Anagubuduza mpukutu: kufotokoza, luso yopanga ndi zomera

Zitsulo - m'nthambi zikuluzikulu za ulimi wamakono. Chifukwa iwo boma bajeti ndi wautali kwambiri utuluke ndalama, chifukwa zitsulo ndi chitsulo mankhwala, monga ulamuliro, ndi katundu ndi amapanga ndalama zakunja kuwombola kwa zomera ndi mbewu komanso dziko. Pali osiyanasiyana zomera zitsulo, ntchito mkombero wa yomwe ikhoza kukhala wangwiro kapena chosakwanira. Koma Mulimonsemo, chomaliza yadothi mkombero Idzakhala zitsulo-anagubuduza kuti alandire mbiri anafuna ogula. Ilo liri mu mphero anagubuduza kubala matabwa, mitsinje, njanji ndi zambiri. The zofunika mphero aliyense akugudubuka ndi anagubuduza masikono. Zitsulo zovuta zomera popanda Sindingachite, kotero masikono tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ino.

mafotokozedwe ambiri

Adagulung'undisa zitsulo - opaleshoni ali m'malo zovuta mphamvu ntchito ndipo amafuna luso ndi nzeru za ndodo. Psinjika cha chuma, zomwe zimachititsa mayina pakubwezeretsa, amalola kuti akafike ena zamitundu kukonzedwa mbiri. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti akhazikitsa mu njira ya ntchito yawo kutenga khama chidwi chimene chimachitika mwachindunji mu ndondomeko ya akusindikizidwa mzere lonse. N'chifukwa chake anagubuduza mpukutu - kwambiri atavala mbali ya aliyense wa mphero kugudubuzika.

Zigawo ndi Features

masikono onse mphero ndi zigawo zitatu zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo:

• Mbiya mayina. Kuti ndi mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi processing red-hot, ndi pansi zitsulo. Mu mbiya pali zikuluzikulu ziwiri liniya chizindikiro - kutalika (L) ndi awiri (od).
• Khomo lachiberekero (mayendedwe) - ili m'mbali mwa mbiya ndi zina pa mayendedwe a wodzigudubuza. Komanso yodziwika ndi kutalika ndi awiri a.
• Thamangitsani mapeto.

Pakuti masikono-gawo mphero zowonetsera ndi: mwadzina awiri, turners awiri ndi awiri ntchito. Nthawi anthu pamene mpukutu anagubuduza ntchito kasinthasintha mwa chilengedwe mtundu spindle, pagalimoto yake kumapeto adzatenga mtundu wa masamba kapena yamphamvu. View mtanda pagalimoto mapeto akanati ngati kasinthasintha wodzigudubuza kudzera mwa zibonga (ayenera kukhala ndi lumikiza wapakatikati).

The masikono chifukwa pepala adagulung'undisa

Mapepala-kupanga masikono, ulimi umene - ndondomeko m'malo yolemetsa, pakubwezeretsa imagwiridwa tepi n'kupanga. Mbiya ya masikono ngati ndi yosalala aumbike mwa mawonekedwe cylindrical.

Gawo anagubuduza masikono ntchito yopanga zinthu mphako kumene kungakhale kaya mtanda gawo zozungulira kapena lalikulu (I-matabwa, kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino).

Migolo a masikono kuchita otukukira kunja pang'ono, ngati anafuna ozizira anagubuduza wa pepala adagulung'undisa zitsulo. Nthawi zina yotentha anagubuduza mpukutu mbiya akagawire mawonekedwe concave. Ichi ndi chifukwa pa nthawi ya kayendedwe ka chitsulo thupi mpukutu izo usavutike ndi anaweramuka.

Rolls zopangidwa yaitali

Mbiya ya masikono ngati ali zamkati wapadera (mitsinje), lomwe kenako mobwerezabwereza mbiri adagulung'undisa zitsulo. awiri Brooks a masikono pa mphambano pakati akupita zimapanga. Kutalika kwa mbiya zosiyanasiyana odzigudubuza amadalira m'lifupi utakunkhunizidwa mankhwala calibration zinthu.

masikono Primal yodziwika awiri mwadzina ndi kutalika kwa mbiya. Koma ngati msasa ali kwambiri ya nthandala osiyana ndi awiri a odzigudubuza, ndi lalikulu ndi awiri mphero mpukutu kumaliza.

