Akatolika ndi ndani. Pamene anabatizidwa Akatolika. Post Akatolika

M'nkhani ino tikukamba zomwe Chikatolika ndi amene ali Akatolika. Dera limeneli ndi chimodzi cha nthambi za Chikhristu, anapanga chifukwa cha magawano kwambiri mu chipembedzo, amene anayambitsa mu 1054.

Akatolika ndani? Chikatolika mwachuluka ofanana Mpingo Orthodox, koma palinso kusiyana. Kuchokera kayendedwe ena Chikhristu chipembedzo Catholic mbali zosiyanasiyana za chiphunzitso, mpatuko miyambo. Catholic limodzi ndi "Kachikhulupiriro" miyambi yatsopano.

inafikira

Chikatolika ndi zofala Ulaya (France, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Italy) ndi East (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, mwina Latvia ndi Lithuania) mayiko komanso m'mayiko South America, kumene amati ambiri. Mu Asia ndi Africa, palinso Akatolika, koma Catholic chipembedzo chikoka ndi zonyozeka. Akatolika Russia poyerekeza ndi Orthodox ndi ochepa. Pali 700 zikwi. Chiyukireniya Akatolika achuluka. Pali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 5 anthu.

dzina

Mawu "Chikatolika" ndi lochokera Greek ndi anamasuliridwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira kapena lonse. M'njira zamakono mawu amenewa amatchedwa nthambi kumadzulo kwa Chikhristu, amene amatsatira mwambo wa utumwi. Zikuoneka kuti mpingo kuwamva monga chinthu chonse ndiponso mosalekeza. Ine ndinalankhula za izi koma Ignatiy Antiohiysky mu 115. Mawu akuti "Chikatolika" inakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo pa Msonkhano woyamba wa Constantinople (381 chaka). Mpingo wa Chikhristu anamuzindikira monga munthu, woyera, Chikatolika ndi wa atumwi.

Origin Chikatolika

Mawu akuti "tchalitchi" zinayamba kutuluka mu magwero olembedwa (kalata ya Clement wa Rome, Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, Polikarpa Smirnskogo) kwa zaka zana lachiwiri. mawu awa anali n'chimodzimodzi ndi boma la. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, Irenaeus ntchito mawu akuti "mpingo" kuti Chikhristu lonse. Kwa munthu (dera, m'dera), Akristu icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi adjective yoyenera (mwachitsanzo, mpingo Alexandria).

Mu zaka za mazana awiri, anthu Mkhristu unagawidwa wamba ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo. Nawonso yamasika ogaŵikana Aepiskopi, ansembe ndi madikoni. Patsalanso bwinobwino mmene kukhazikitsa kasamalidwe m'madera - gulu kapena munthu aliyense payekha. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti boma linali demokalase choyamba, koma anakhala monarchist ndi nthawi. Abusa analamulira Council Zauzimu kutsogoleredwa ndi Bishop. Chiphunzitsochi imayendetsedwa ndi makalata Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, limene limatchula mabishopu ngati atsogoleri a chikhristu oyang'anira tauni ku Syria ndi Asia Minor. M'kupita kwa nthawi, Council Zauzimu anali yekhayo chenjezo thupi. Koma mphamvu yeniyeni mu bishopu limodzi anali kuchigawo chimenecho.

Mu zaka za mazana awiri, kufuna kusungabe mwambo wa utumwi, chinathandiza zikamera wa akuluakulu a tchalitchi ndi dongosolo. Mpingo anafunika kusamala chikhulupiriro, miyambi ndi malamulo a malemba. Zonsezi, komanso chikoka cha Agiriki syncretism a chipembedzo zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha Chikatolika mu maonekedwe ake pristine.

Mapangidwe lomaliza la Catholic

Pambuyo gulu la Chikhristu mu 1054 pa nthambi za kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa, iwo anadziwika monga Katolika ndi Orthodox. Pambuyo Kukonzanso kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi zambiri mu ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kuti "Catholic" mawu akuti adayamba kuwonjezera mawu "Roma." Ku maganizo a lingaliro chipembedzo cha "Chikatolika" limaphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana Chikhristu amene akugwira chiphunzitso chomwecho monga Mpingo wa Katolika, ndiponso kugonjera mphamvu ya Papa. Palinso mipingo Uniate ndi kum'mawa Katolika. Iwo kawirikawiri amabwera kuchokera ku mphamvu za kholo la Constantinople, ndi kudutsa mu subordination wa papa, koma anasunga ziphunzitso zawo ndi miyambo. Zitsanzo ndi Greek-Catholic, Byzantine Mpingo wa Katolika , ndipo ena.

