Alende Salvador: yonena, photos, zolemba. nagubuduza amene Salvador Allende?

Salvador Allende - ndani? Iye anali kuyambira mu 1970 mpaka 1973 anali pulezidenti wa Chile. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anali wotchuka kwapadera mu USSR ndi bloc Soviet. Kodi chidwi cha anthu Salvador Alende? Mwachidule yonena za munthu uyu modabwitsa ndi ndondomeko ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

magwero

Malo Salvador Allende? mbiri yake inayamba mu Santiago June 26, 1908 ku banja la luntha ndi andale. Agogo ake m'zaka za m'ma 19 anali wothandizira O'Higgins, mutu wa kugalukira ku Chile ndi Spanish ulamuliro atsamunda. Agogo Ramon Salvador Allende anali wasayansi zachipatala, medfakulteta mkulu yunivesite ya Chile, komanso dokotala amene anali nawo nkhondo ya Pacific ndi Bolivia ndi Peru, bungwe gulu lankhondo la mankhwala asilikali. bambo Salvador anali wazamalamulo, leftist.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Kumene anaphunzitsidwa ndi anakulira Salvador Allende? yonena wake anapitiriza m'madera osiyanasiyana a Chile, El Salvador, kumene bambo ake kangapo anagwidwa ndi mkazi wake ndi ana anayi pofunafuna malo abwino kwa kulimbikitsa. Kenako anaikidwa odziwitsa ku doko mzinda wa Valparaiso. Apa Allende Salvador sukulu zachipatala. Kale mu zaka zoyambirira anasonyeza chizolowezi ntchito ndale, wakuti mu chitaganya ophunzira. Kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo anapita Santiago ndi analowa Medical la Yunivesite.

Socialist Republic of Chile mu 1932

boma analipo basi masabata m'chilimwe cha 1932 ndipo anatuluka mu chikhalidwe cha kugwa yonse ya moyo chuma dziko chifukwa cha Wamkulu Depression. Mphamvu Chile ali anagwidwa ndi gulu la kwakukulu kumanzere okonda nkhondo lotsogoleredwa ndi Marmaduke Grove (iye anali bwenzi la atate wake, Salvador Allende, ndi m'bale Grove anakwatira mlongo wake), amene analengeza mutu wa boma Chiwukirano wa Socialist Republic of Chile. Boma latsopano mu pulogalamu yake analengeza njira ya kusintha kwa sosholisimu, nationalization amakampani njira ndi mabanki, umwini gulu amakampani ang'ono kulanda dziko Amaya, Amnesty a akaidi a zandale, imene inalipo ambiri pambuyo angapo m'mbuyomu zipolowe otchuka.

Salvador Allende anaitanitsa ophunzira a ku Yunivesite kuthandiza ulimi. Koma kunapezeka kuti sichichedwa anakhala zaka, boma chosintha unagonjetsedwa, mamembala ake anamangidwa, ndipo ambiri a kumbali ya zisinthe. Iye anamangidwa ndipo posachedwapa zachipatala wophunzira Alende Salvador (monga isanayambe zisinthe, analandira digiri yake ya udokotala), amene ali m'chipindacho zikusungira Carabinieri (a analogi wa Asilikali Mkati), ndipo kenako anayesetsa ndi bwalo lankhondo.

Pa nthawi iyi mu Valparaiso anaonekera pa imfa ya bambo ake, ndipo El Salvador anabweretsa pansi kuperekezedwa kwawo kwa bambo ndi mwana akanakhoza kunena tiwonana. Monga iye ananena, mu kamphindi adzaoneni anabwera mtima nkhondo chigonjetso cha chilungamo chikhalidwe mu malingaliro ake.

Mwamwayi Allende nagubuduza boma chosintha la zigawenga okha posapita nthawi anataya mphamvu, kusintha ndiye angapo, mpaka pulezidentiyo wogwirizira Figueroa Sichinatsitsidwe linalengeza Amnesty a akaidi a zandale. Pa ntchito ndale anabwerera amatchula Isitala Island Marmaduke Grove, iye anamasulidwa ndipo Alende Salvador.

