Ali Lapland Reserve. Lapland Biosphere Reserve

Kodi munamvapo za lowoneka Lapland? Kumene inde! Komabe, sikuti aliyense amadziwa za kukhalako kwa Lapland Reserve. Kodi iye otchuka? Kodi zimachitikadi? M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa awa ndi ambiri mafunso ena okhudzana ndi malo lodabwitsali.

Kuyamba, tikupeza kumene Lapland Reserve. Iwo lili kumpoto, m'chigawo Murmansk. Iye anali kale ndi zaka pafupifupi 100, ndipo kuwonjezera pa nyumba ya Santa Claus pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa alendo wamba ndi asayansi. gawo Reserve ukuchititsa kukula kwake - ndi oposa 278 435 mahekitala, 8574 a zimafunika madzi m'dera la nyanja ndi mitsinje. Chifukwa ichi kukula kwa Lapland Nature Reserve ndi imodzi yaikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya.

nkhani

zone Izi gawo lotetezedwa analengedwa ndi Lenoblispolkoma chisankho mu January 1930. Mu masiku amenewo, Kola Peninsula a Komiti Executive wa dera Leningrad. zaka 20 anali mphalapala malo m'mayiko, koma chatsekedwa nthawi yosatha mu 1951. Mwamwayi zimenezi likakonzeka ndi msanga, malo Lapland linatsegulidwa patadutsa zaka zisanu, mayina ndipo analandira udindo wa boma.

Tikumbukenso kuti "Lapland" malire anasintha nthawi, ndipo nthawi zambiri motsogozedwa ikuchepa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chitukuko cha chuma mchere mu theka lachiwiri la atumwi wotsiriza pa Monchetundra m'madera. Ngakhale, mu 1983, ndikusunga izo zaikidwa dera chidwi kwambiri dera la kumadzulo (129,577 ha). Zinali wofanana pafupifupi 100% m'dera pachiyambi. dziko boma ali allocated "Lapland" malipiro a mpweya yafupika mu ziyambe kukonzedwa mbewu "Severonikel" dziko la kum'mawa kwa malo a.

M'katikati mwa February 1985 Lapland State Biosphere Reserve akutengedwa amatetezedwa ndi UNESCO monga biosphere malo. Project "Wosangalatsa Lapland" unayambitsidwa Patapita zaka khumi (1995). Kuyambira pamenepo, malo anayamba kuimira osati kufufuza ndi chilengedwe, komanso kufunika chikhalidwe.

Lapland Nature Reserve - malo

Mu masiku a Valdai glaciation Kola Peninsula yokutidwa yemweyo ayezi pepala lomwe lili Greenland lero. Ankakhalako zaka 10,000 zapitazo, kusiya otsika kuti lokwera amphamvu moraine ndi glacier-ankawachotsera miyala mphamvu zotuluka, ndipo amatchedwa "mutton pamphumi". Pambuyo glaciation pali pafupifupi palibe miyala nyanja. Iwo m'malo mwa zigawo umboni za zaka Archean, makamaka gneisses.

Pambuyo kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana madera akuluakulu wa Kola Peninsula yaitali kanthu. Poyamba, mphepo ndi mbalame wabweretsedwa kuno akukangana lichens ndi ndere, mbewu Udzu. Zomera chinathandiza chiwonongeko wozengereza mwala chifaniziro cha Kola Peninsula ndi mapangidwe nthaka. Ndithu mofulumira badlands invertebrates okhazikika amene achititsa kuti kusintha malo.

Ndiye iwo anayamba kupanga nkhalango Titafika pamalo m'kupita natenga mawonekedwe pano.

Mitsinje

Lapland Nature Reserve (Monchegorsk) ukufanizidwa ndi mitundu ambiri a nyama ndi zomera za kumpoto Europe ndi ku Asia. Chifukwa glaciation yapitayi kudziko lino, monga, ndithudi, lonse la Scandinavia, wofanana ndi anasiya mitundu kuderako.

