Zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kusintha mu mphamvu za mkati

Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi ankati kutentha anatsimikiza ndi kukhalapo kwa mpweya wosaoneka ndi ndiwachabe caloric mankhwala. Papita maganizo osiyanasiyana kufotokoza kayendedwe ake mkati ndi zinthu, ndi pakati pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Only MV Lomonosov anali kufotokoza chikhalidwe chenicheni cha nkhani, kupanga chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe mpweya. Mu mfundo zawo ndi kuwerengetsera iye anatha bwanji kuti caloric m'chilengedwe. Kutentha zimadalira mlingo wa mwachisawawa zoyenda la tinthu lapansi. Iye anayambitsa mfundo mphamvu mkati, ndipo anafotokoza mmene asintha mchitidwe weniweniwo.

Kodi mfundo anatsogolera MV Lomonosov chifukwa umboni wa chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe mpweya

Popeza anapanga kopanda poyamba, kuti palibe caloric kulibe mu chikhalidwe, anakumana kukana amphamvu kwa ophunzira wolemekezeka nyengo. Iwo onse anazindikira kuti kuli kafukufuku caloric ndi novice - ayi. Kenako pa msonkhano ndi sayansi German ndipo British anauzidwa otsatirawa: "Okondedwa aphunzitsi. anachita pamene caloric mu ng'ombe? Iye anadya udzu ozizira, ndipo Ndiyeno thupi lake analimbikitsa chifukwa chakuti mu mumtima wake pali kusintha mu mphamvu mkati. Kodi zinatani? Ndipo chiyambi cha kutentha thupi chifukwa chakuti udzu ali ndi mphamvu mankhwala kuti thupi nyama anatembenukira kwa kutenthetsa. Choncho, tikulalikira chodabwitsa cha kusintha mphamvu ndi boma wina ndi mzake. " Iye anamvera, anafunsa a mafunso ambiri. Itatha nkhani yokambirana zinali anakonza ndi chilamulo cha kusintha mphamvu (yemwenso amadziwika kuti chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu), zomwe zinali zobvomerezeka ndi onse amene analipo. Pambuyo pake, lofalitsidwa chopereka ka malingaliro, amene anali yoyamba, pamene chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe mpweya anamuzindikira.

Kodi Akatswiri chiphunzitso MV Lomonosov

Tsopano zikuoneka kuti zonse n'zomveka mu yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Koma tikumbukire kuti papita zaka zoposa 250 kuchokera kopanda choyamba lero. French wofufuza Jacques Charles anapeza lamulo la Kugwirizana kuwonjezeka kuthamanga ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha mpweya. Kenako ananena kusintha mu mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta pamene usavutike. Iye anabweretsa chilinganizo wake. phunziro lake patapita zaka 20 anapitiriza Gay-Lussac, amene ankafufuza Kutentha mpweya pa sanasiye kutiuza. Iwo anaona mmene pisitoni atasintha ake, anaika mkati galasi yamphamvu ndi Kutentha ndi kuzirala. Apa iye anabwera pafupi ndi kutsegula mfundo za zonse mpweya. Iye sanagwiritse ntchito kafukufuku amene anachita zaka 140 pamaso Robert Boyle. ntchito Only Mariotte patapita ndipo anakonza m'Chilamulo Boyle anathandiza Benoît Paulo Emile Clapeyron anakonza lingaliro loyamba la aone kuti pali boma ndi mafuta abwino.

Patatha zaka 40 Di Mendeleev aone kuti pali boma wodzilemekeza zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo. Tsopano lamulo Clapeyron-Mendeleev ndi maziko a yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe a dziko. Iye mwamasamu amasankha kusintha mu mphamvu mkati mwa kutentha mpweya. malamulo zofunika anapeza amatsimikizira ndi mchitidwe. Izo analengedwa ndi injini kutentha, akuthamanga pa m'zinthu thermodynamic a Otto, Dizilo, Trinklera asayansi.

Only kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX izo mwachidule zimene zinachitikira akalambula ndipo analemba buku pa sayansi maselo kapangidwe yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, amene bwino komanso molondola ananyamuka kuika lonse la kutulukira.

mawu ochepa A za chilamulo cha mafuta abwino

PV = mRT

Lero, ndi kusiya kwa dependencies onse pogwiritsa ntchito aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino. Palibe kukusokonezani magawo ake constituent, lomwe ndi lingaliro bwino chimatanthauza. Mawuwo ku lamulo lalikulu mpweya anapereka chilinganizo ina yofunika imene amadziwika kusintha mu mphamvu za mkati:

Du = cvDT,

Apa Du ndi kusintha masiyanidwe mu mphamvu mkati, ndi CV - ndi mpweya kutentha mphamvu pa buku zonse. Chifukwa cha zokambirana za chikhalidwe cha mpweya zonse R inapeza kuti amadziwika ndi ntchito mpweya pa sanasiye kutiuza.