Bomba wa hydrogen RDS 37: makhalidwe, mbiri

Khumi zoyambirira pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse (WWII) anaika pansi katundu wolemetsa pa mapewa a anthu Soviet. Kubwezeretsa mafakitale ulimi, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha nkhondo ku boma ambiri zidzachitika mu pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka kupondereza mtundu manja ndi atasemphana chete pakati pa mayiko awiri lalikulu la nthawi: Soviet Union ndi United States.

Engineering namatetule wa maiko awiri chaka chilichonse kukonza ndi kugwiritsa mu zitsulo zambiri zoopsa zida zoopsa. Muliwilori maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani Soviet Union anathyola mu kutsogolera ngakhale pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Dziko Lonse, ndipo sanalole malo awo mpaka otchedwa "Cuba chida mavuto". Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba m'dziko lathu anasonyeza dziko awiri gawo bomba nyukiliya wa hydrogen mphamvu zoposa 1 Mt, ndicho RDS 37.

zida

Engineering kafukufuku kwa bomba wa hydrogen latsopano superpowerful inayamba mu Soviet Union mu 1952 mu pamwamba-biso pontho anatseka mamangidwe amasinthira KB-11. Komabe, kafukufuku yaikulu ya maphunziro ongolankhula ndi ntchito mawerengeredwe anayamba zaka ziwiri mtsogolo.

Mofanana 1954 mlandu olumikizidwa kwa nzeru kwambiri za nthawi. Ya B. Zeldovich ndi A. D. Saharov. RDS 37 - H-bomba mbadwo watsopano - anali kunena mawu atsopano mu mphamvu za asilikali Soviet Union. Ndipo May 31, 1955 Nduna ya Yapakatikati Machine Kumanga ndi wachiwiri wa wapampando wa zochita USSR Council wa nduna Zavenyaginym A. P. anapangidwa kuvomereza akufuna CB-11 Woyendetsa ziwembu za chida latsopano.

RDS 37, chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule amene, monga magwero osiyanasiyana, izo zikumveka ngati: "Russia amachita yokha" kapena "Stalin roketi Engine", koma kwenikweni ndi "wapadera kwakusiyana injini", anayambitsa iye mu moyo.

kamangidwe

Kusanduka kuchokera RDS-3, luso latsopano anatenga malingaliro zofunika ongolankhula cha implosion, otchedwa kuphulika mkati kugwa yokoka. Part wa anapezazo ndi anaitenga kuphatikizapo pa RDS-6s, kufanana superbomb anayamba Komabe, mtundu umodzi gawo, limene bwinobwino anayesedwa August 1953 pa mayeso malo mu Semipalatinsk.

Kwa maziko a RDS 37 anasankhidwa monga mfundo ziwiri siteji hydrodynamic mlandu implosion. Mwayankha kuwerengera yotsatana anachita limagwirira kunali kovuta nthawi. Engineering ndi mphamvu kompyuta oyambirira makumi asanu sizingafanane ndi luso alipo kompyuta. Kayeseleledwe mode psinjika wagawo sekondale pafupi ndi mode spherically ofananira (implosion, ku England implosion -. "Implosion") kunachitika mu zoweta "kompyuta" pa nthawi - pa kompyuta pakompyuta "Strela".

Kusiyana RDS 37

Features zida mokhulupirika mseri nzika wamba. Ngakhale lero, nthawi zina n'kovuta kupeza katundu odalirika magawo ake. Amadziwika kuti kusiyana chachikulu chinali ntchito zatsopano za nyukiliya bomba ureniamu-238 isotope. kuyang'anira chinali lifiyamu-6 deuterium, chinthu khola kwambiri, precluding mowiriza detonation.

mphamvu Secondary kuphulika ndi mfundo hydrodynamic implosion, sayenera kukhala wotsika kuposa mphamvu za kuphulika koyamba. Oonetsetsa taonera thonje awiri pa mantha yoweyula ndimeyi ndi mkokomo chokhala amphamvu ndi lakuthwa mng'alu mphezi. Kuwala umuna mwamphamvu kwambiri moti pa mtunda wa makilomita atatu kuchokera pamene panayambira kuphulika yomweyo akayaka ndi kutentha pepala.