Zikhulupiriro zikuluzikulu ndi postulates

Kuti tipeze yemwe ndi Akatolika, tiyenera kulabadira mfundo zofunika chikhulupiriro chawo. The tenet waukulu wa Chikatolika, chimene chimasiyanitsa izo kuchokera m'madera ena a Chikhristu, ankaona lingaliro kuti Papa ndiwosalephera. Komabe, tidziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene Papa pomenyera mphamvu kulowa mapangano manyazi ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono ndi mafumu amangosamala dyera ndi zonse kuchulukitsa Chuma chawo, komanso n'kusokoneza ndale.

Yotsatira zopanda Chikatolika ndi chiphunzitso cha puligatoliyo, amene anali ovomerezeka mu 1439 pa msonkhano wa Florence. chiphunzitso ichi chili mbuuku chakuti anthu moyo pambuyo pa imfa amapita ku purigatorio, chomwe ndi mlingo wapakatikati pa kumwamba ndi Helo. Apo iye ali mothandizidwa ndi mayesero osiyanasiyana kuyeretsedwa. Achibale ndi anzake a womwalirayo angathandize moyo wake kuti tipirire mayesero mwa kupemphera ndi zopereka. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti mapeto a munthu ku moyo chimadalira osati pa chilungamo cha moyo wake, komanso pa zachuma bwino banja lake.

An tenet zofunika Chikatolika akuganiza nkhani yolembedwa ya za yekha la atsogoleri achipembedzo. Malinga ndi iye, popanda kuwaika misonkhano ya atsogoleri, munthu yekha Simungalandire chiyanjo cha Mulungu. Wansembe Akatolika ubwino kwambiri ndi ubwino poyerekeza ndi mpingo wamba. Malinga ndi chipembedzo cha Chikatolika, koma atsogoleri ali ndi ufulu kuwerenga Baibulo - ndi wapadera wake. The ena okhulupirika ndikoletsedwa. Kusiyana ankaona buku okha olembedwa Latin.

mbalume ya Chikatolika amachititsa kufunika kuvomereza mwadongosolo okhulupirira pamaso ansembe. Aliyense ayenera confessor awo ndi mosalekeza kukauza Tobia za maganizo awo komanso zochita. Popanda kuvomereza mwadongosolo chipulumutso n'zosatheka. chikhalidwe Zimenezi zimathandiza atsogoleri a chikatolika kudutsa kwambiri mu moyo munthu wa nkhosa zake ndi maganizo sitepe ya munthu. Zonse kuvomereza zimathandiza mpingo kuti inakhudza kwambiri anthu, makamaka akazi.

Masakramenti Catholic

Ntchito yaikulu ya Mpingo wa Katolika (a mugulu la okhulupiriia mu general) ndi kulalikira Khristu mu dziko. Masakramenti amaonedwa zizindikiro zosonyeza wa chisomo yakumwamba ya Mulungu. Ndipotu unakhazikitsidwa ndi Yesu Khristu zimene kuchita kuti athandize ndi chipulumutso cha moyo. Mu Chikatolika ali masakalamenti asanu ndi awiri;

• ubatizo
• Chitsimikizo (chitsimikizo);
• Ukalistia, kapena mgonero (Choyamba Mgonero Akatolika kuvomereza zaka 7-10);
• zoyikika kulapa ndi chiyanjanitso (kuvomereza);
• unction kwakukulu;
• zoyikika unsembe (kusanjika);
• sakramentili ukwati.

Akatswiri ena komanso ofufuza amene mizu zapakati pa sakramenti la Chikhristu zinsinsi zachikunja. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi mwachangu kudzudzulidwa azaumulungu. Malinga otsiriza, mu zaka zoyambirira. e. Amitundu akhala Anabwereka ena mipingu ya Chikhristu.

ndi kusiyana kwa Akatolika a Akhristu Orthodox Kodi

Common mu Chikatolika ndi Orthodoxy ndi nthambi onse awa a Chikhristu, Mpingo ali nkhoswe pakati pa Mulungu ndi munthu. mipingo onse amavomereza kuti Baibulo ndi chikalata chachikulu ndi chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu. Komabe, pakati pa ziphunzitso ndi Chikatolika, pali zinthu zambiri zosiyana ndi mikangano.

malangizo onse converge pa chakuti pali Mulungu mmodzi mwa incarnations atatu: Atate, Mwana ndi Mzimu Woyera (utatu). Koma chiyambi cha masika ndi zinthu zofanana (vuto la Filioque). Orthodox amati "chikhulupiriro" amene akulengeza kumanda wa Mzimu Woyera yekha "kwa Atate." Akatolika anawonjezera lembalo, "ndi Mwana" omwe amasintha tanthauzo motsimikiza. Greek Akatolika ndi ena East chipembedzo Catholic anapitiriza Orthodox buku la "Kachikhulupiriro".

