Zitsulo - izo ... Nthambi zitsulo mabizinezi ndi mayikidwe awo

Mbiri ya anthu ali zaka zoposa chikwi. Kuyambira nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa mpikisano wathu Kunasonyeza azilandira zamakono patsogolo, ndi yofunika imene nyimbo ndi luso la kukhudzana anthu ndi zitsulo, kulenga ndi kuzichita izo. Choncho n'zomveka kuti kampani yopanga zitsulo - ndi chinthu popanda chimene sikutheka mmene moyo wathu, ntchito zimene zimachitika pa ntchito ntchito ndi zina zambiri.

tanthauzo

Choyamba m'pofunika kuthana ndi njira mawu sayansi, ku mfundo luso view, amatchedwa dera zamakono za ulimi.

Choncho, zitsulo - ndi nthambi ya za sayansi, luso, womwenso ndondomeko kupeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera miyala kapena zinthu zina, komanso njira zonse kukhala mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mipweya, katundu ndi kapangidwe ka kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi.

kapangidwe

Pakali pano, zitsulo - ndi bizinesi. Komanso, ndiye - mfundo zambiri kuphatikizapo:

• Direct yopanga zitsulo.
• Processing katundu zitsulo mu otentha ndi ozizira.
• Kuwotcherera.
• Ntchito zokutira zosiyanasiyana zitsulo.
• Nthambi ya sayansi - Zipangizo. umenewu ndi kuphunzira ongolankhula njira physico-mankhwala tikunena cognition khalidwe zitsulo, kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi mankhwala intermetallic.

mitundu

M'dziko pali nthambi ziwiri zikuluzikulu za makampani - akakhala ndi nonferrous. panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira Izi zachitika mbiri yakale.

Ferrous zitsulo ndi processing wa chitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo lonse, ndi pano. Komanso, makampani ikukhudza m'zigawo padziko lapansi ndi kuvala wotsatira wa zitsulo akakhala , zitsulo ndi chitsulo foundry, billets pakubwezeretsa, ferroalloy kupanga.

Chifukwa zitsulo sanali akakhala akutchulidwa ntchito ndi miyala aliyense zitsulo, kupatula chitsulo. Mwa njira, zitsulo sanali akakhala ali conventionally m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:

- kunagwa (faifi tambala, malata, kutsogolera mkuwa).

- zing'onozing'ono (titaniyamu, magnesium, zotayidwa).

Solutions sayansi

Palibe kukayika kuti zitsulo makampani - ndi ntchito amafuna luso. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mayiko ambiri pa dziko lapansi zikugwira ntchito yake mwachangu kafukufuku, cholinga chimene ndicho kuphunzira ndiponso mmene angagwiritsire ntchito zosiyanasiyana tizilombo, amene akhoza kuthandiza kuthetsa Mwachitsanzo, funso moto, monga mankhwala madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za kupanga zitsulo. Komanso kale njira zenizeni monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni zamoyo mafunsidwe, kumamatira, ndi ena.

Kulekana kwa Njira

zomera zitsulo akhoza kukhala amangosankha m'kagulu m'magulu ziwiri:

- pyrometallurgy kumene njira kutenga malo pa kutentha kwambiri (kusungunuka, Kukuwotcha);

- hydrometallurgy, chomwe yopezera zitsulo ku ores ndi madzi kapena njira zina amadzimadzi ntchito mankhwala.

Kusankha mfundo malo yomanga mbewu zitsulo

Kuti timvetse chifukwa cha zomwe anapezazo chigamulo pa ntchito yomanga ogwira ntchito mu malo enaake, m'pofunika kuganizira mfundo zikuluzikulu kuwayika zitsulo.