Education Socialist Party

M'chaka cha 1933 chiwerengero cha mabungwe zokomera amene anakhala nawo mbali pa zochitika kunachitika cha 1932, adasonkhana ndipo anapanga Socialist Party a Chile, amene mtsogoleri anakhala Marmaduke Grove (walunjika chipani kwa zaka ziwiri mpaka imfa yake mu 1954), ndipo mmodzi wa anthu achangu - Allende El Salvador. Posachedwa analenga gulu la Socialist Party mu Valparaiso. Mu 1937, Allende anasankhidwa kuti Congress National a chigawo Valparaiso.

Mu 1938, Allende anali ndi udindo kwa kampeni ya Popular Front, asankha phungu awo pulezidenti wa kwakukulu Pedro Aguirre Cerda. Popular Front chiphiphiritso "Mkate, malo ogona ndi ntchito!". Pambuyo adzapambane pa chisankho Cerda Alende Salvador anakhala nduna thanzi mu zisinthe Popular Front boma, limene chogwidwa ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Pa malo ake, analimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa osiyanasiyana kusintha mwapang'onopang'ono chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo malamulo chitetezo kuteteza ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndi, penshoni apamwamba akazi amasiye, apakati Chitetezo Act ndi kuyambitsa chakudya ufulu asukulu.

ntchito Political mu 40-60s

Atamwalira Pulezidenti Aguirre Cerda mu 1941, Allende anali mpando ndi mavoti membala wa nyumba yamalamulo ndi mu 1942 anakhala mlembi wamkulu wa Socialist Party. Kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1969, Allende anasankhidwa aphungu madera osiyanasiyana Chile, ndipo mu 1966 anakhala pulezidenti wa Chile Senate. Pa 50s iye analimbikitsa oyamba malamulo amene analenga Chile National Health Service, pulogalamu koyamba mu United States zimatsimikizira chisamaliro chilengedwe thanzi.

Chiyambireni cha 50s Allende kumenyana katatu anavutika kwa pulezidenti. Nthawi zonse zitatu, anali phungu wa Front "Popular Action", analengedwa ndi Socialists ndi chikominisi.

chisankho cha 1970

Mu chisankho cha Pulezident unachitika chaka kuti adagonja ndi phungu wa latsopano bloc masankho "National Mgwirizano" (wapangidwa Nazi, chikominisi ndi zina pakati-lamanzere maphwando) Salvador Allende Goossens. Kuthana iko sikunawoneke wotsimikizika kwambiri - iye yagoletsa peresenti 36,2 chabe ya mavoti onse, pamene mdani wakeyo wapamtima wakale Chile pulezidenti Jorge Alessandri analandira peresenti 34,9. Koma Woyesana lachitatu, amene anakhala nawo pa chisankho cha wachikhristu Democratic Party, anakuvoterani ena omwe adzaponye chisanko cha, ndi ndondomeko kuti ali pafupi ndi "National Mgwirizano". Kotero ife tikhoza kuganiza kuti anthu Chile anali mokomera kusintha. Malinga Chile Constitution, ndi Congress National wovomerezeka monga pulezidenti phungu amene analandira nambala yaikulu ya mavoti, mwachitsanzo. E. Allende.

Kutembenuka nthawi Pulezident

Kamodzi mphamvu, Allende anayamba kuchita 'msewu Chile kuti sosholisimu. " Kwa zaka zitatu boma la "National Mgwirizano" nationalized, ie, m'manja boma waukulu chirengedwe cha dziko: .... mkuwa ndi zitsulo madipoziti, miyala ya malasha, nitrate, etc. m'boma analengedwa, zimene zinaphatikizapo gawo la mikango a Chile makampani. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma anali gawo banki ndi malonda yachilendo. Allende boma kubwezeretsedwa kugona ndi Cuba ndi amnestied akayidi andale.

State kupeza manja awo pa chuma yokulirapo ndalama zomwe poyamba anasambira mu mawonekedwe a phindu mu manja a eni malonda. N'zotheka kwambiri kulera miyezo ya moyo. Osachepera malipiro weniweni wa antchito kupanga wakhala chinawonjezeka ndi 56% pa kotala choyamba cha 1971, pamene mu nthawi yomweyo, kwenikweni osachepera malipiro "yamuofesi" wakhala chinawonjezeka ndi 23%. Chifukwa, mphamvu kugula wa anthu chinawonjezeka ndi 28% mu chaka cha ku November 1970 mpaka July-October 1971. Mlingo kufufuma anagwa kuchokera 36,1% mu 1970 kuti 22,1% mu 1971, pamene pafupifupi malipiro weniweni chinakwera ndi 22,3% pa 1971. Ngakhale mfundo yakuti mathamangitsidwe wa kufufuma mu zaka 1972-1973. kuchichepetsa mbali ya koyamba malipiro kuwonjezeka, komabe anakula (pafupifupi) mu mawu enieni, ndipo mu zaka izi.