Mwa maikidwe masikono MITUNDU zidzasankhidwa motere:

• Pakuti katundu wosemera mphero.
• Pakuti krupnosortovyh ndipo anagubuduza mphero.
• Srednesortovogo kwa malipiro.
• Melkosortovogo kwa malipiro.
• Pakuti mphero waya.
• Pakuti mphero shtriposvyh.

kuponyera anawomba nsalu

kupanga amakono a masikono ngati imodzi mwa njira ndicho njira ya kuponyera centrifugal. Njira imeneyi ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri, koma amalola kwathunthu condense pazipita akunja padziko dongosolo zitsulo, limene lili mpukutu ntchito. Chotero njira kuti kusauka moyo wa mankhwala.

Pakuti njira imeneyi, makina wapadera ntchito kukhala olamulira yopingasa wa kasinthasintha wa centrifugal nkhungu kuponyera. mawonekedwe yokha yakwera thandizo odzigudubuza. Kuyendetsa odzigudubuza ali wokwera kuti rotational zonse kupereka ndondomeko kalunzanitsidwe. Ili pa wodzigudubuza pamwamba ali ndi chitetezo chilolezo wachibale m'mphepete anagubuduza nkhungu yokha. Kuyamwa Phokoso pakati pa odzigudubuza ndi likulu ndi mapadi. Yafupika kugwedera ndi kusinthasintha mu mawonekedwe kumatha Mwina apeza banja.

Akuponya akhazikitsa njira centrifugal anatengedwera kuchokera chitsulo kwambiri alloyed chosungunula. Mu likuzungulira zitsulo zake ofukula olamulira tsembwe pulasitala, kuchuluka umene uli mkati 95% buku okwana wosanjikiza ntchito ya mayina.

Ubwino wosatsutsika wakuti kuponyera centrifugal ndi:

• Kupereka kachulukidwe mkulu wa mayina.
• Kuwonjezeka durability wa mayina.
• Pakalibe zipolopolo, m'maenje, nonmetallic inclusions, slag.

njira kulipira

Izi ndi njira kwambiri mtengo wa ulimi wa masikono, amene Komabe amalola pazipita asamaumire kwathunthu thupi lonse mayina. Izi kwambiri bwino kudalirika ndi durability.

The kulipira chomwecho amachitidwa pa mizere wapadera yodzichitira ndi kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano. The makulidwe a mayunitsi n'kutheka kuti 150 MN.

Analandira mwanjira imeneyi nthawi zambiri ntchito masikono ukufalikira ndi slabbing ndi gawo mphero. odzigudubuza zitsulo izi mkulu koyefishienti wa mikangano pa mphindi kukhudzana ndi workpiece adagulung'undisa. nuance Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri nthandala ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kuchepetsa.

Palokha, kulipira ikukhudza zotsatirazi:

• Billetirovku ingot.
• Choyesera.
• Broach.
• Kulipira kukula forgings.

The akhazikitsa pambuyo kulipira processing kumaphatikizapo kuipidwa kutentha mankhwala, chomaliza chimene kwenikweni ndi pamwamba oipa ndi tempering.

kupanga titaniyamu

Lero, Russia ndi mwa maiko zonse dziko msika wa zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo. Choncho, chilengedwe cha zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi mbali kwa makampani zitsulo mu dziko anapatsidwa patsogolo apamwamba. Makamaka, Magnitogorsk Chomera wa masikono - mmodzi wa atsogoleri kupanga mankhwala.

Mu July 2016 pa mbewu, latsopano mkulu-ntchito coreless anali anapezerapo ng'anjo kupatsidwa ulemu. Izi makina zina zamakono kulola kubala kasakaniza wazitsulo zovuta, kuchepetsa mlandu kudyedwa ndi ferroalloys. The kuchepa mowa magetsi adzakhala 10%. Kusungunuka mode angathe kuchitidwa ndi pafupipafupi 250 Hz, ndi kutsirizitsa ndi yogwira - ndi pafupipafupi 125 Hz. M'pofunikanso chilengedwe ikupanga: kuchepetsa mpweya zoipa ku ng'anjo awa amapezeka nthawi 2.6.