Akatolika ndi Orthodox kuzindikira kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa Mlengi ndi chilengedwe. Komabe, mogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko Catholic ndi zinthu zamoyo. Izo analengedwa ndi Mulungu kuchokera kanthu. Mu dziko chuma palibe Mulungu. Ngakhale Orthodoxy zikusonyeza kuti chilengedwe Mulungu ndiye chimake cha Mulungu, chimachokera kwa Mulungu, ndipo chotero iye mosawoneka analenga. Orthodoxy amakhulupirira kuti n'zotheka kumugwira Mulungu kudzera amalingalira, T. E. Kwambiri Mulungu mwa chikumbumtima. Zilibe Chikatolika.

Kusiyana kwina ku Orthodox Akatolika ndi zakale izi zotheka kuti atchule miyambi yatsopano. Palinso chiphunzitso cha "zabwino ndi nyota" wa oyera Catholic ndi mpingo. Pa maziko ake papa angathe kukhululukira machimo a nkhosa zake ndi nthumwi ya Mulungu padziko lapansi. Mu chipembedzo amaona osalakwitsa. chiphunzitso chimenechi anavomerezedwa mu 1870.

Kusiyana miyambo ya. Monga akatolika obatizidwa

Pali kusiyana mu miyambo ndi ulemerero wa mipingo, ndi zina zotero. N. Ngakhale ndondomeko pemphero Orthodox tikudzipereka ndithu Katolika kukapemphera. Ngakhale pa koyamba zikuoneka kuti kusiyana m'njira zina zazing'ono. Kuti amve kusiyana wauzimu, zithunzi awiri ndi okwanira kuyerekeza akatorika ndi Orthodox. Woyamba ali ngati chithunzi chokongola. Mu Orthodoxy chithunzi wopatulika. Ambiri ndi funso, momwe kuti abatizidwe Akatolika ndi Orthodox? Mbali yoyamba chizindikiro cha mtanda ndi zala ziwiri, ndipo mu Orthodoxy - atatu. Mu ambiri East miyambo Catholic kuwonjezera pamodzi chala chachikulu, index ndi zala pakati. Pamene anabatizidwa Akatolika ngakhale? A njira zochepa wamba kugwiritsa ntchito kanjedza lotseguka, zala imene ikuchitikira mwamphamvu, ndipo ambiri ali apangidwe kwa mbali mkati. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha omasukirana mtima Ambuye.

Tsogolo la munthu

Tchalitchi cha Katolika chima- kuti anthu olemedwa ndi tchimo loyambirira (kupatulapo Namwali Mariya), kuti ali munthu aliyense chibadwire pali mbewu ya Satana. Choncho, anthu akufunikira chisomo cha chipulumutso, sipangakhalenso akamagwira moyo chikhulupiriro ndi kuchita zabwino. Kudziwa kuli Mulungu, ngakhale anthu ochimwa, mosavuta chifukwa anthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ali ndi udindo pa zochita zawo. Munthu aliyense okondedwa ndi Mulungu, koma mapeto kuyembekezeredwa ndi chiweruzo chotsiriza. makamaka olungama ndi opembedza ali n'chinthu chofunikira Oyera (canonized). Mpingo ndi mndandanda wa iwo. Canonization ndondomeko poyambirira pa beatification (chargeability kwa msilikali wa wodala). Mu Orthodoxy, palinso mwambo wa oyeramtima, koma ambiri a Chiprotestanti zipembedzo kuzikana.

machimo

Mu Chikatolika kuphatikizidwa - wathunthu kapena tsankho kumasulidwa kwa munthu kuchokera chilango cha machimo awo, komanso ofanana chiwombolo kanthu oletsa iye wansembe. Poyamba, maziko kupeza machimo anali kuchita ntchito iliyonse yabwino (mwachitsanzo, ulendo kumalo oyera). Pamenepo chopereka ndi ndalama zina mokomera mpingo. Pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, panali akuluakulu ndipo ambiri nkhanza, zimene zinaphatikizapo kufalitsa machimo ndalama. Chifukwa, icho chakhala chikwiyire zionetsero chiyambi cha gulu Reformation. Mu 1567 Papa Pius V chikangoperekedwa ndi kuletsedwa kwa issuance wa machimo kwa chuma zikutanthauza konse.

