Zlatoust zitsulo chosema: luso, mbiri

Chrysostom - m'tauni yaing'ono m'chigawo Chelyabinsk ndi anthu a anthu osachepera mazana awiri zikwi. Izo ziri zodziwika bwino mu luso la manja, olemba mbiri luso ndi okhometsa zida bladed m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse. Ulemerero wa mzinda adadza woonda komanso yokongola yofiira zitsulo chosema, wokutira zitsulo mankhwala zabwino kwambiri. Mafumu, CPSU General Mlembi ndi mutsogoleli wa boma latsopano la Russia ngati mtengo waukulu anzawo yachilendo anasonyeza kuti mankhwala ambuye Ural.

Zlatoust zojambula mochita kugoba kukometsera zida konsekonse ndi zinthu za kunyumba pomanga ndi zipangizo - mabokosi, milandu ndudu, kulemba zida, nthawi zambiri mochita ntchito kupanga chipembedzo - chalices, nyali, monstrances ndi malipilo zithunzi. Mendulo, masewera zikho - komanso zipatso za ntchito ya engravers.

zida Melee monga momwe kutchuka

Chrysostom - mzinda kumene kudziwa zambiri za tsamba.

zida Melee ukunenedwa kukwaniritsa ntchito ziwiri.

Choyamba - chomasuka ntchito cholinga chake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zitsulo ayenera mosavuta tochitsya ndipo kawirikawiri yaitali kusunga sharpness, kukhala ndinapirira, wamphamvu, amtengo kusintha, osati dzimbiri. Pakakhala ndi m'chimake - nkhani osiyana. The chida bwino zitsanzo kusamalira ali ndi anamaliza, kubwereza dongosolo anatomical dzanja, ndipo ngati kutambasuka zachilengedwe manja. M'chimake, motero, - kupitiriza tsamba. Bwino cholinga ndi kuphedwa, iwo sanali gwiritsitsani zovala, wolemera kwambiri, osati zolimba kwambiri ndipo si kuguluka. Utali, mawonekedwe, unakhota, mbale makulidwe - udindo onse.

The chachiwiri - kutchuka. Kuchokera momwe izo zikuwoneka ngati tsamba, anapanga kuweruza ulemu wa mwini wake. Pachifukwa ichi, kusamalira ndi m'chimake kwa anthu otchuka chokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, golide ndi siliva Ndalama, zojambula ndi zolemba.

Zlatoust mipeni lero, monga kale, ziyeneretso zonse muyezo. Wotchuka umafunika dirk akupangabe msonkhano waung'ono mu mzinda Ural.

Kupanga tsamba Zlatoustovsky

Mu kupanga luso lililonse chinthu njira zonse zofunika. Nazonso ndi Zlatoust zitsulo chosema. katulutsidwe kupanga luso si. Mu laibulale, mungapeze atsogoleri zonse. Formulations wa kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo, ndi zidulo wa chilinganizo etching ndi vanishi komanso zilipo. Art zipsera luso akuphunzira Zlatoust nthambi ya Ural State University. Kuyambira mu 1996, aliyense akhoza kulowa zapaderazi "Technology luso processing a zipangizo."

Koma weniweni mkulu luso - si njira chabe. Osati ntchito yolemetsa koma mbali yaing'ono ya Ambuye kulowa kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ndi kulandira mphoto Mpikisano dziko. Chrysostom ayenera kunyadira.

UK osungirako zakale ndi Germany akunyadira zopereka katundu zitsulo, amene analenga ambuye Zlatoust. ndi chinsinsi cha kutchuka zonsezi? chakuti engravers m'dera adziwe machenjerero onse a ntchito ndi chitsulo, ndipo izi kuthamangitsa ndi notching, ndi browning ndi blackening, ndi pickling, ndi electroplating, ndi taushirovanie. Kwa kanthawi tsopano adawonjeza mwala kusema, chifukwa chuma Ural analandira wokongola kwambiri mkati. Kakang'ono chosema wokometsedwa ndi mwala anapanga ndi kukoma wabwino ndi monga kale, nthawi zonse zikufunika kwambiri. Komanso, mbiri ya chosema - ndi nkhani ya nthawi zonse ikusintha luso. Kuchoka pa chiyambi cha nthawi ino ambuye Ural sasiya kuphunzira. Piggy njira processing luso zitsulo ndi chikukulirakulirabe lero.

