Astrolabe - lakale zakuthambo chida

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kutukuka kwathu - gwero la patsogolo nthawi zonse, ndipo zonse chidwi kwambiri ndi zochitika mkudza. Komabe, ntchito kwambiri nzeru zaumunthu, ena katswiri wa zomangamanga ndi anayamba kale ife zida bwino kuunikila incompleteness wa zosiyana. Akatswiri akale ndi zambiri ankadziwika, iwo analenga nyumba ndi zinthu, mfundo ya ntchito ndi ntchito zimene sizili bwino mpaka kumapeto. Mgwirizano wa kugwira ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi malamulo a sayansi ndi wosatsutsika analandira ndi mfundo zawo thandizo zambiri waphimbika mu nthano. chiwerengero cha zipangizo ngati kumaphatikizapo astrolabe wakale zakuthambo chida.

kusankhidwa

Monga dzina lake likunenera ( "aster" njira Greek "Star"), unit kugwirizana ndi kuphunzira zinthu zakuthambo. Ndithudi, astrolabe - chida kuwerengera okwera wachibale padziko lathuli ndi nyenyezi ndi dzuwa, ndipo pa maziko a deta kudziwa malo chinthu lapansi. Mu maulendo ataliatali ndi pamtunda astrolabe nyanja anathandiza kudziwa ndondomeko ndi nthawi, nthawi zambiri kutumikira monga miyeso yolinganizira yekha.

kapangidwe

Zakuthambo chida tichipeza chimbale, umene ndi ziyerekezo stereographic a nyenyezi, ndi bwalo ndi mkombero wa Kumwambamwamba, amene ali ophatikizidwa litayamba. Unit m'munsi (mchitidwe bolodi) lili m'chigawo chapakati cha kabowo, ndi mpanda wozungulira chofunika kuti magawowa lathu dongosolo lonse ndi kulemekeza kaja. The gawo pakati wapangidwa ndi mabwalo angapo TACHIMATA ndi mizere ndi madontho kuti kudziwa kumpoto ndi longitude. zimbale awa akutchedwa maseche. Goniometrical zakuthambo chida ali zinthu zitatu zimenezi, aliyense woyenerera derali lili makamaka. ndondomeko imene padera zinganga, wodalira pa malo: chimbale chapamwamba ayenera muli kumwamba ziyerekezo lolingana gawo anapatsidwa a Dziko Lapansi.

Pa tympanum ali grille wapadera ( "Kangaude"), zida ndi zambiri mivi kunenanso nyenyezi yowala osonyezedwa ziyerekezo lapansi. Kudzera maenje pakati pa tympanum ndi, grills ndi maziko unachitikira chitsulo chogwira matayala yolusa mbali. Kuti izo zaikidwa alidade - osiyanasiyana wapadera masovedwe.

Yolondola astrolabe ndi uku: ena zipangizo Mwachitsanzo, angathe kusonyeza osati kayendedwe ka dzuwa, koma zolakwika, mobwerezabwereza mu izo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti wakale chida zakuthambo analengedwa pa nthawi imene geocentric dziko view chogwidwa. Komabe, mfundo yoti zonse zakuthambo zokhudza dziko lapansi, sanaletse asayansi wakale kulenga chida mwatsatanetsatane.

A mbiri pang'ono

Zakuthambo chida ali ndi dzina Greek, koma ambiri mwa zigawo zake maina a chiyambi Arab. Chifukwa kusatsatira anzake mu njira yaitali kuti anawoloka chida cha nthawi ya mapangidwe ake.

Mbiri ya chitukuko ya zakuthambo, komanso sayansi zina zambiri, ndi inextricably zogwirizana Greece wakale. Apa awiri zaka Chikhristu chisanayambe panali zinachitika wa astrolabe lapansi. Hipparchus mlengi wa izo. Kale m'zaka awiri atafa Khristu kufotokoza ofanana ndi astrolabe goniometer anapanga Klavdiy Ptolemey. Anamanga chida chomwe angathe kudziwa udindo wa nyenyezi zirili mlengalenga.

Izi zipangizo oyambirira ankasiyana astrolabes, chimene iwo amaganiza ndi munthu masiku ano amene anasonyeza m'mamyuziyamu ambiri padziko lonse. The chida choyamba imatengedwa mwachizolowezi dongosolo Theon Kutulukira Alexandria (IV c. N. E.)

anamatetule kum'mawa

Mbiri ya chitukuko ya zakuthambo kumayambiriro Ages Middle zinayamba kuchitika mu gawo la limati Chisilamu. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi chizunzo asayansi ku mpingo, ndi zipangizo Attribution, ngati astrolabe, mmene Satana.