Kusakwatira mu Chikatolika

kusiyana lina lalikulu ku Catholic Church Orthodox ndi atsogoleri onse otsiriza amapereka lonjezo la kusakwatira (kusakwatira). Ansembe a Chikatolika saloledwa kukwatiwa ndi ngakhale mukugonana. zoyesayesa zonse kukwatira atalandira udindo wa dikoni tidzakwatulidwa anaona yosagwira ntchito. lamulo ili analengeza nthawi ya Papa Grigoriya Velikogo (590-604 gg.), Ndipo potsiriza woterowo m'zaka XI.

Kum'mawa Katolika anakana njira ya kusakwatira pa Council mu Trullo. Mu Chikatolika lonjezo kusakwatira imakhudzanso ansembe onse. Poyamba, akuluakulu yaing'ono mpingo ali ndi ufulu kukwatira. Iwo anakwatira akadatha kudzodzedwa. Koma Papa Paulo VI anathetsa iwo ndi m'malo positi owerenga ndi acolyte, amene anasiya kugwirizana ndi udindo wa wansembe wina. Iye ndi amene anayambitsa mwambo wa madikoni moyo wonse (sumalinga kupita patsogolo ntchito mpingo ndi kukhala ansembe). Mwa iwo kukhala amuna okwatira.

Monga zosiyana, amuna okwatira akhoza anaikidwiratu ku unsembe, yemwe analowa Chikatolika nthambi zosiyanasiyana za Chiprotestanti, kumene iwo anali m'gulu la abusa, abusa ndi zina zotero. N. Komabe, Mpingo wa Katolika alibe kuzindikira ansembe awo.

Tsopano kuvomerezedwa umbeta kwa ansembe onse Katolika nkhani mkangano waukulu. M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya ndi United States, Akatolika ena amakhulupirira kuti kuvomerezedwa kusakwatira ndikofunikira kuletsa nemonashestvuyuschego atsogoleri. Komabe, Papa Yohane Paulo II silinachirikize kusintha zimenezi.

Kusakwatira mu ziphunzitso

Mu Orthodoxy, Wansembe akhale wokwatira ngati banja anali kudwala pamaso Kudzozedwa ndi unsembe kapena malamulo dikoni. Komabe, mabishopu kokha yaing'ono chithunzithunzi Chimonko, ansembe, amuna amasiye kapena osakwatiwa. Mu mpingo Orthodox bishopu ayenera kukhala wansembe. Ku San akhoza kudzozedwa archimandrites yekha. Mabishopu simungakhoze basi kukhala osakwatira ndi wokwatiwa oimira atsogoleri aboma (nemonashestvuyuschego). Nthawi zina, monga zosiyana, kwa anthu a magulu awa akhoza Episcopal Kudzozedwa. Koma kale kuti iwo kutenga yaing'ono kumene kumakhala Amonke chithunzithunzi ndi kutenga udindo wa Archimandrite.

kusaka

Pa funso la amene Akatolika a nthawi zakale inu mukhoza kutenga lingaliro ndi kuwerenga ntchito ya chiwalo mpingo, monga kusaka. Ndi bungwe zotuluka Mpingo wa Katolika umene cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa mpatuko ndi ampatuko. M'zaka za m'ma XII, Chikatolika linakumana ndi kuwonjezeka mu magulu osiyanasiyana otsutsa Europe. Mmodzi wa n'kumene albigoystvo (Qatar). Papa maudindo kuthana nawo pa mabishopu. Iwo anali kudziwa ampatuko, kuwaweruza ndi kutumiza kwa akuluakulu aboma kuti Kukwanilitsa chiganizocho. chilango chachikulu linali kuyaka pamtengo. Koma ntchito bishopu sanali kwambiri. Choncho, Papa Gregory IX analenga kufufuza milandu ya mpingo limba ampatuko wapadera - pa kusaka. Poyamba osiyana ndi Cathars, posakhalitsa atatembenukira magulu onse achikunja, komanso mfiti, warlocks, amwano, osakhulupirira, ndi zina zotero.