Lapland topezeka analenga atangomwalira, kotero njira ya powapatsa kunja kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana latsopano la nyama ndi zomera akadali akupitirirabe. Species zosiyanasiyana zinyama ndi zomera zikusintha, ndi ochepa.

Lapland malo kuchulukitsa muli mitsinje ndi kudya kuphiri mitsinje. M'madera ena, ali chete, ndi phompho banki ya sod. Pa malo ena, iwo Rapids chigumula ndi breakers woyera.

Ambiri mu malo a nyanja yaing'ono ndi yaikulu, mwala, ndipo nthawi zina ndi mchenga kapena yokutidwa ndi mabanki sedge. Mtsinje zigwa kutambasula Yagelnaya nkhalango. mapiri Cover pamthunzi spruce-zelenomoshniki. zigwa lonse ndi loyenda mitsinje, amene m'mphepete mwa Mzere yopapatiza ya mitengo wosakhwima birch, interspersed ndi kubalalika waukulu wa miyala, lomwe lili ndi mawanga chowala wa ndere osiyanasiyana.

Nyanja yaikulu - Imandra, malo 880 Km ^2. Malowa ali pamtunda zilumba zoposa 150. Mitsinje yaikulu - Strelna, Varzuga, Umba.

Titafika pamalo

Lapland Nature Reserve (Murmansk dera) zomera zosiyanasiyana anatsimikiza ndi malo ake Hrs - 120 kukafika kumpoto kwa Arctic Circle - ndi phiri malo. Pambuyo limatsogolera la ayezi pamwamba pa nthaka anakakhala lichens ndi ndere. Mu mavuto pa phiri Titafika pamalo, mphalapala Moss wamba phiri - amakonda zingawakhumudwitse reindeers. M'madera ena, iwo asintha makalapeti zitsamba, crowberry, blueberries, cranberries, bearberry. Iwo azikhala ndi rhododendron tchire kuropatochey udzu (Dryad).

M'madera ena, pali kubwereketsa kapena khushoni woboola pakati saxifrage, Linnaeus otsika ovsyannitsa, nyenyezi yaing'ono birch. Maluwa nyengo ya malo amenewa ndi okongola kwambiri.

kumalo ozizira nayonso

Mmodzi wa kalembera yaikulu ya m'madera Lapland Reserve Forest akukulira pa mayiko amenewa kwa zaka 3 mpaka 10 chikwi. Avereji ya mitengo ikukula kuno kwa zaka 300. Ena toyesa kufika msinkhu wa mamita 15. Yogwira Kukula kwa nayonso kumalo ozizira chifukwa nyengo ndi wofatsa ndi anasiya Madzi oundana mu subsoil wosanjikiza.

M'nyengo yozizira, nthaka kutetezedwa matalala, ndipo amaundana chifukwa chovuta. Mitengo kukula pang'onopang'ono, koma kufika kukula chidwi kwambiri, si kukumbukira kukula mbadwa ya nkhalango Titafika pamalo a Siberia.

The paini m'dera ali masingano lalifupi kumatenga zaka zitatu, ndipo kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mtundu umenewu chimatengedwa ngati mawonekedwe osiyana - paini Vries.

Bwino kwa ife spruce mmalo mu malo Siberia spruce ndi khalidwe mtundu wa cones yaing'ono.

Subarctic ndi warty birch limakula m'nkhalango spruce ndi mu nkhalango. Ochepa m'tchire imakhala phiri phulusa, mlombwa Siberia, mbuzi msondodzi ndi mitundu ina ya misondodzi.

Nthaka zomera wosanjikiza Reserve ambiri yobiriwira zitsamba - crowberry, lingonberry, Linnaeus, blueberries, mitundu yambiri ya wintergreen. Pali zambiri yobiriwira zomera herbaceous - Luzula pilosa, tsitsi udzu.

