Zoology ndi chiyani? Kuti amasanthula sayansi ya zinyama?

Organic dziko la masiku ano ndi zotsalira zazomera zake zonse ungathe kugawidwa asanu maufumu a chilengedwe :

• nyama;
• zomera;
• bowa;
• mabakiteriya,
• mavairasi.

Kuphunzira aliyense wa iwo ndawala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi. Tidzakambirana zimene sayansi akhala akuphunzira oimira nyama, nkhani deta akutchedwa, kuyambira pamene anthu ankakhala ndi zimene zotsatira mpaka zimatheka.

Science zinyama

Home Science, anadzipereka kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana ndi moyo wa nyama - zinyama. Kuti maziko amene anali chidziwitso cha abale athu ang'onoang'ono.

Zoology ndi chiyani? Yankho m'chiganizo chimodzi chodziwikiratu kuti apambane. Si chabe sayansi youma, zozikidwa pa chiphunzitsocho, ndi ya zigawo ndi podnauk kutolera zipangizo za nkhani zonse zokhudza dziko nyama.

Choncho, yankho la funso ili: zinyama - sayansi ya gawo la zotsalira zazomera a dziko lathuli, kutanthauza nyama. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziro Zoology onse nyama - kuchokera unicellular chisawawa multicellular mogwirizana. Phunziro la sayansi imatengedwa kuphunzira kunja ndi mkati dongosolo, ndondomeko zokhudza thupi, kufalikira mu chikhalidwe, umoyo ndi makhalidwe khalidwe, ankachita ndi mzake ndi dziko kunja.

Zolinga ndi zokhumba za sayansi

bwino zimene zinyama, kuthandiza ake zolinga sayansi. zolinga zao:

• kufufuza maonekedwe a chamoyo, kapangidwe, embryonic ndi chitukuko mbiri ya mamembala onse a nyama;
• tikambirane njira atengere malo awo ndi mme- zinthu ethology;
• chimatanthauza udindo wawo dongosolo la dziko organic;
• kudziwa udindo anthu mu kusamala ndi chitetezo cha zinyama.

Mogwirizana ndi cholinga anafuna zolinga Zoology ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Kuphunzira kunja ndi mkati dongosolo, komanso makhalidwe thupi la nyama.
2. Kuyerekezera zosowa zawo ndi malo awo.
3. Kukhazikitsa mfundo ndi udindo wa magulu munthu mu uthunthu ndi zochita za anthu.
4. Analysis wa taxonomy wa nyama dziko, kuzindikira magulu pachiopsezo, kuonetsetsa otetezedwa komanso kuwateteza.

Poganizira zolinga, ntchito, chinthucho ndi nkhani ya zinyama, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti akuphunzira zinyama zinyama mu mawonekedwe ake onse.

Gulu la Zoological zigawo

Pali mitundu oposa mamiliyoni awiri a nyama. Aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe ake osiyana, ndipo anakumana ndi mzake, iwo zambiri akuimira dongosolo lapadera. Kuphunzira ngati dongosolo kumafuna nthawi ndi khama. Ntchito ya anthu ambiri. Choncho, sayansi onse ndi gawo lapadera la zinyama.

Gawo lawo mfundo zofunikira ziwiri: ntchito ndi kuphunzira mavuto sayansi. Ganizirani.

Gulu la zinthu yophunzira

1. Mammalogy (theriology) - sayansi ya gulu la nyama.
2. Herpetology - zapoizoni ndipo achule.
3. Ichthyology - za nsomba.
4. Ornithology - za mbalame (mbalame).
5. Entomology - za tizilombo.
6. Acarology - za nkhupakupa.
7. Arachnology - ndi kangaude.
8. Malacology - pa nyanja ndipo nyanja nkhono.
9. Carcinology - kwa nkhanu.
10. Protozoology - za tating'ono (mogwirizana).
11. Helminthology - ndi parasitic mphutsi.

Gulu la Zoological Zigawo ntchito

Palinso Zoological gulu zigawo mavuto sayansi. Izo zikuimira magulu otsatirawa:

• systematics - gawo polimbana ndi gulu ndi tanthauzo la malo mu organic dongosolo dziko lililonse la nyama;
• zoogeography - sayansi kuti amaphunzira yogawa ndi kuthetsa pa gawo la dziko lathuli;
• kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zinthu kunja ndi dongosolo mkati;
• Phylogenetics - kuphunzira ndizosowa chiyambi ndi chitukuko mbiri ya dziko nyama;
• Chibadwa - poganizira malamulo cha chibadwa ndi kusintha mu mibadwo yonse;
• histology - akuphunzira dongosolo ma ya zimakhala;
• paleozoology - nzeru za mafupa a nyama zinatha ndipo zamoyo zonse za nyengo dziko;
• Cytology - sayansi ya foni ndi matabwa ake;
• ethology - ikufotokoza makhalidwe a asilikali khalidwe nyama zinthu zosiyana;
• embryology - akulingalira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mazira ndi kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa nthumwi zonse za mdziko nyama pamaziko a kusanthula yoopsa komanso peculiarities wa ontogenesis;
• zachilengedwe - amaphunzira zimene zimachitika pakati pa nyama okha, komanso anatengera kwa zinthu za mdziko, ndipo mogwirizana anthu;
• Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa - makhalidwe njira zonse za moyo;
• Kaswili - kuphunzira dongosolo mkati mwa nyama.

Zoology wa inakhala

Zoology wa inakhala ndi chiyani? Ichi ndi gawo limene likuchita ndi kuphunzira, nyama ndi poyambira (moyo adziwonetsa ndime msana ndi chingwe msana).