inquisitorial kuweruza

Inquisitors ankalola kulembedwa kwa mamembala zosiyanasiyana malamulo achipembedzo, makamaka chifukwa cha Dominicans. Kusaka ndi Papa. Poyamba, kuweruza lotsogoleredwa ndi oweruza awiri, ndi zaka za m'ma 14 - wina, koma inkakhala maloya, alangizi, amene anatsimikiza ndi mlingo wa "ampatuko." Komanso chiwerengero cha alonda bwalo analowa odziwitsa (chotsimikizika kuwerenga), zosiyana, dokotala (ankalamulira mkhalidwe wa wozengedwa pa nthawi ya Kuphedwa), wozenga ndi wakupha. Inquisitors anapereka gawo la chuma inalandidwa la anthu ampatuko, kotero kukhulupirika ndi chilungamo cha bwalo sangalankhule, chifukwa anali zaphindu kuzindikira munthu mlandu wotsutsana ndi tchalitchi.

ndondomeko inquisitorial

Kufufuza kwafukufuku kunali mitundu iwiri: wamba komanso munthu aliyense. Poyamba, chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu a malo alionse anafunsidwa. Kwa munthu wachiwiri wotsimikizika, kuyitana kunapangidwa kupyolera mu machiritso. Pazochitikazo pamene woitanidwayo sanali, adachotsedwa ku tchalitchi. Munthuyo analumbirira kuti amauza moona mtima zonse zomwe amadziŵa za anthu onyenga ndi chiphamaso. Maphunziro a mlandu ndi mlandu adasungidwa mobisa. Zikudziwika kuti Apolisi omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozunzidwa, omwe adavomerezedwa ndi Papa Innocent IV. Nthaŵi zina nkhanza zawo zinatsutsidwa ngakhale ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Wotsutsidwa sananenepo mayina a mboni. Kawirikawiri iwo ankathamangitsidwa, akupha, achifwamba, onyenga - anthu omwe maumboni awo sankaganiziridwa ngakhale ndi makhoti apadziko lapansi. Wokayikirayo analibe ufulu wokhala ndi loya. Njira yokhayo yotetezera inali yoyenera kwa Holy See, ngakhale kuti ng'ombeyi inaletsedwa mosemphana ndi 1231. Anthu omwe kale anaweruzidwa ndi Khoti Lofufuzira milandu akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu pa nthawi iliyonse. Ngakhale imfa sinapulumutse kufufuza. Ngati munthu wolakwayo amwalira kale, phulusa lake linatengedwa kuchokera kumanda ndikuwotchedwa.

Njira ya chilango

Mndandanda wa chilango cha opatuko unakhazikitsidwa ndi Bulls 1213, 1231, komanso ziganizo za Kachisi yachitatu ya Lateran. Ngati munthu atavomereza kuti ndi wonyenga komanso atalapa kale pamayesero, adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende. Khotilo linali ndi ufulu wofupikitsa mawuwo. Komabe, ziganizo zoterozo zinali zosawerengeka. Akaidi ankasungidwa mu maselo olimbitsa thupi, omwe nthawi zambiri ankamangidwa, kudyetsedwa ndi madzi ndi mkate. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Ages, chigamulochi chinalowetsedwa ndi chilango cha pamtunda. Otsutsa opandukawo anaweruzidwa kuti awotchedwe pamtengo. Ngati munthu anali ndi mlandu asanayambe chiyeso, adatsutsidwa pazipembedzo zosiyanasiyana: kuchotsedwa, kupita ku malo opatulika, zopereka zogwirizana ndi tchalitchi, chiletso, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndalama.

Kusala kudya mu Chikatolika

Kusala kudya kwa Akatolika ndiko kupeŵa kuwonjezera, mwakuthupi ndi mwauzimu. Mu Chikatolika, pali nthawi yotsalira ndi masiku otsatirawa:

• Kulowetsa mu Akatolika. Amakhala masiku 40 isanafike Pasaka.
• Advent. Lamlungu anayi Asanafike Khirisimasi, okhulupilira ayenera kulingalira za kubwera kwake kowonjezera ndi kuika maganizo ake pa uzimu.
• Lachisanu zonse.
• Dates la maholide ena achikhristu ambiri.
• Chiwonetsero chotsatira nthawi. Amatanthauzidwa ngati "nyengo zinayi". Awa ndiwo masiku apadera a kulapa ndi kusala. Wokhulupirira ayenera kusala kamodzi pachaka, Lachitatu, Lachisanu ndi Loweruka.
• Kusala kudya pamaso pa mgonero. Wokhulupirira ayenera kupewa chakudya ora limodzi musanayambe mgonero.

Zomwe amafuna kuti azidya mu Chikatolika ndi Orthodoxy zimakhala zofanana.