Zochuluka anasonyeza Moss wosanjikiza. Mu paini nkhalango ya ndere nthawi pamodzi ndi lichens cladonia (Alpine, deerskin ndi zofewa). Malire chapamwamba nkhalango ikusonyezedwa pa kutalika kwa 380 m.

Nyama za Lapland Nature Reserve

Chikhalidwe cha malo awa okongola sangatengedwe kukhala pristine. Kwa zaka zambiri, Sami akwanitsa chinkhoswe mu mphalapala wawo amadalira kuweta ndi moyenera, kupha adani.

Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma watha, mu Lapland ndi ochepa kwambiri mphalapala ndi ogwirira lalikulu.

mphalapala

Mu kumadzulo, Kola Peninsula pa nthawi imeneyo anakhalabe pafupifupi mphalapala zana.

Kunali koyenera kukhwimitsa mwamsanga kuteteza nyama zimenezi, choncho mu 1930, ndipo bungwe ndi Lapland Reserve. Posachedwa miyeso chitetezo anapereka zotsatira woyamba positive.

Lero malo ndi nthawi zonse amakhala anthu oposa chikwi. Deer amakonda nkhalango-belomoshniki ndi phiri Titafika pamalo malo. Lapland malo osungirako wolemera awo ankakonda chakudya - mphalapala Moss. Ndiyamika ntchito chitetezo yaitali ya Reserve nswala kuthengo unafala m'dziko lonse pachilumbachi, pamwamba pa zonse mu mapiri ndi mitengo kumadzulo.

Kumayambiriro kwa XX atumwi mu Lapland Biosphere Reserve atachokako kwa nthawi yaitali anabwerera beavers ndi ose. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ose anadza ku malo amenewa kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa iwo okha, koma beavers wa anyakhondo anabweretsa ku malo a mzinda wa Voronezh. Ngakhale mitundu onse zikusoŵa.

ogwirira

Lapland Nature Reserve ali m'gawo lake, ndi ogwirira lalikulu. Ambiri bulauni chimbalangondo. Wolverines, afisi ndi lynxes ochepa. Palinso nkhandwe, koma ndi ochepa kwambiri. Weasel, marten, ermine zimachitika nthawi zambiri. nyengo achisanu omasuka ndithu pa moyo wa voles ndi lemmings.

mbalame

mbalame zonse zokhala Lapland Reserve, kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane nkhani yochepa ndi zosatheka. Choncho, lero tidzakhalanso akunjate tokha kuti zamoyo mu malo ili yamtengo wapatali kwambiri zachilengedwe.

Kukaikira mazira ndi kusamuka zimawonedwa mitundu 20 waterfowl. Tikumbukenso yaing'ono, wamng'ono woyera-fronted tsekwe. Posachedwapa, mtundu wa mofulumira anazimiririka pafupifupi dera lonse la m'deralo. Mosiyana atsekwe zina kumpoto, fronted tsekwe zisa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje phiri mitsinje.

Malo oyamba pa mtengo wa malo ali wotanganidwa grouse - grouse, capercaillie, wakuda grouse, ptarmigan ndi Titafika pamalo. Mitundu yamasika amakhala ku phiri Titafika pamalo, ndi mphanga ena mu nkhalango.

Chotero nyama komanso yosowa mbalame monga osprey ndi golide mphungu, kabawi, woyera-tailed mphungu, malo ndi omasuka kwathunthu.

akadzidzi

Oimira mbalame kuti atiuze zambiri. N'zovuta m'dzikoli malo ena monga Lapland State Biosphere Reserve, komwe aakulu, koma okha gawo anthu mitundu isanu ndi itatu akadzidzi.

Mtundu ambiri - yaing'ono Mphamba kadzidzi. Iye ali kazembe wa mitundu zamakolo nkhalango ya kumpoto. nthenga zake zikulumikizana bwino ndi maziko amene analengedwa ndi birch kumpoto.