Zikamera wa nsomba ndi

Mu 1754, mu Urals, m'chigwa cha mtsinje Ai, Supreme Watsimikiza Imperial Wake Ufumu analamulira prostroen ironworks fakitale. Mudzi umene unakula pafupi, dzina lake polemekeza St. Ioanna Zlatousta.

Bungwe limeneli mu 1815 ku Germany, fakitare Solingen, anaitanidwa engravers wabwino - bambo ndi mwana Schaff, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu Mfumu ankatha kuona zipatso za ntchito yawo - mtanda woyamba wa masamba naintini anabweretsedwa ku likulu. Jobs ankakonda ndipo analandira chiyanjo apamwamba.

Pamodzi ndi Shafami ndi motsogozedwa awo, katswiri kupanga latsopano luso ambuye Ural. maina awo kukhala mu mbiri monga maina a anayambitsa kalembedwe luso kudziwika monga mtundu zitsulo chosema. Iwo Efim ndi Ivan Bushuyeva limakhulupirira Fedor ndi Peter Telezhnikov, Arkhip mikate Fodor Strizhev, Ivan Boyarshinov ndi ena.

Schaff - otsatira miyambo yakale German. Iwo molimba mukudziwa momwe kuyang'ana chosema wangwiro. Kufotokozera za malamulo a muyezo sizikanam'tengera tsamba kuposa wina. Pa yochepa, zojambula Chioneke zitsanzo zabwino zolingenskih ambuye - kukhala wochepa thupi, athyathyathya ndipo monochrome. Schaff nthawi yaitali sanalole m'dera ntchito maganizo awo mu ntchito. Chito pa zitsulo mbale Germany zochepa chabe singano. Chidulo etching anali ntchito monga processing sitepe komaliza. zida German yodziwika ndi kuuma mkulu ndi fineness. Ziwerengero analandira ochepa ndi analongosola. Nkhani za digiri imodzi kapena kubwereza wina.

Germany ankakhala kudzipatula m'mudzi ndipo sanafune kutseka kukhudzana ndi anthu am'deralo lapansi. Iwo anagwira ntchito zabwino, anali wochezeka, koma ntchito akugwirabe patali ndipo mphwayi kwambiri kugawana nzeru zawo.

Zlatoust chosema nthawi kuti mosavuta kuzindikira kuti olemba. Mafanizo anaika pa scabbard ndi hilt. The mizere ali wochepa thupi, kaso, chabwino zojambula, kwambiri kutsimikizira pa kujambula tsatanetsatane.

Makamaka Russian kalembedwe

ophunzira, kupatula kanjedza anthu amene aphunzira kuchokera Schaffs, anayamba kusonyeza zithunzi za ku usilikali ndipo mtendere moyo wa dziko lakwawo, nkhani m'nthano - iwo sali owopa kusonyeza m'maganizo posankha gravornoy luso. Native chikhalidwe ndi zinyama za Urals amadziwikanso zopezeka alemba. ambuye Russian kuposa aphunzitsi awo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Iwo anaphunzira ntchito etching kutulutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mithunzi. Mwa kusinthasintha zikuchokera chidulo ndi nthawi ya mankhwala anachita, iwo anatulukira zinthu zothandiza. Mu manja awo, Zlatoust mipeni inasanduka ntchito yapadera luso chabwino, amene sachita manyazi kubweretsa mphatso, ngakhale mafumu.