Allende boma expropriated zigawo zonse upambana eyite "pachimake" ha, kuti miyezi khumi onse latifundia Chile (zikuluzikulu minda ulimi) anali anathetsa.

Osachepera penshoni anali chinawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka ofanana pawiri kapena patatu mlingo wa kufufuma. 1970 ndi 1972, chaka penshoni amenewa chinawonjezeka ndi okwana 550%.

M'chaka choyamba cha moyo Allende akuti zotsatira zachuma ankalemekeza kwambiri: 12% kuwonjezeka mafakitale ndi kuwonjezeka mu GDP, 8,6%, limodzi ndi kuchepa lalikulu mu kufufuma (kuchokera 34,9% kuti 22,1%) ndi mlingo (mpaka% 3.8 ).

Allende chifaniziro cha akamanena za demokalase

Pulezidenti wa Socialist ndipo mwina ndi idealist mwachibadwa si ankakhulupirira kuti eni wakale chuma nationalized adzapita kusuntha kulikonse kuti aabwererese pontho. Zimene ku kutembenuka ake Salvador Allende? Quotes zokamba zake zimasonyeza kuti ankakhulupirira efficacy wa demokalase. Kotero, iye anati, "demokalase Chile ndi kugonjetsa anthu onse ndi ngakhale chilengedwe kapena mphatso ya makalasi masuku pamutu, ndipo adzateteza anthu amene nsembe, anapeza pa mibadwo yambiri, anamubweretsa iye .....". T. E. Alende ankakhulupirira kuti mabungwe boma, malinga ndi mfundo za demokalase, adzakwaniritsadi chifuniro cha kuchuluka kwa anthu (ie. E wamba mbali ya) zotsutsana ndi zofuna za ochepa propertied. Mbiri yasonyeza kuti iye anali kulakwitsa.

nagubuduza amene Salvador Allende?

Poyera ndiponso Mwachinsinsi mobisa za "National Mgwirizano" mfundo za boma anapanga boma US mu mgwirizano ndi mabungwe akuluakulu US. Nthawi yomweyo anayamba ndawala strangulation chuma cha boma latsopano Chile. Kwa kupereka ngongole yomweyo woyikidwa ufulu amene pansi amaundana ngongole osati ku US wokha, komanso mabungwe onse padziko lonse ndalama zimene United States ndipo kenako, ndipo tsopano kumathandiza kwambiri.

makampani Chile anali mu anatseka misewu ichi pa katundu wa zipangizo ndi zida zosinthira. mpweya US malondawo ake nkhokwe mkuwa njira, wagwa pa mtengo wa zitsulo izi zinapereka mpata kugulitsidwa kwa zasungidwa chachikulu chosinthanitsa yachilendo ya chuma cha ku Chile. Ogula mkuwa Chile zalimbikitsa panayamba kuwakakamiza kuti kulengeza embargo pa kupeza ake, kuphatikizapo ngakhale anthu ndalama kuti anali ndi doko katundu. Chile mtsogoleri zopempha zawo zonse kusintha ngongole kunja anasonkhanitsa ndi maboma yapita, walandira chokana categorical.

Motero, pofika mu 1972 mlingo wa kufufuma ku Chile wafika 140%. Avereji ya GDP weniweni utachepa pakati pa 1971 ndi 1973. pa mlingo wa pachaka wa 5.6% ( "kukula zoipa"); ndi boma kuchepekedwa bajeti kuchuluka, pamene nkhokwe kuwombola yachilendo anagwa.

United States posachedwapa anatenga kugwirizana mwachindunji za chinsinsi magulu andale otsutsana ndi Allende, ndi kuwapatsa ndalama ndi malangizo. Dziko adalowa gulu la CIA wothandizila inayamba kulinganiza zinthu zotsutsana ndi boma. American asilikali ntchito ku Chile poyera mabodza alonda Chile kusamvera boma.