Iye "mlongo" - Great Gray Kadzidzi - ndi yaikulu kadzidzi boreal nkhalango, koma napeza yosowa kwambiri. Izo wakonda moyo mu nkhalango, alternating ndi malo lotseguka, mwachitsanzo, ndi bogs sphagnum.

Boreal ndi pygmy kadzidzi - kadzidzi wamng'ono Russia. Amasankha kukhala Zachepetsedwa ndi spruce ndi Oil ndi nkhalango birch.

Marsh kadzidzi, Ural kadzidzi ndi mphungu kadzidzi - waukulu mu zinyama dziko. Owerengeka, koma mmene kwambiri chifukwa Lapland Reserve woyera kapena kumalo ozizira akadzidzi.

Chifukwa chakuti mu Arctic kuwala usiku, akadzidzi amakakamizidwa kuti achoke pa kusakasaka masana. White Mausiku nyengo yaitali - zana masiku (kuyambira chiyambi cha May mpaka theka lachiwiri la August). Pa nthawi imeneyi akadzidzi ayenera kukula ndiponso kudyetsa anapiye. Choncho, kuwona kadzidzi zouluka masana ndi zosavuta kusunga.

Mukhoza pafupipafupi kuonedwa mu nkhokwe chithaphwi kadzidzi. Izo ntchentche malo pang'onopang'ono lotseguka, kuyang'ana nyama. Ngati akadzidzi yambiri, zofunika kwenikweni limba ndi khutu, ngakhale maso ake sitinganene kuti ofooka.

Pamene dzuwa mu nkhalango Tingaone hawkish kadzidzi. mitundu iwiri akadzidzi zinthu ndithu covertly, iwo angakhoze kokha kukumana mwangozi. Akamamanga "yosungirako" mu m'maenje a mitengo. Apa iwo kubweretsa gawo la mtembo wa makoswe ang'ono, ndi mbalame zina zazing'ono.

Ngakhale kovuta kupeza kadzidzi ndi kuleza tailed tawny kadzidzi. Iwo anabadwa alenje. Kuwonjezera makoswe ang'ono, zimene ziri chakudya, si mantha kudya mbalame osiyana ndi nyama. Kadzidzi limagwira grouse ndi agologolo, musaphonye mwayi ndi kugonjetsa ermine.

Yaikulu kadzidzi mu Lapland malo zambiri amapha grouse, hares ndi grouse. Panali milandu pamene bwinobwino ankasakidwa marten. Komabe, pamene Abiti angakhale wovulalayo.

Akadzidzi, chifukwa kumva malo ndi ankatha kugwira makoswe pansi nkhungu wosanjikiza wa chisanu, ndiye pafupifupi mitundu yonse, kupatula opindika m'makona Kadzidzi, ndi kuthetsedwa.

ntchito sayansi

The malangizo chachikulu cha ntchito sayansi ya Lapland Reserve - kukhalabe ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mphalapala zakuthengo m'dera lonse la Kola Peninsula. Komanso, ntchito ndodo monga polojekiti mosalekeza komanso kuphunzira malo pafupi amakampani mafakitale pa malo ndi zachilengedwe. The nyama ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana amakopeka si ndodo m'dera okha nthawi zambiri asayansi ochokera m'mayiko.

Kuphunzira zinthu moyo ndi makhalidwe a nswala kuthengo inayamba mu 1929, pamaso kutsegula malo a. Zolembedwa loyamba la nyama anali M. Kreps phiri yozizira.

maulendo

Lapland Nature Reserve - malo kwabasi. Kuwonjezera zidzasintha phiri zokongola, nkhalango zakalekale komanso nyama zakutchire, ndipo mukhoza kupeza bwino cholowa chikhalidwe cha Sami, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira kupita pa ulendo nsanja ya Santa Claus.

Reserve maulendo ndi zotheka ndi makonzedwe titani kasamalidwe. Kukonza ulendo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pamwamba mfundo kukhudzana ndi kusunga Intaneti.