Makamaka ngati funso anati kwa dislocation-akakhala zitsulo fakitale, pali aonekere, i monga:

• Kupezeka kwa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito. Yopanga kugwirizana ndi processing wa akakhala zitsulo, pamafunika kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya magetsi. Choncho, makampani izi anamangidwira pafupi zotheka kwa magetsi.
• Chofunika kuchuluka kwa zipangizo. Inde, pafupi ndi madipoziti miyala, choncho, chotero, bwino.
• Environmental china. Mwatsoka, danga dziko positi-Soviet sangathe wachinsinsi mu gulu kumene mabizinezi a zitsulo ndi zachilengedwe otetezeka.

Choncho, mayikidwe a zitsulo - nkhani zovuta kuti apatsidwe chidwi kwambiri, kutenga nkhani mitundu yonse ya zofunika ndi zina zabwino.

Kukwaniritsa chithunzi kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane kufotokoza processing zitsulo n'kofunika lozani m'madera chifungulo cha kupanga.

Ironworks ndi angapo otchedwa phindu anawonjezera. Pakati pawo kuti kuphulika-ng'anjo, steelmaking, pakubwezeretsa. Tiyeni tikambirane mfundo iliyonse ya zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane.

ng'anjo kuphulika

Pamenepo kumasulidwa siteji ikuchitika mwachindunji ku zitsulo. Izi zimachitika mu kuphulika ng'anjo pa kutentha pamwamba madigiri 1000 Celsius. Choncho pali nkhumba chitsulo. katundu kudzadalira zochita za ndondomeko kusungunuka. Posintha limatsogolera miyala akhoza kenako chimodzi cha awiri mitundu ya chitsulo: nkhumba (hereinafter ntchito yopanga zitsulo) ndi kuwatayira (a osewera chitsulo billet).

yopanga zitsulo

Yonseyi mpweya ndi chitsulo ndi, optionally, ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana alloying, chifukwa analandira zitsulo. njira yake yadothi kuchuluka chokwanira. Tingaonenso makamaka mpweya-Converter ndi yadothi magetsi, zomwe ndi zambiri zamakono ndi wolemekezeka zipatso.

Iwo yodziwika ndi kusungunuka ake Konverternaya waufupi chotero patukani yomaliza anakhumba zitsulo mipweya. The pagona a kuwomba chitsulo chosungunuka ndi mpweya kudzera tuyere ndi, umene chitsulo oxidised ndi lidzasinthidwa zitsulo.

Waku Arc - zothandiza kwambiri. Ndi chifukwa cha ntchito ng'anjo magetsi Arc akhoza smelt ndi wapamwamba kwambiri aloyi steels. Chonchi mayunitsi Kutentha yodzaza zitsulo nawo mofulumira, pamene n'zotheka kuwonjezera kuchuluka chofunika cha zinthu alloying. Komanso, zitsulo akamagwira njira imeneyi ali zili otsika inclusions sanali zachitsulo, sulfure ndi phosphorous.

alloying

Zimenezi ndi kusintha zikuchokera zitsulo mwa kuyambitsa izo mu woipa masamu a zinthu wothandiza kwa zina chopatsa katundu yeniyeni. Anthu ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito zigawo alloying kuoneka: manganese, titaniyamu, cobalt, tungsten, zotayidwa.

ganyu

m'mafakitale ambiri ndi zitsulo Iwo wapangidwa za zokambirana mpukutu gulu. Iwo amapanga malonda onse theka-atha ndipo yomalizidwa kale kwathunthu. Akamanena za ndondomeko ndi kupereka zitsulo mu nip pakati pa kauntala-onsewo masikono wa anagubuduza mphero. Komanso, mfundo yaikulu ndi mtunda pakati odzigudubuza ayenera kukhala osachepera kakakulu workpiece ndi analilumpha. Mwa njira imeneyi, zitsulo limachokera ku lumen wa, anawamvera ndipo m'kupita deform kuti magawo anakonzeratu.

Nthawi iliyonse pochitika kusiyana masikono wapangidwa ang'onoang'ono. Zikusonyezanso - zambiri zitsulo ndi ductile zokwanira ozizira. Ndipo chotero zochizira wake chisanadze mkangano kutentha chofunika.