pansi

Kuyesa latsopano RDS 37 nyukiliya bomba mphamvu imene Akuti pafupifupi 3 Mt, anasankhidwa 2 State chapakati Mayeso Site (2 GTSIP) atatseka Kurchatov mzinda, 130 Km kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Semipalatinsk (m'dera la Kazakhstan ano) . Mu ena mapu ndi zipangizo tcheru, mzinda uwu umatchedwanso "Moscow-400", "Beach" (lotsatira atuluka Irtysh Mtsinje), "Semipalatinsk 21," "Mapeto" (mu g / siteshoni dzina), komanso "Moldary" (m'mudzi linaloŵetsedwa mu mzinda wa Kurchatov). nawuza mphamvu pa mayesero anaganiza kuchepetsa ndi theka, pafupifupi 1.6 Mt.

maphunziro

Kuchepetsa cheza padzuwa la zomangamanga ozungulira, anaganiza yambitsa ndi RDS 37 kuyang'anira pamalo okwera mamita 1500 pamwamba pa nthaka. Pofuna kuchepetsa mavuto a kuphulika pa chonyamulira ndege wachita zinthu kuonjezera zosiyanasiyana ndipo amayesetsa kuti muchepetse kutentha pa iye. The Lachiwiri 16 anasankhidwa ngati ndege chonyamulira. Kuchokera pansi pa fuselage ndi anasambitsa varnish, pamalo onse mdima anali utoto mtundu woyera, zisindikizo m'malo mwa moto zambiri zosagwira. Samu bomba zinakhazikitsa parachuti kuchepetsa linanena bungwe kwa kutalika anafuna kuphulika lapansi.

Soviet Union mosamala kwambiri anakonza kuti ayese bomba latsopano RDS 37. Mayesero inkachitikira chatsekedwa danga lotnom, ndege-chonyamulira alonda MiG 17, ndege zida ulamuliro ndi kuchitidwa mfundo vs lamulo.

Kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo mpweya chifukwa cha kuphulika ndi kusunga kayendedwe ka mtambo nyukiliya wakhala makamaka allocated angapo IL 28. November 20, 1955, ku m'mawa, maola 9 ndi 30 minutes, ndege ndi suspensions wapadera wokwera pa bomba la anapezerapo kuchokera airfield Jean-Mabanja. Komabe, zinthu sizinayende monga anakonzera.

zinthu zadzidzidzi

Pakuti chidule cha Mapa pa nthawi ya mayesero munthu kuyang'anira meteorologist dziko akulu akuti ek Fedorov. Tsiku anali kukhala bwino ndi dzuwa. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha ndalamayi anali ndi zolinga zake. Pa osagwira athamangadi mmwamba nyengo anatembenuka zoipa, ndi thambo ndimitambo. Anaganiza kukhazikitsa malangizo a Rada unsembe pa bolodi ndege, koma ndi mwa dongosolo. Pakuti zopempha zonse pakati dispatcher atumiza lamulo limodzi lokha: ". Dikirani"

Panali akuluakulu vuto mwadzidzidzi. Sizinachitikepo anagwira amakakamizidwa ankafika ndege ndi bomba nyukiliya pa bolodi. Center kuganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kumaliseche a RDS 37 kuchokera midzi m'mapiri, mu "osati ndi kuphulika", mwachitsanzo. E. Popanda kudzipheralo ndi nyukiliya warhead kuphulika. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, onse a iwo anakanidwa.

Pamene mafuta anali kale pafupifupi ziro, ndi ndegeyo ndege analoledwa. Ichi chidachitika pokhapokha Zel'dovich ndi Sakharov panokha zinasaina maganizo olembedwa pa chitetezo cha ankafika ndi bomba wa hydrogen pa bolodi.

Bomba

Patapita masiku awiri mayesero akhala bwinobwino anagwira. Ndi chonyamulira ndege pamalo okwera 12 Km bwinobwino bwererani kwa RDS 37, lomwe linaphulika pamalo okwera mamita 1550. Kusamukira pa liwiro la 870 Km / h, Lachiwiri-16, pa mtunda wa 15 Km from kuphulika, koma yoweyula mantha wafika ake ndendende masekondi 224. Adalira ndinamverera amphamvu matenthedwe mphamvu pa malo poyera.

Patapita mphindi 7 pambuyo kuphulika RDS 37 m'mimba mwake "bowa" kwakukulu 30 Km, ndipo msinkhu wake unali 14 Km.