Nthawi zambiri, Urals, kampani kawirikawiri amapereka msika ndi katundu wake wa masikono ndipo mwachangu osauka tsopano.

Sverdlovsk chimphona

Kapena akhoza tinyalanyaza Kushvinsky mbewu anagubuduza masikono. zopangidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya masikono, nsalu kwa iwo. The masikono ogwira mphero chopangidwa ntchito zipangizo zimenezi kwa wosanjikiza kugwira ntchito, monga:

• Indefinit.
• Indefinit, bwino carbides wapadera.
• Mkulu chrome kuponyedwa chitsulo.
• Mkulu-chromium zitsulo.
• Liwilo zitsulo.

Khomo lachiberekero ndi pakati masikono pepala anagubuduza ali nane chitsulo kwambiri cholimba.

Rolls kwa mphero gawo anagubuduza zochokera pearlite ndi bainitic alloyed chitsulo kuponyedwa ndi graphite nodular kapena mtundu lamellar.

opanga Chiyukireniya

Mu Ukraine, pali zitatu ogwira ntchito za ulimi wa masikono: Dnepropetrovsk, Lutuginsky Novokramatorsky zomera ndi anagubuduza masikono.

Dnipro mbewu ali osiyanasiyana linafalitsidwa kwambiri za ulimi wa masikono, osati kokha kwa makampani komanso mafakitale ena. Nthawi zambiri, kampani ndi ntchito kasitomala makamaka, kulumikiza akatswiri ake kwambiri oyenerera dipatimenti luso zosiyanasiyana zithunzi ndi zitsanzo za masikono latsopano.

Isanayambe Nkhondo mu Donbas mu 2014 gululo yabwino ndi zonse tithe Lutuginsky mbewu anagubuduza masikono. mankhwala ake osati kupereka makampani onse zitsulo a Ukraine, komanso m'mayiko ambiri pafupi kunja ndi Europe. Komabe, nkhondo asilikali anatsogolera chakuti mbewu chinatsekedwa pansi. Zowawa ndi kuliika katundu wa kumalo a ntchito. Koma mu 2015 izo anakwanitsa kachiwiri kukhazikitsa kampani, ndipo lero wayamba kulandira malangizo kuchokera la Russia.

Control pa khalidwe la umangoyendabe

Kupanga umodzi uliwonse anagubuduza mokakamiza mpukutu chimapita kupyola luso kulamulira khalidwe la ulimi wake. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa:

• Mipweya zakuthupi poyambira.
• Kusanthula kapangidwe ka zinthu mankhwala (mpukutu).
• Centric kusanthula ndi masamu.
• Control a mlingo wa kuuma wosanjikiza ntchito ya mayina.
• Control a mlingo wa roughness padziko ntchito.
• Kusanthula kapangidwe ka wosanjikiza pamwamba pa zitsulo.

wazolongedza

masikono onse mphero (mafakitale yotulutsa iwo, ndi zikalata khalidwe loyenera) zidaperedwa kwa makasitomala mu phukusi wapadera. CD Izi zambiri matabwa mabokosi ndi kakasi, amene anayikidwa mkati odzigudubuza ndi zinthu clamping ndi kuliika mwamphamvu. Kenaka opanga chidebe mupatsanso mwatcheru, chifukwa looseness mpukutu ndi kusowa chitetezo chokwanira wantchito ndipo kali ndi ndegeyo katundu mafakitale mwina ndi zotsatira zoipa pa nkhani ya masikono khalidwe.

Pomaliza

Ndimapanga masikono, amene kupanga luso ankakambirana mwatsatanetsatane pamwamba, kukhudzanso pa chifukwa mankhwala mapeto ndi thandizo lawo. Choncho, zikubweretsa opanga dziko la anagubuduza kulipira mwapadera kuti chinthu ichi. Mutu wa ogwira ntchito zitsulo ndi bwino kuti mmene luso mphero wonse ndi masikono chifuniro makamaka kwakukulukulu kudalira pa profitability chomaliza kupanga lonse.