Mowa zipangizo zobwezerezedwanso

Mu tikukumana msika, ogula yobwezeretsanso zitsulo onse akakhala ndi sanali akakhala wakhala likunena osauka. Izi kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti chuma miyala, mwatsoka, si zongowonjezwdwa. Chaka kupangidwa kwambiri kumachepetsa nkhokwe ya. Popeza chakuti kufunika kwa azitsulo zomangamanga, zomangamanga, ndege, shipbuilding ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma kukula likunena, m'pomveka kukhala processing njira wakwaniritsa moyo utumiki wake mbali ndi mankhwala.

Tikhoza kunena kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale zitsulo kumlingo anafotokoza ndi mphamvu zabwino za gawo la makampani - kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zobwezerezedwanso. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinkhoswe mu processing wa zitsulo zotha ntchito ndi makampani akuluakulu komanso ang'onoang'ono.

Global zochita za chitukuko cha zitsulo

M'zaka zaposachedwapa pakhala kuwonjezeka bwino mu buku la zitsulo kumasulidwa, zitsulo ndi chitsulo anaponyedwa. Izi makamaka zinakhalako yowonjezera China pano, amene wakhala mmodzi wa osewera ŵa mu msika mapulaneti yopanga zitsulo.

The zitsulo zosiyana siyana zinthu analola China kupambana nokha pafupifupi 60% ya dziko msika. Mpumulo wa alimi pamwamba khumi yaikulu ali motere: Japan (8%), India ndi United States (6%), Russia ndi Korea South (5%), Germany (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

Ngati tikambirana payokha mu 2015, ndiye pali chizolowezi kuchepetsa ntchito mankhwala zitsulo opanga. Komanso, kuchepa lalikulu olembedwa Ukraine, kumene chifukwa cha chinalembedwa, amene ali 29,8% poyerekeza chaka chatha.

Luso latsopano mu zitsulo

Ngati makampani ena aliwonse, kampani yopanga zitsulo Sindingachite popanda Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa zaluso kuchita.

Choncho, ndodo ya Nizhny Novgorod State University apanga ndipo anayamba kugwiritsa kuchita latsopano nanostructured avale zosagwira carbides, zomwe ndi zochokera carbide tungsten. The malangizo chachikulu cha ntchito luso - popanga zipangizo zamakono zitsulo ntchito.

Komanso, Russia wakhala modernized kabati ng'oma ndi wapadera mpira nozzle kulenga umisiri kwa processing slag madzi. chochitika anapangidwa pamaziko a dongosolo boma la Unduna wa Maphunziro ndi Science. Amenewa ali wolungama kwathunthu palokha, chifukwa zimachititsa zotsatira kuposa mmene ankaganizira.

The makampani waukulu wa zitsulo mu dziko

Mavoti mayiko amati ŵa opanga zitsulo m'dzikoli ndi:

• Arcelor Mittal - kampani ndi likulu lake ku Luxembourg. cholowa ndi 10% ya okwana kupanga dziko zitsulo. Mu Russia kampani mwini migodi Berezovskaya, Pervomayskaya Anzherskaya ndi "Severstal-magulu".
• Hebei Iron & Zitsulo - chimphona la China. Iwo anali kwathunthu ndi boma. Kuwonjezera kupanga kampani zikugwira migodi zipangizo, mayendedwe ndi akugwira ntchitoyi kafukufuku. Pa zomera kampani akugwiritsidwa kokha chitukuko atsopano, ndi mizere ambiri masiku ano kupanga omwe analola Chinese kuphunzira kubala kopitilira muyeso-woonda zitsulo mbale ndi kopitilira muyeso-woonda ozizira adagulung'undisa pepala.
• Nippon Zitsulo - woimira Japan. kasamalidwe kampani, amene anayamba ntchito yake mu 1957, amafuna kulumikizana ndi gulu lina, amatchedwa Sumitomo Chitsulo Malawi. Malinga ndi akatswiri, chotero pophatikizana msanga kupita ku Japanese mu malo oyamba mu dziko, patsogolo pa mpikisano onse.