Aluya wangwiro chida cha anayamba kuzigwiritsa ntchito osati kudziwa malo ndi lathu la nyenyezi kumunda, komanso ngati muyeso wa nthawi, chida ena masamu, gwero la openda nyenyezi. Nzeru za East ndi West ophatikizidwa mu chimodzi, chifukwa anali astrolabe chipangizo kuti Chili cholowa European ndi Arab MAGANIZO.

Papa ndi chida wamakani

Mmodzi wa anthu a ku Ulaya amene ankafuna kutsitsimutsa astrolabe anali Herbert Orilyaksky (Sylvester II), mwachidule unachitikira malo Papa. Iye anaphunzira zomwe asayansi Arab taphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri, aiwala kuyambira kale kapena kuletsedwa ndi mpingo. matalente ake anazindikira, koma mgwirizano ndi chidziwitso mlendo Chisilamu chinathandiza zikamera angapo a nthano za iye. Herbert anali amaganiziridwa mogwirizana ndi succubus, ndi afiti. Choyamba ndinam'patsa chidziwitso, ndi wachiwiri anathandiza zatenga malo amenewa mkulu mu ufumu wolowezana wa mpingo. Wodetsedwa zimachitika nyamuka wake. Ngakhale mphekesera onse, Herbert anatha kutsitsimutsa angapo zida zofunika, kuphatikizapo astrolabe lapansi.

kubwerera

Patapita nthawi, m'zaka XII, Europe analinso kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo ichi. Choyamba, kuthawa anali kokha Arabic astrolabe. Izo zinali kwa zipangizo zatsopano zambiri okhaokha ena - aiwala ndi modernized zotsatira za makolo awo. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka zofanana kwanuko kupangidwa ndi yaitali maphunziro ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi astrolabes chipangizo.

Peak chipangizo chamagetsi kutchuka anadza mu nthawi ya atulukira kwambiri. Mu njira ya astrolabe apanyanja, zimathandiza kudziwa kumene chombo chidafika. Komabe, iye anali mbali kuti negates yolondola deta. Columbus, ngati ambiri a m'nthawi yake, kuyenda madzi, anadandaula kuti chipangizo chimenechi sangathe ntchito mu mpukutu, ndi ntchito pokhapokha pamene pansi pa mapazi atathana dziko kapena panyanja bata kwathunthu.

Ena phindu kwa amalinyero chida akadali zinkaimira. Apo ayi, ndikanachitira sibwenzi dzina lake polemekeza, m'modzi wa zombo, yemwe ankapita pa ulendo wa wotchuka ulendo wa wofufuza Jean-Fransua Laperuza. Sitimayo "Astrolabe" - mmodzi wa awiriwo nawo ulendo, ndipo wasowa mosadziwika bwino m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mochedwa.

chokongoletsera

Mkubwela kwa "Amnesty" wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano tinalandira osati zosiyanasiyana zipangizo phunziro la dziko loyandikira, komanso zinthu chokongoletsera, kumulakalaka kusonkhanitsa. Astrolabe - chipangizo, mwa zina, nthawi zambiri ntchito akuneneratu tsoka kayendedwe ka nyenyezi, koma chifukwa chakuti iye chokongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana ndi zizindikiro. Azungu ayamba chizolowezi Aluya kulenga molondola mawu a kupimira mindandanda yamasewera kaso. Astrolabe anayamba kuoneka kusonkhanitsa bwalo. Sayansi ya zakuthambo ankaona maziko a maphunziro, chuma cha chida anatsindika kuphunzira ndi kukoma kwa mwini.

korona zosonkhanitsira

Wokongola zida kuzikongoletsa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Zizindikiro mawonekedwe a masamba ndi ting'onoting'ono ta. Pakuti kuvala chida ntchito ndi golide ndi siliva.

