Alt - ndi chiyani ichi?

Alto - si mtundu wa mawu operatic, komanso nyimbo za zingwe yoweramitsidwa chida. M'nkhani ino tikambirana matanthauzo onse mawu.

choimbira

Viola - ndi choimbira, mtundu wa ndi chipangizo ngati violin, koma isiyana mu chachikulu. Ndi chifukwa cha kukula kwake viola zikumveka m'munsi kuposa zeze ndi.

Kwa nthawi yaitali chida ichi anatumizidwa ku mbali zazing'ono kwambiri oimba, popeza chinali choti ntchito okha mavoti pafupifupi amene sanali ntchito analemba otchuka.

zikamera

Ngati zambiri za zeze zida, ndi viola anatuluka mu zaka 15-16. Soviet nyimbo theoretician Struve ankakhulupirira kuti anali kholo la lonse chingwe zingwe banja ndipo ayamba oimba mu theka 2 zaka zana la 16. Panthawi imeneyi, malo otsogolera pakati pa mawu a melodic zokhazokha viola. Viola unalinso pafupi ndi chida ichi mu mkokomo wake ndi kukula, ndipo ndi limodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu kuti walowa mu oimba ena monga mawu pakati, mogwirizana merging ndi apamwamba. Choncho Alto anakhala ngati mlatho pakati pa ulemerero zovunda za banja la viols ndi Kubwera kwa zipangizo zeze.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Choncho, viola akhala anakhalabe mu malo a mawu subordination m'gulu la. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti oimba anasonyezanso kusalabadira kwa chida cha. Makamaka kusewera viola si aphunzira, ndi oimba vayolini oketsra kwa osewera viola anali otayika amene sanathe kwenikweni kusewera mfundo iliyonse, chida china chilichonse. Ichi chokha pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zinthu, anatsimikizira amantha ndi kudzichepetsa maganizo a analemba viola.

Komabe, madandaulo onsewa anali kwakukulu kwathunthu. Chida ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri, chofunika munthu yekhayo amene akanatha kuwaona ndi sanaope kwa anthu. Iwo anakhala Meyul Etienne (1763-1817), amene analemba za zisudzo Uthal, imene chachikulu ndi chingwe apamwamba Party anapatsidwa Alto.

Mu 1834, zimakupiza zazikulu ndi connoisseur underrated chida Hector Berlioz analenga nthetemya amatchedwa "Harold mu Italy", imene chipani chachikulu anapita ku Alta. Malinga ndi nthano, Berlioz ankaganiza kuti pa kuyamba kwa sewero lake Paganini, koma uwu unali kupewedwa ndi imfa ya woimba wa.

amachititsa unpopularity

Alt (onani chithunzi chida. M'nkhani), womwenso pakati pa zeze ndi cello, iye ndi mtima wofunitsitsa zakale. Komanso dongosolo ofanana ndi mtundu wa kusewera, izi zida palinso zingwe m'dera zitatu zimene zimafanana ndendende phokoso. Komabe, m'zaka 17-18 izo anatsimikizira view kuti viola zikumveka nasally ndi chisoni. N'chifukwa chiyani iye ali osiyana melodic ndi zokongola "mlongo" wake?

mfundo ndi yakuti zipangizo zimamangidwa zoletsedwa ndi malamulo onse ndi mfundo mu zaka anthu oimba sizinachitike ntchito ngati oimba otayika sitingakhale kusewera iwo. Choncho, opanga zeze kuumirizidwa kusintha zipangizo pa ojambula, amene sanafune kuti khama aliyense kuti adziwe ndi masewera luso latsopano. Choncho anabadwa runt Alto, zomwe, ngakhale kupotoza ake, ndipo wakhala otchuka oyimba osati kokha, komanso analemba. N'zochititsa chidwi chikutanthauza kuti chida ichi chakhala anazindikira mwa ngakhale Paris Conservatory.

Izo zinali kokha mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20 woona Alto anabwerera ku gulu, patapita chimakankhira buku wake yonyansa.

Chiŵerengero oimba

N'zosadabwitsa kuti oimba wotchuka kwambiri monga Paganini, Malungo, Vieuxtemps, Sivori, ankakonda kuchita mu anai viola ndi mwamtheradi manyazi. Ndipo ngakhale Vieuxtemps viola zinapangidwa ndi wotchuka mbuye Maggini, pamene woimba ntchito pa nthawi zoimbaimba wake. Ndipo Alessandro Rolla, Paganini mphunzitsi, kotero kwakukuru katswiri chida ichi, imbaenda omvera aja kuti atikhaulitse.

Motero, ndi yekhayo oimba akatswiri akhozadi kusewera bwino pa viola komanso sankaona m'munsimu zipangizo zina za zeze ndi.