Ivanko-Samara

Zikamera wa kalembedwe wapadera luso amaonera dzina Ivana Bushueva. Iye anakula kuchokera m'banja la gunsmiths. Iye anaphunzira kupenta pa m'dziko lapansi. Mu Urals ya kalekale wakhala ukugwira steelmaking. Pa zomera Demidov smelted miyala, yophika wake Damasiko zitsulo, anapanga zida. Ndi nthawi yatsoka wa Zlatoust mbewu mwambo wa ntchito ndi zitsulo anali mwangwiro anapanga. Ivan Bushuyev - dzina wotchuka mu Zlatoust. Iye anali amazipanga luso ndi wolimbikira ntchito. Ural mbuye chikugwirizana nzeru ndi luso zomwe ndaphunzira ndi anzake German unsembe chosema. Iye anali namatetule pa mbali ya kukongoletsa ndi. Yekha linapanga masamba ndi kuvala alemba. ntchito zake zimasungidwa mu amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida wa Moscow Kremlin. Paulo Bazhov moyo imeneyi dzina la mbuye mu nthano "Ivanko-Samara". Wotchuka mapiko kavalo, chizindikiro cha Chrysostom - msonkho ndi ulemu.

Ivan Bushuyev kuona zabwino kwambiri mofanana, mwangwiro proportioned. Kachitidwe kake ndi kuzindikira mwamtheradi. otchulidwa Bushuevskie ndi akewo ngati Germany. anthu ake, nyama - moyo kuyenda. Sichangozi chizindikiro Chrysostom - mofulumira kuthamangira mphepo golide mapiko kavalo. Zojambula mochita kugoba Ivan Bushueva kaŵirikaŵiri akumapezeka akavalo. The kasinthasintha mutu, udindo wa thupi, miyendo, mchira, makutu, ngakhale zovuta kudziwa zimene nyama amamvera akufotokozedwa ndi chithunzicho. Sanatero mngelo anatsogolera dzanja mbuye pamene iye anali atagwira singano zochepa chabe varnish?

yamoto gilding

Chilengedwe zipsera Ivan Bushuyev anapulumutsa ngakhale nthawi kapena khama. Iye anaika njira zake zopangidwa ndi golide zodzikongoletsera.

Master ankadziwa luso ndi mumadziwa kuti masamba pamisinkhu onse, kuyambira ndi kulekana miyala. Iwo anachititsa fineness limatsogolera luso, iye anali wokhoza kuti alimbikire zitsulo, kulemba ndi vanishi kwa etching osakaniza, koma ambiri ankakonda Ivan luso zipsera. Iye anatulukira nkhani, zinawachititsa pa pepala, kenako kusanduka kukula anakhumba, mbale kuphika ndi kuika pa chithunzi ake. Kukonzekera mankhwala kuti chosema anali kupukuta kusamala ndi varnishing. Kenako mafuta muuni kapena mpeni m'chimake TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza mwaye. chinthu Komanso clamped mu vise, ndipo anasolola chithunzi pakati. Ngati zonse kunapezeka bwino, ndipo nkhaniyo zikugwirizanira danga yopapatiza la mankhwala, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuyamba gawo lofunika kwambiri pa ntchito. Kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba zachernonnuyu mbuye chitsanzo zochepa chabe singano, kuchotsa lacquer metal. Pambuyo amasungunula golide Mercury ndi kuika pang'ono suwedi thumba. Engravable chinthu ndi mkangano ndi kutentha kwambiri ndi red-hot padziko lino thumba fodya lotengeka. Mercury ukuphwera ndi golide madzi zinaphatikizidwa kuti zitsulo. The utakhazikika tsamba kapena m'chimake Bushuyev kutsukidwa ku lacquer. Opaleshoni imeneyi ndi zophweka. umatchedwa etching. Malinga zikuchokera asidi pa zitsulo anakhalabe azioneka mumtundu kuposa zitsulo m'munsi.