Pa maalumali apita chakudya zofunika (Umbombo eni), zimene zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka mu wakuda msika wa mpunga, nyemba, shuga ndi ufa. Yamalamulo, makhoti, ziwalo miyeso kulamulira m'chigawo cha boma chawonongera. Media zabodza anthu, kufalitsa mphekesera pulezidenti ankhanza, nasonkhezera mantha ndi kauntala zoyezera boma latsopanolo. Kutsekeka pansi kugwirizana ndi asilikali boma Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa asilikali Carlos Prats, amene, pansi pa mavuto atolankhani anakakamizika kusiya. Mu nkhani iyi, yosiya ntchito ya mkulu wa ndodo mwachangu nakopa Chile Army Augusto Pinochet, amene kulipira utumiki wa mulomo kwa chilungamo mu dziko, koma zoona ankayembekezera lingaliro la chiwembu asilikali. Ndipo asanachoke Prats analimbikitsa iye pulezidenti m'malo mwake. Alende Salvador ndi Pinochet posachedwa zaka zochepa kukhala zizindikiro limodzi la tsogolo zochitika wamagazi Chile.

Choncho, amene anagonjetsa Salvador Allende? Iwo anachita reactionary Chile asilikali, mothandizidwa ndi Boma US.

zokhumba 1973

M'chaka cha 1973, zinthu pa dziko lafika poipa. Kumapeto kwa June panali ulendo woyamba wa kulanda boma asilikali, limene linali ndiye kuteteza. Pa kuyesa izi, Allende otchedwa pa ogwira ntchito kutenga mafakitale, minda ndi nyumba pagulu. M'madera ena a dziko zinapangidwa Soviet Union la ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba 'akuluakulu amene mwatenga mphamvu mu manja awo.

Poyankha Menya wayamba makampani kubweretsa. Dziko changotsala pang'ono anasiya chakudya mu mzindawo. Boma requisitioned eni magalimoto. Pambuyo pake, onse pa dziko anayamba zochita zigawenga, mabomba, mphamvu mizere ndi mapaipi. Pa nthawi yomweyo General Pinochet mobisa anakhala mu Army ndi Bulu wa yoyeretsa weniweni wa asilikari ndi asilikali akuthandiza "National Mgwirizano". Iwo mwakabisira Valparaiso doko, kumene iye anali mu magwiridwe a zombo za nkhondo, kuzunza.

Chakumapeto August pulezidenti anatsutsa yamalamulo boma ananena dziko mozemba. Kumayambiriro September 1973 pulezidenti akufuna lingaliro la kuthetsa mavuto oyendetsera dziko ndi chisankhocho. Kulankhula kumufotokozera njira amenewa anali kunena pa September 11 yokha Allende Salvador. The kulanda boma, lomwe lero anapanga asilikali Chile, kutsogozedwa ndi Pinochet, kukhululukira dongosolo.

Alende Salvador imfa ndi chosafa

Atatsala pang'ono adani opandukawo wa La Moneda (Pulezidenti Palace), ndi mfuti ndi mabomba amveke bwinobwino chakumbuyo Allende ananena pa mawu wailesi tsalani bwino, kunena za iye mwini zinachitika kale, za chikondi wache cha Chile ndi ankakhulupirira kwambiri tsogolo la dziko. Iye anati,

"Antchito a dziko langa, ndiri nacho chikhulupiriro mu Chile ndi tsogolo lake. Amuna ena Adzagonjetsa mphindi mdima uno, ndi mtima pamene woukira boma amafuna apambane. Kumbukirani kuti posachedwapa njira kwambiri adzatsegulidwa kachiwiri, ndipo adzamasula anthu kuti amange anthu abwino . Long moyo Chile moyo wautali! anthu! Long moyo antchito! ".

Posakhalitsa, opandukawo analengeza kuti Allende anadzipha, ngakhale imfa yake adakali mukukambirana ndi akatswiri. Asanafe, iye anali kujambulidwa kangapo ndi mfuti AK 47, kulandira mphatso kuchokera Fidel Castro. Nakhalabe mpaka muyaya monga mwa chikumbukiro cha anthu Chile Salvador Allende, chithunzi chomwe chili pamwamba. Pulezidenti, osati kugwadira zigawenga lapansi.