The chiŵerengero cha Oimba

Viola - ali anthu osatchuka chida kuyambira kubadwa kwa yopuma azipereka, chiŵerengero chimene chingasinthe mkubwela kwa polyphonic nyimbo ya Handel ndi Bach. Oimba awa moyenera ufulu wake ku zeze chachiwiri.

Komabe, mchikakamizo cha Neapolitan mtengo sukulu chida wayamba kugwa kachiwiri. Ndipo analemba ayamba natumiza kwa patsogolo yoimba mawu. Similar angapezeke mu Haydn, Glück ndi Mozart mwa ena ndi Tchaikovsky ndi Glinka mwa analemba Russian.

kufika Beethoven a nyimbo chinali heyday wa viola. Chida potsiriza chinachitika ake oyenera, kupeza mavoti awiri.

chingwe chida

Viola - chida chingwe ndi anatsekula wachisanu poyerekeza zeze, ndipo ndi octave kuposa cello lapansi. Ambiri upotrebitelny zosiyanasiyana ndi yaing'ono octave kuti E ndi 3 octave, koma akhoza idzaseweredwe ndi phokoso apamwamba. Zolemba akhoza kulembedwa mu treble ndi Alto makiyi.

kusewera zidule

woyimba zeze wabwino kungakhale kosavuta kusinthana kwa viola lapansi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti njira masewera ndi zikwapu mu zida izi ndi chimodzimodzi. Kusiyana kokha - phokoso, ndi zochepa opaque, yowala ndi velvety, ngakhale m'mphuno pang'ono.

Chotero timbre yeniyeni - Chifukwa cha kukula kwa chida thupi, zomwe sizigwirizana ndi mapangidwe ake. Ngati tichita Alto, izo sungazimitsidwe pa phewa, koma akhoza idzaseweredwe ngati cello a.

Ntchito ya ziboliboli payekha viola amachita kawirikawiri. Kawirikawiri, chida ichi ndi mbali ya chingwe kapena nthetemya Banda, kumene atenge mawu pakati. Komanso Alto kwenikweni gawo la zamitundumitundu chingwe ndi ensembles zosiyanasiyana chipinda.

Pa zaka zimene anayamba kuphunzira kuimba viola?

Kuyambira ndili mwana, musakhale violas. oimba alendo amati cholowa chida ichi, choyamba tiyenera kuphunzira mmene kuimba zeze. Alto chomwecho kusuntha atangomaliza maphunziro ake a nyimbo sukulu pa conservatories ndi sukulu. Kawirikawiri oimba ndi kugwedera zazikulu ndi kukula kwa thupi lalikulu amakonda chida ichi.

Alto

Pali chida china nyimbo, wotchedwa viola (chithunzi Chida onani pamwamba), kapena Alto. Iye ndi mkuwa mphepo chida a saxhorn banja. osiyanasiyana phokoso - kuchokera pakati mkulu B-lathyathyathya 1 octave. mkokomo wake kuzimiririka ndipo inexpressive Choncho Alto kokha ntchito mu mphepo, makamaka regimental magulu. kaŵirikaŵiri akatulutsidwa mawu pafupifupi.

Alt: Liwu

mawu kuitana Viola mwanayo buku kuyambira wamng'ono octave F kuti F 2 octave wamkazi otsika. Izi mawu ndondomeko apamwamba, zomwe kawirikawiri zimabweretsa nyimbo chachikulu. The zolemba zambiri ntchito - mchere ndi zazing'ono octave E 2 octave. The nyimboyi zimatulutsa mitundu iwiri Violas: yoyamba ndi yachiwiri.

Woyamba ndi wachiwiri Alto

Choyamba zamitundu kuchokera A zing'onozing'ono F 2 octave. Muzilankhula mawu a gulu izi zikumveka nthawi yomweyo ofooka ndi zofewa, koma ikuyenda pamwamba, iwo kwambiri, kupeza mphamvu, nzeru ndi ukali. zolemba ziwiri pamwamba ngakhale kutchedwa shrill ndi silikuyenda bwino. Wokongola phokoso la mawu onse kuchokera 1 mpaka 2 na- octave. Malire awa, violas awapatse mithunzi wosiyana wofatsa ndi yowala limba forte ndi chonyezimira.

Pamene liwu la Viola otchedwa mezzo-woimba. Iye amapereka iye matte kamvekedwe limaonetseratu melodic chithunzi ndi melodiousness.

Violas chachiwiri octave oganiza yaing'ono ndi kufikira F 1 octave. makhalidwe awo - chisoni ndi kulira chachikulu, chimene imawakhudza kusinthasintha ndi kuyenda. Komanso, ndinamvanso liwu lija contralto.