Mercury nthuzi anamasulidwa pa Kutentha, ndi zoipa thanzi. Ochepa a engravers wa golide otentha ankakhala zaka makumi anayi. Ivan Bushuyev anafa 1835. Iye anali 37.

ntchito wotchuka

Zlatoust ambuye ntchito chidwi kwambiri osati mawu a luso, komanso mbiri yakale. Iwo anapulumuka masamba awiri kotala zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Anakonza chiwembu zojambula kakang'ono yosonyeza magawo a ntchito isanafike maonekedwe a phunziroli. Izi migodi miyala ndi zitsulo yadothi ndi kuponyera mu nkhungu hammering, ndi chosema, ndi yobereka mfumu, ndi ulaliki wa ngwazi wa. masamba ofanana kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Zikuonekeratu kuti iwo anapangidwa ambuye a kusukulu, koma ife tikuona ana cherubic, ndi zina - akulu wamba. Old Zlatoust chosema - zosowa zakale, amene ofunika mtengo kwambiri, makamaka tikaganizira kuti pa nthawi ya mbuye kugwira ntchito ndi golide, siliva ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Zosoŵa za banja lachifumu mu zokambirana za Zlatoust zomera zonse analamula zosiyanasiyana zinthu, zida osati. Grand Duke Alexander, wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu Russian, Ivan Bushuyev ndi anzanga anapanga zida monga akale. Izi katunduyo wapadera Tingaone mu chimodzi cha zipinda za Museum kuphunzira m'dera Chrysostom.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov

Chosema Chrysostom monga dziko wowerengeka luso Russian, alitcha kwambiri zochita Pavla Petrovicha Anosova. Munthu uyu kwakhudza wautali kwambiri osati pa chitukuko ndi kufalitsa luso lapadera, komanso pa chitukuko cha mafakitale migodi ya Urals lapansi. anthu aluso amachokera kubanja losauka mu moyo wapanga ntchito yake ndi luso, popanda ogula otchuka ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo.

Pavel Anosov amasiye oyambirira, ndi agogo ake anapita pa maphunziro, amene anali ngati makaniko pa Izhevsk ndi Votkinsk mafakitale. N'chifukwa chake, m'mene adalandira maphunziro abwino pa St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, Pavel Petrovich anapita Zlatoust Migodi District. Iye anapita chaka 22-TH. Kuyambira ndi ofesi waung'ono kwambiri, akudutsa magawo onse a ntchito makwerero, Anosov anafika malo Chief zomera phiri la Altai ndi Tomsk m'chigawo kazembeyo. Anamwalira ali ndi zaka 54 ndi udindo wa kazembe wa Tomsk. Pa moyo wake osati kale kwambiri, ngwokhoza kuukitsa ndi kukhala chitsulo ndi makampani zitsulo m'gawo zopatsidwa kwa iye. Iye anali migodi injiniya ndi sayansi, kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha Urals ndi apeza zinthu zambiri pa malo madipoziti mobisa mchere.

Mu 1828, Pavel Petrovich Anosov, anali kale mutu wa Zlatoust zitsulo Bzalani, walandira kuchokera kuti Migodi Utumiki kukhala zitsulo za makhalidwe chachikulu si wochepa ndi odziwika kwambiri pa nthawi ya ku Damasiko ndi Bulat. ntchito Arhitrudnaya, chifukwa zobisika zawo gunsmiths kum'mawa piously anasunga kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, pambuyo kufufuza zambiri ndi kuyesera, Paulo Petrovich ndi anzake anapeza bwino kwambiri aloyi chilinganizo chimene zina adalemekeza mbewu, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo ndi lonse la Russia. Russian Bulat Anosova anapita yopanga mipeni.

Kuchokera Kodi Paulo Petrovich, tizikumbukira mfundo zotsatirazi, amakhala ngati munthu wodabwitsa ndi mwini wabwino.

• Anosov anapanga kuletsa Mercury gilding, chifukwa ndi zoipa thanzi, ndipo m'malo mwake electroplated.
• Anaikira makina kuti atsogolere ntchito antchito.
• Pa utsogoleri wake wa ntchito ya mbewu Zlatoust chaka amapereka maholide awiri analipira - chimodzi chachiwiri pamaso Isitala ndi m'chilimwe, pa nyengo yokolola.