Ena ambuye pafupi kwathunthu adzipereka luso astrolabes. M'zaka za m'ma XVI, wotchuka kwambiri a iwo ankaona Fleming Gualterus Arsenius. Kwa okhometsa katundu wake akhala ndi lokongola ndi chisomo. Mu 1568 iye analamula astrolabe wina. Chipangizo kwa kuyeza malo a nyenyezi umaimira Austria asilikali Wapolisiyo Albrecht Von Wallenstein. Lero, buku ili akukhala m'nyumbayi kwa iwo. MV Lomonosov.

lili mu chinsinsi

Astrolabe, mwanjira ina, amalowetsa mu nthano zambiri ndi zochitika lachinsinsi la Kale. Choncho, siteji Arab za mbiri yake, anapereka dziko nthano ya achiwembu Sultan ndi luso maphunziro bwalo nyenyezi Biruni. Wolamulira pa zobisika kwa zaka chifukwa cha ganged pa amakangana ake anatsimikiza ntchito zidule kuti amuchotsepo Iye. The nyenyezi anayenera mwachindunji chimodzimodzi momwe linanena bungwe la holo amatengerapo mwai wa mbuye wake, kapena akuvutika kumulanga. Mu kuwerengetsera awo Biruni ntchito astrolabe, ndi kulemba zotsatira pa pepala, koma aiika iyo pamphasa. Lokopa Sultan analamula atumiki ake kugwetsa chikudutsa khoma tinadutsa mwa icho. Pamene iye anabwerera, iye anatsegula pepala ndi kuwerenga pali uthenga wanyanga, kuganizira zochita zake. Biruni mlanduwo ndi kumasulidwa.

The inexorable kayendedwe ka patsogolo

Today astrolabe - gawo la zakuthambo zapitazi. Lathu pa nthaka limodzi ndi thandizo ake sanalinso zotheka kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII, pamene panali sextant. Nthawi chipangizo ukadali ntchito, koma ngakhale patapita zaka zoposa astrolabe kwathunthu asamuka pa maalumali wa okhometsa ndi okonda zinthu zakale.

modernity

kumvetsa zoyerekeza wa kugwira ntchito kwa chipangizo ndi chipangizo amapereka mbeu yamakono ya wake - planisphere. Ichi ndi mapu kumtunda zomwe nyenyezi ndi maiko. zigawo zake, n'kupuma ndi makina mbali mofanana ndi maziko galimoto. Kudziwa malo olondola a kuunika gawo makamaka kumwamba imafuna kuti ikuyenda chinthu chapamwamba lolingana magawo kufunika kumpoto. Mofananamo zochokera ndi astrolabe. manja ake kungachititse m'mafanizidwe a planisphere lapansi. chitsanzo Izi kupereka lingaliro la mwayi wa kuloŵedwa m'malo wakale.

Nthano moyo

Wokonzeka astrolabe lingathe kukopedwa pa masitolo kachikumbutso, nthawi zina amapezeka mu zopereka katundu kukongoletsa, kutenga monga maziko kalembedwe SIM-nyimbo. zipangizo ntchito kupeza, mwatsoka, n'zovuta. Planisphere komanso yosowa m'masitolo wathu. zidutswa chidwi angapezeke pa malo ena, koma mtengo ngati kusuntha mapu adzakhala monga chomwecho mlatho pulasitala zitsulo. zitsanzo Independent kapangidwe akhoza kuyamba, zofuna nthawi yambiri, koma zotsatira n'kosathandiza ndi ndikungozikonda ana.

Nyenyezi kuthambo, kotero comprehensively kutenga maganizo a anthu akale, ndi kukwapula kukongola ndi chinsinsi ndi munthu ano. zipangizozi, monga astrolabe, kupanga izo pang'ono kwa ife pang'ono zomveka. Museum kachikumbutso kapena zosinthika chipangizo imatheketsanso kuona nzeru za makolo athu zaka zikwi ziwiri zapitazo kulenga zipangizo kuti mwachilungamo molondola kusonyeza dziko ndi kupeza malo athu izo.

Today astrolabe - kachikumbutso wotsogola, chidwi m'mbiri yake ndi zachilendo diso kugwira kamangidwe. Poyamba anali pantchito yojambula zakuthambo chimene chimathandiza correlate malo a zinthu zakuthambo ndi mtunda, pafupifupi yekha mwayi womvetsa kumene nyanja yaikulu kapena m'chipululu anataya wapaulendo. Ndipo tiyeni chipangizo watha kwambiri mawu zinchito ndi Anzawo yake yamakono, izo nthawizonse zidzakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mbiri, nkhani waphimbika mu chikondi chophimba mwachinsinsi, choncho ndi chodziwikiratu kuti kutayika kwa zaka zambiri.