Zochita Mkhalidwe kwa zinthu organic anions, cations

Mkhalidwe anachita zinthu organic, ayoni ndi cations tingadziwire pamaso pa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ntchito zilipo, nthawi zambiri njira yosavuta. Iwo akhoza kuchitika mwa zizindikiro, hydroxides, oxides. Science kuti amaphunzira katundu ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana, amatchedwa "zasayansi". zochita Mkhalidwe ndi mbali ya gawo yeniyeni ya sayansi imeneyi.

Gulu la zinthu zochita kupanga

zinthu zonse anawagawa organic ndi zochita kupanga. Gulu loyamba a makalasi awa mankhwala, monga salt, hydroxides (m'munsi, acid ndi amphoteric) ndi oxides pano mulinso mankhwala chosavuta (SІ2, I2, N2 ndi ena ongokhala chinthu limodzi).

Salt lopangidwa ndi cation wa zitsulo ndi asidi anion zotsalira. Mamolekyulu dongosolo asidi monga H + cations ndi anions wa zatsalira acidic. Hydroxides ndi lopangidwa cations zitsulo ndi anions mu mawonekedwe a hydroxyl gulu OH-. Zikuchokera okusayidi mamolekyulu zikuphatikizapo maatomu a zinthu mankhwala awiri, mmodzi wa iwo chofunika oxygen. Iwo akhoza kukhala acidic, zoyambirira ndi amphoteric. Pamene anazindikira kuchokera mutu wawo, angathe kupanga magulu osiyanasiyana a zinthu mu zochita zina. Choncho, oxides asidi ndi anachita ndi madzi kupanga acid ndi zofunika - maziko. Amphoteric, malinga, akhoza kuonetsa katundu wa mitundu onse a oxides. Zikuphatikizapo chitsulo, beryllium, zotayidwa, tini chromium, patsogolo. hydroxides zimenezi ndi amphoteric. Kudziwa kwake mu yankho la zinthu zosiyanasiyana zochita kupanga ntchito Mkhalidwe zochita ayoni.

A zosiyanasiyana zinthu organic

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mankhwala, mamolekyulu mu zikuchokera amene chofunika monga carbon ndi wa hydrogen. Iwo akhoza muli maatomu ndi mpweya, Nayitrogeni, Sulfa ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Iwo anawagawa zotsatirazi makalasi chachikulu: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, organic zidulo (mkati mafuta zimalimbikitsa, amino zidulo, etc.), aldehydes, mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya. Ambiri zosiyanasiyana Mkhalidwe pa nkhani organic ikuchitika ntchito zosiyanasiyana hydroxides. Pakuti reagents izi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga permanganate potassium oxides acid.

organics Mkhalidwe anachita

Pamaso pa alkanes makamaka anatsimikiza ndi njira kupatulana. Ngati inu kuwonjezera permanganate potaziyamu, izo siziri discolor. Kutentha zinthu zimenezi lawi kuwala buluu. Alkenes angathe kuonedwa ndi Kuwonjezera wa bromine madzi kapena permanganate potaziyamu. zinthu izi zonse ziwiri discolored mwa kuchita nawo. Kupezeka kwa phenol akhoza anatsimikiza powonjezera njira ya bromine. Choncho amakhala colorless ndi precipitate kugwa. Komanso, pamaso pa thunthu angathe kuonedwa ndi ntchito ferric kolorayidi njira yomwe kupereka mtundu violet-bulauni mwa kuchita nazo. zochita Mkhalidwe kwa zinthu organic ndi alcohols kalasi kuwonjezera sodium iwo. Mu nkhani iyi, kusanduka wa hydrogen. Kuyaka alcohols limodzi ndi kuwala lawi buluu.

Glycerin angathe kuonedwa kudzera Cuprum hydroxide. Choncho anapanga glycerate, omwe akutipatsa yankho la cornflower mtundu. Kodi kudziwa kumene kuli aldehydes ntchito Argentum okusayidi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anachita ici ulikubala koyera Argentum amene precipitates.

Palinso Mkhalidwe anachita kwa aldehyde, yomwe ikuchitika ntchito hydroxide mkuwa. Kukhazikitsa ake ayenera usavutike njira. Mu nkhani iyi, choyamba tiyenera kusintha mtundu, yabuluu chikasu ndipo kenako wofiira. Mapuloteni angathe kuonedwa ndi ntchito asidi nitrate. Chifukwa, imagwera chikasu precipitate. Ngati ife kuwonjezera Cuprum hydroxide, ndi lofiirira. zochita Mkhalidwe kwa zinthu organic kalasi zidulo imachitika ntchito litmus kapena mankhwala enaake chitsulo. Pa nthawi zonsezi, yankho amasintha mtundu wofiira. Ngati ife kuwonjezera ndi sodium carbonate kumasuka mpweya.

cations Mkhalidwe anachita

Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kwake mu njira ya ayoni zitsulo aliyense. mayesero Mkhalidwe pa asidi ndi kuzindikira cation wa H +, zomwe zili m'gulu zikuchokera awo. Izi zikhoza kuchitika m'njira ziwiri: mwa ntchito litmus kapena methyl lalanje. Woyamba mu sing'anga acidic amasintha mtundu wofiira, wachiwiri - pinki.

The cations wa lifiyamu, sodium na potassium akhoza kusiyana ndi lawi awo. Choyamba anayatsa yofiira, wachiwiri - lachikasu, wachitatu - violet lawi. Kashiamu ayoni ali wapezeka njira za kuwonjezera njira ya carbonates, inatuluka ndi precipitate woyera.

anions Mkhalidwe anachita

Ambiri a iwo - chizindikiritso cha OH-, limene mungapeze ngati pali malo yankho. Kuti tichite zimenezi, zizindikiro zofunika. Iwo phenolphthalein, methyl lalanje, litmus. Origin mu chilengedwe amapeza kapezi mtundu, wachiwiri - chikasu, lachitatu - Blue.