• Pavel Petrovich anapanga kutsegula sukulu kwa ana ogwira ntchito. Adakhazikitsa ubwino anyamata pansi 12 ndi atsikana - 18.
• Pa kanthu, ntchito pa kuphunzira katundu zitsulo anamukwiyira imachitika mwadongosolo, ndi matepi a zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi zatsopano. Pamaso pake, ulimi wa zitsulo kwa malupanga anali nkhani yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ndi kudutsa kwa mbuye kuti adziwe pakamwa. Paulo yekha Anosov analemba ndi lofalitsidwa ubwino angapo migodi, kuphatikizapo zitsulo oipa zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo ndi ulimi wa Damasiko zitsulo.

Bulat anali wabwino m'zonse ndi si wolephera bwino mfundo dziko. Daggers malembedwe aantchito kuboola ndi kudula zida, nkhwangwa, daggers ndi kusaka mipeni kwa iwo akadali ndi nzika za luso mkulu. phindu yakale yoyendera kuposa masauzande rubles. Moire zikusefukira Damasiko wokongola ngati chitsulo chabwinocho. Anosova ojambula zithunzi sanali ngakhale kuti zojambula, pafupi monga m'munsi lapansi. Wochuluka zokongoletsera kakang'ono ntchito pa khasu ndi scabbard.

Mu 1847 anamaliza nyengo P. P. Anosova. Iye anapita ku St. Petersburg ndi mndandanda wa daggers, kusaka mipeni, mabokosi, mafoloko ndi mipeni ndi amangomvera inkakhala yokutidwa ndi miyala theka-mtengo wapatali wa Urals, kalirole ndi trays. Pavel Petrovich amayembekezeka kusonyeza zinthu izi, ndipo akuluakulu lolemekezeka kuti mupeze chilolezo kukuza kupanga, koma msewu anali mu mkuntho wa chisanu. The ngolo adagulung'undisa pa, mnzake wosweka ndi mabokosi katundu wokutidwa ndi chisanu. Iwo anakhala masiku angapo pa chifundo cha zinthu ankhanza ndi opanda chiyembekezo cha chipulumutso. Chifukwa, Anosov mwakayakaya. Iye analephera kuti achire ndi anamwalira m'chaka cha 1851.

Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov

Pafupifupi zaka 15 mafakitale a Zlatou anakhalabe opanda utsogoleri wabwino. Pakati pa zaka zapakati pa makumi asanu ndi limodzi Pavel Matveevich Obukhov adasankhidwa kuti akhale woyang'anira. Anatha kupeza kampaniyo kunja kwa mavuto. Pavel Matveyevich anali wochokera ku banja la anthu ogulitsa minda. Anaphunzira maphunziro a zaumisiri ku St. Petersburg Mining Institute, ataphunzira ndi ndondomeko ya golidi, ndikuyesedwa ku Germany ndi ku Belgium, chifukwa cha zomwe adapeza luso loyang'anira ndi luso loyang'anira. Ku Zlatoust, adayambiranso ntchito yopanga zinthu, adayambitsa ndondomeko yambiri ya sayansi yomwe Anosov adachokera ndikupitirizabe kuyesa zitsulo. Pavel Matveyevich akuyenera kulandira ulemu chifukwa cha kulengedwa kwazitsulo. Icho chinalowetsa mkuwa wa mfuti, ndipo tsopano Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant yakhala yopereka zida zazikulu - mfuti ndi mfuti.

Masewera a zojambulajambula nawonso sanasinthe. Ngati Anosov m'zaka zaposachedwa amapangidwa ndi damask zitsulo ndi zitsamba, ndiye Obukhov adakulitsa mphamvu ndipo anawonjezera katundu wambiri wa nyumba - makaskete, zovuta za ndudu, trays, cutlery. Mwa njirayi, Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov pa bizinesi yomwe adayang'aniridwayo adangoganizira zokhazokha kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito, komanso adapanga ndikugwiritsira ntchito mfundo za Pavel Petrovich Anosov, zomwe zasungidwa m'mabuku.

