamwamba pa arches zisonga , mukhoza kuona murals zimene zimasonyeza kuti Moyo wapadziko lapansi wa Namwali Mariya. Pakhomo chapakati ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi fano la Virgin ndi Khristu mwana mu mikono yake. Quezalcoatl wazunguliridwa ndi atumwi khumi ndi awiri. Pamwamba ndi wosakhwima Gothic Rosette. Pafupi izo zimawoneka medallions ndi zithunzi za otchuka wa Florence.

mkati

Duomo mu chimodzimodzi wapamwamba kuposa kunja. Koma pali kusiyana kotsimikizika pakati zingwe ligature kunja yokongola, lopenya mkati yokongola. Atamusamalira m'nthawi yake mlaliki Republic Savonarola, kunyozedwa floreniytsev kuti iwo saalinso ndikuganiza wa gloss kuposa pa gawo lauzimu la chipembedzo. Koma pamaso pa frescoes za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu unali pa ntsoyi ya tchalitchi, Oyeretsa m'dera konse izo (anasangalala kwambiri obadwa). zojambula izi zikuwonetsera Florentines wotchuka - Dante Aligeri, Giotto, Niccolo da Tollentino Giovanni Acuto ndi ena. Waukulu Catholic kachisi wa kachisi, tsopano kukopa osati amwendamnjira monga alendo, ndi zotsalira za Zinovy Florence, amene, monga ife kukumbukira, linapereka china pomanga Duomo. Wina ulemerero wa tchalitchi - Clock, zinakonzedwa 1443 ndi Paolo Uchchelo. Mivi ili chowonera kusuntha kwina, kuyeza nthawi otsala pamaso Chiweruzo.

othimbirira Glass

Sitiyenera kunyalanyaza okongola zojambula pa galasi. Makumi anayi othimbirira galasi mazenera kukometsera transepts ndi arches nave wa Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore. Iwo Tingaone maola. The ulemu galasi mazenera - m'tchalitchi - Mwachitsanzo ntchito ya Khristu ndi moyo wa Madonna. A zojambula m'munsi zoyenera aneneri a Chipangano Chakale ndi Chatsopano oyera. The mzikiti yokha, poyamba woyera (Brunelleschi ankaganiza kuti chilengedwe chake ndi wokongola, kuti sayenera zokongoletsa zina), anali kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi anali zojambulidwa ndi Federiko Tsukkari ndi Dzhordzhio Vazari. Izi Zojambula pakhoma epic chikusonyezera anapita kumoyo. M'munsi gawo - ochimwa wa Jahannama kuti kulapa palibe. Pamodzi ndi Wokana Kristu, adzazunzidwa kwamuyaya. Zapamwambazo zikusonyeza miyoyo ku Purigatoriya. Ndipo basi pamwamba, mu Chipilala cha mzikiti, mu msonkhano wa angelo a kumwamba munakwanisa kuona Yesu Khristu, Virgin Mary, fanizo la Chivumbulutso ndi oyera.

Mapulani zovuta

Duomo (Florence) zikuphatikizapo mpingo oposa mmodzi wa Santa Maria del Fiore, ndi nyumba zochepa. Mobatizira, dzina lake polemekeza Ioanna Krestitelya, ndi wamkulu kuposa tchalitchi. Ndi m'nthawi ya mipingo ing'onoing'ono ya Santa Reparata (4 atumwi), koma mawonekedwe ake amakono m'nthawi akhumi. Pafupi ndi wachisanu waukulu tchalitchi belu nsanja limatuluka dziko. maziko ake anaika wamanga yaikulu ya tchalitchi ndi Arnolfo di Cambio. ntchito linakonzedwa ndi Giotto. Adamangapo gawo loyamba la vosmidesyatipyatimetrovoy campanile. Komanso, kamangidwe kake ophatikizidwa mu moyo wa Andrea Pisano ndi Francesco Talenti anamaliza chilengedwe. Ngati tchalitchi, belu nsanja polimbana ndi mitundu itatu ya mabo wapatali. Tsopano aliyense akhoza kukwera kwa kuonerera sitimayo pamwamba pa belo nsanja. Limatithandiza zazikulu za Florence ndi mapiri ozungulira. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, nsanja ofanana ali pa mzikiti a tchalitchi.

owonetsera zakale

Pali nyumba ina ku zovuta za Duomo. Ndi kowonera zakale. nyumba ino, ngakhale boma, ndi chidwi kwambiri. Pajatu inali msonkhano Brunelleschi. Mu 1891 m'nyumbayi chinamasulidwa mu nyumba ino, amene amafunika kupitako. Ndipotu Duomo ku Florence nthawi zonse zatsopano. Mbali akale, woimira yaikulu mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe mtengo, anatitumiza kwa nyumbayi. Apo inu mukhoza kuwona osati kwaya, amene anali ngati chorister za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, koma kwambiri a mkati mwa mpingo, mobatizira ndi belu nsanja. Mfundo kukhudzana ndi awa masanjidwe ndi zojambula mzikiti analengedwa ndi Filippo Brunelleschi. Kuwaganizira komanso ndi mndandanda wa ziboliboli kuti kamodzi okongola wapakamwa ndipo mkati mwa kachisi. Pakati pawo ndi ntchito yosatha ya Michelangelo - "Madonna Akulira Maliro a Khristu" (Piette).

kachisi Museum

Pitani ku Duomo ndi amasirira frescoes ndi wodetsedwa galasi mazenera akhoza kukhala aliyense. Khomo mpingo uli mwamtheradi mfulu. Kodi ulesi ndi ima pamzere pa chipata chachikulu, limayenda mofulumira kwambiri. Koma kuyang'ana mzikiti pafupi, komanso kukwera kwa kuonerera sitimayo, kapena pita crypt, chimene chimasonyeza zotsalira za mpingo wakale wa Santa Reparata, muyenera kulipira ndalama. Ngati mukufuna kuti adziwane bwino ndi zovuta mapulani a Duomo, ndi bwino kugula umodzi (zovuta) tikiti.

Mtengo wa maulendo ndi maola ntchito

Duomo Cathedral ndi lotseguka tsiku lililonse. Koma nthawi alendo akhoza kulowamo, zimasiyanasiyana malinga masiku a sabata. Lolemba mpaka Lachitatu kachisi amakhala womasuka hafu pasiti teni asanu. Lachinayi ndi Lachisanu kuti atseka pa hafu pasiti atatu Loweruka - pa 16:45. Lamlungu, Santa Maria del Fiore amatsegula basi theka lachiwiri ndi kuthamanga sikisi. Khomo la kuonerera sitimayo ndi m'nyumbayi zilipo kuchokera 10:30 mpaka zisanu tsiku lililonse, mpaka Loweruka Act 16:40 kupita kwa iwo. Script ndi bwinja la Santa Reparata zilipo kwa odzichepetsa ija mayuro atatu. Chitunda ku mzikiti kapena belu nsanjayo nsanja kuonerera ndalama 6 Yehoasi Ndi bwino kugula tikiti umodzi. Ndipafupifupi kwambiri - mayuro makumi atatu. Koma iye amachita tsiku lonse pambuyo pa ulamuliro woyamba ndipo anatsekula chitseko kwa nyumbayi, ndi mobatizira, zimene ananena sitimayo campanile ndi mzikiti, ndi crypt ndi manda pafupi.