Zolinga za gawo ili ophunzira chilango bwino mbali kunja ndi mkati magulu onse a inakhala, khalidwe lawo ndi moyo, kugawa ndi udindo mu chikhalidwe ndi moyo.

Zinthu zofunika za nyama zimene zili zimene zimapezeka gulu ili ndi mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Only ali ndi poyambira - kholo la msana. Mu mitundu ina ndi ndi chopereka moyo, koma ambiri akufotokozera mu msana.
2. Mantha dongosolo la nyama ndi bwino kusiyanitsidwa mu ubongo ndi msana (kupatula mosamalitsa chordates, chimene chiri nthawizonse mitsempha chingwe cha poyambira pa).
3. Dongosolo m'mimba mwa oimira magulu osiyanasiyana akutsegula kunja pakamwa kutsegula patsogolo pa thupi, mapeto a chubu m'mimba ndi kusandulika kwa moyo m'nyanja makutu a. Mu mawonekedwe lapadziko mu mapapo.
4. nthumwi zonse ndi mtima - likulu la m'thupi.

Ndi mu chigawo chino khama nyama ndi zinyama za nyama zimene zili ndi.

Zoology wa invertebrates

Kuti amaphunzira zinyama a invertebrates? Mlatho makamaka, makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe chikhalidwe cha nyama zonse kuti zizindikiro izi. nyama zimenezi zikuphatikizapo oimira mitundu zotsatirazi:

• thonje;
• coelenterates;
• segmented, kuzungulira ndi mphutsi mosabisa;
• nkhono;
• echinoderms;
• arthropods (akangaude, tizilombo, nkhanu).

Invertebrates kupanga ambiri a nyama zonse kudziwika. Komanso, mbali yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zachuma.

Komanso, nthumwi zambiri invertebrates ndi tizirombo kuti abweretse anthu m'mavuto (okudya parasitic mphutsi ndi mbewu zokolola, ndi zina zotero).

N'chifukwa chake kuphunzira invertebrates zofunika ndi chidwi asayansi aakulu.

zinyama mogwirizana

Mwa losavuta ndi nyama zonse zokhala ndi selo imodzi. akuti:

• sarcomastigophora (amoebae, ngolo, foraminifery, Dory);
• flagellates (Volvox, euglena, trypanosome, opaline);
• ciliates (ciliary wakuyamwa ndi ciliates);
• sporozoans (gregarines, coccidia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium falciparum).

Ena amoebae, ciliates ndi sporozoans onse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oopsa kwa matenda aakulu anthu ndi nyama. Choncho, kuphunzira zambiri za mayendedwe amoyo, kudya ndi kuswana njira zawo ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi kufunafuna njira kulimbana nawo. N'chifukwa chake zinyama mogwirizana palibe nthambi zosafuni- wa sayansi kuposa ena onse.

A sewero mwachidule za chitukuko cha sayansi

sayansi Izi ndimasewera kwambiri. Zoology chidwi ndi kunyengedwa anthu ambiri nthawi zonse. Ndipo ndithu wolungama. Pambuyo ananena abale athu ang'onoang'ono kwenikweni chidwi kwambiri ndi zothandiza thupi.

masiteji waukulu ikuchitikira zinyama chitukuko, zambiri zimasiyana ndi ku maphunziro ena a sayansi. Izi ndi zofunika nthawi anayi:

1. Kale. Ancient Greece - Aristotle, wakale Rome - Pliniy Starshy.
2. Middle Ages - nthawi ya stagnation. sayansi onse anali mchikakamizo cha Mpingo, kuphunzira zamoyo zonse anali kutiletsa.
3. Kubadwa Kwatsopano - kwambiri yogwira nthawi mu chitukuko cha zinyama. Anasonkhanitsa ambiri ongolankhula ndi zothandiza zokhudza moyo wa nyama, kukonza malamulo thanzi mu ntchito ndi taxonomy taxa bayinare nomenclature zomera ndi nyama mayina. Mayina wotchuka mu nthawi iyi anali: Charles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, Karl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. nthawi yatsopano amatanthauza XIX-XX atumwi. Nthawiyi chitukuko zokhudza kapangidwe maselo ndi majini nyama, kutsegula malamulo biogenetic ndi njira ya embryonic ndi thupi chitukuko cha ziweto za mitundu yonse. Maina ambiri chachikulu: Max, Haeckel ndi Müller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

zinyama zamakono

XXI m'ma - nthawi ya kupambana kwa sayansi digito ndi wapadera zipangizo heavy-ntchito. Ichi chimapereka mwayi kwa sayansi zonse maphunziro moyo chilengedwe, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mavuto atsopano patsogolo pawo.

ndi zinyama panopa siteji ya chitukuko chiyani? Ichi ndi sayansi kuti ndi kukhala okonzeka kuyankha mafunso:

• Kodi dziko nyama?
• malamulo Kodi iye amakhala ndi zimene zimaonetsa nazo?
• Kodi munthu ndi sizingawononge chilengedwe ntchito nyama zosiyanasiyana za dziko pa zofuna zawo?
• Kodi n'zotheka chongopeka recreate otaika (zinatha) mitundu?

Kufufuza mayankho amatenga asayansi zambiri nthawi, ngakhale njira ngati wangwiro.

Zoology mtengo n'zovuta Musaone. Kangapo tangotchulawo zimene lalikulu gawo umagwira pa miyoyo ya anthu, thanzi lawo ndi ntchito zachuma. Anaphunzira m'ma ndipo nthawizonse adzakhala anaphunzira chifukwa cha mafunso osathetsedwa za nyama akadali ochuluka zedi.