Nthaŵi ya Soviet

Pambuyo pa 1917 fakitale ya Zlatoust inapitiliza kugwira ntchito. Tsopano chitsulo chozizira chinali chokongoletsedwa ndi ziwonetsero ndi zojambula za atsogoleri a Party ya Chikomyunizimu. Malo a chikhalidwe chokonzedweratu adatengedwa ndi masiku ano opanda pake. Chotsindika chinayamba kupangidwa pa nkhani ya kupanga. Njira yosindikizira pazithunzi inayambika. Ndondomeko ya wolembayo yatha. Kujambula zithunzi kunakula kukula ndikusanduka gulu. Zida za amisiri a Zlatoust anali okongoletsedwa ndi makoma a boma. Makina atsopano a galvanic kutumiza nickel zasintha zojambula Zlatoust zosadziwika. Zithunzizo sizinamveke bwino, zosaoneka bwino, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mdima ndi mthunzi. Sizinali zolemba zambiri monga kujambula.

Setkografiya inaloledwa kubala magulu akuluakulu a mapepala ofanana. Ojambula amawatumizira zilembo za zojambulajambula zolembedwa ndi olemba otchuka. Masalimo akuluakulu a Lenin ndi Stalin anakongoletsa maofesi a boma. Kwa kanthawi, malingaliro opanga amapanga njira yogwiritsira ntchito.

M'zaka za m'ma 1960, chidwi cha ntchito zamalonda chinayambanso. Sukulu za luso ndi zamisiri zinayamba kutseguka. Zojambula za Zlatoust zakhala zikukhudzidwa ndi chitukuko chatsopano. Achinyamata omaliza maphunziro a sukulu, atalandira maphunziro a ojambula-zojambulajambula, anadza ku chomera ndi m'masitolo omwe anabweretsa zinthu zapanyumba, anawulula maluso awo. M'zaka zimenezi, mayina a ojambula zithunzi monga G. Bersenev, A. Bogachev, N. Lokhtacheva, O. Averkin, ndi ena anayamba kulira.

Masiku ano

Lero mukhoza kumva maganizo akuti zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo Zlatoust engravings monga mtundu wa luso ndi zamisiri zataya ntchito. Sindifuna kuvomereza izi. Zlatoust engraving (mbiri ya asodzi wotchuka amatsimikizira izi) nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwake yasintha nthawi zonse. Poyambirira, adali ndi maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe enieni, omwe anachokera ku Germany kuchokera ku Solingen, kenako ambuye a ku Russia anawonjezera zowonjezereka ndi njira zina zokongoletsera. Komanso, m'zaka za zana la 20, kujambula zithunzi kunatenga malingaliro a luso lojambulajambula ndikupanga miyambo yatsopano yamakono.

Zaka zana zoyambirira zinatisiyira maina ochepa chabe a ojambula ojambula bwino. Ntchito yawo idzazindikiridwa ndi kulembedwa pamanja - I. N. Bushuev adatengera mawonetsero pazithunzi za nthano ndi nkhondo. IP Boyarshinov ankakonda kugwira ntchito pazitsamba zosaka. Analemba zojambula pa iwo.

Pa zaka mazana zotsatira, mtundu wa zojambula pazitsulo unasintha mofanana ndi momwe moyo waumoyo ndi zosowa zaumunthu zasinthira. Chomwe chimatchedwa kitsch ndi katundu wogula ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha kupambana kwazowonjezera, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa aliyense ndipo zimatsimikizira aliyense kupereka zonse zofunika. Kufunafuna khalidwe lachikhalidwe ndi kugwirizanitsa zojambulazo kunapangitsa kuti mfundo yokongoletsera ya Zlatoust engraving ikhale yoperewera. Pakalipano, luso la kujambula pa chitsulo kachiwiri limakhala ndi lingaliro lalitali. Masters apamwamba ali, koma, monga nthawi zonse, amatha kuwerengedwa pa zala. Zojambula zamakono sizingathe kufa, koma sizingatheke - zidzakhala nthawi yokwanira yobweretsera anthu omwe ali ndi luso komanso kubadwa kwa mitundu yatsopano ya luso.