Zala - DNA profiling ndi ...

Lang'anani munthu wasiya chilemba chake kulikonse zimachitika: maselo a khungu, tsitsi, malovu. Maselo a khungu zonse, ngakhale zedi yaing'ono, kumasula chinsinsi: ndi thukuta ndi mafuta. Zinali ndalama zawo, ndipo pali Fingerprints pa nkhani onse akhudzidwa. chitsanzo ndi wapadera munthu aliyense. Choncho kodi zala, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani zingakhale zothandiza?

zomwenso

Zala - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zojambula papillary, kuti anthu mipiringidzo pa khungu kuti munthu aliyense wopeza. Komanso, otchedwa ndondomeko ya chizindikiritso cha kusindikiza ya mizere. Popeza kuti iwo ndi wapadera munthu aliyense ndipo pa lonse, chomwe munthu nkhawa. N'chifukwa chake ndi njira yabwino kwa Chizindikirocho wapamwamba komanso zothandiza kuti ntchito padziko lonse.

mbiri

Poyamba, mfundo zala monga gawo trasologii anatiitana ku Argentine dokotala F. Lattsinoy mu 1894. Pamaso imene ankagwiritsa ntchito si kwathunthu oyenera akuti "iknafalangometriya". Ndiye zala njira ndi ntchito mu sayansi azamalamulo azipeza. kulungamitsidwa Scientific pakuti anapereka wotchuka English wofufuza Francis Galton, ndipo maganizo ake chimakula ndipo woyamba ambiri muyika mumachitidwe Juan Vucetich. Iye anayamba gulu la zipsera, ndipo kenako - wapadera dongosolo zala kulembetsa m'mayiko ena South America. Choncho kunatheka chizindikiritso cha anthu mu Rute wa zojambula papillary - mmodzi wa zipangizo zofunika milandu masiku ano.

N'zovuta kunena omwe la asayansi otchulidwa anapereka kutsogolera kwambiri sayansi, monga zala. Izi ndi nkhani zimene zimayambitsa kwambiri pa mlanduwo chifukwa Galton anatsimikizira anthu kuti zala machesi osiyana a mwamasamu zosatheka, ndipo Vucetich kwambiri ntchito chizindikiritso cha vuto palokha. Ambiri mwina zoona, zatenganso mbali ndi kuphatikiza mwa zinthu izi.

DNA profiling

Ngati pansi yachibadwa anamvetsa zala, kodi ntchito apa? N'zoonekeratu kuti kusanthula DNA. Ndi zambiri wosakhwima ndi chida yeniyeni. Ngati ochiritsira zala akhoza kulekerera ena zolakwa, cholakwa ndi pafupifupi inathetsedwa chifukwa DNA ya munthu aliyense ndi wapadera. njira genotyping anayamba kupanga mu 1984 ndi gulu la ofufuza kutsogoleredwa ndi Alex Dzheffresa. Iye anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa ankagwiritsa ntchito zina wowopsa chigawenga, komanso zochitika zokhudza player mpira OJ. Simpson mu 1995.

njira

Njira chizindikiritso zidatheka ndi kapangidwe wapadera wa DNA anthu. Mfundo yakuti za 95% ya mamolekyulu si a 'kala' ikusonyeza, i.e. Musatenge mudziwe chibadwa, koma muli ndondomeko obwerezabwereza, sipangakhalenso amafalitsa kutali Chrixitu kapena kukhala pafupi. Ndi mu Zikatero, iwo amatchedwa makina. chiwerengero cha kubwereza mu izo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana, ndipo ngati inu kutenga anthu osiyana, si amayenda zikugwirizana.

Pali masango limene chiwerengero cha mbali ndi laling'ono kwambiri - iwo amatchedwa mini-makina. Ndipo mu malo ena mu DNA ya munthu aliyense ali ndi awiri nyumba zoterezi, kwa kholo lililonse. DNA profiling ndi kusanthula izi mini-makina. Kudzera n'zotheka molondola chokwanira kudziwa munthu, zimene ziri DNA lapansi. Lero, njira imeneyi atenge mbali mofanana Fingerprints kamodzi. Koma ngati wachifwamba zapitazi akhoza kufafaniza kukonzekereratu, musatisiye amtundu uliwonse kufufuza thupi anakhala, ndiko kuti, particles wa khungu, magazi, malovu, tsitsi, ndi zina zotero. E. Kodi kovuta.

olondola

DNA profiling losiyana kudalirika ndithu mkulu, ndiye pansi mfundo zina zotsatira zingapo mayeso zopezera Laboratories zosiyana osiyana. Pa chitukuko cha malamulo wamba onse a mtundu umenewu kafukufuku tsopano monga ntchito.

Monga zolondola, Mwina mwangozi wa kusanthula zidutswa DNA anthu osiyana ndi negligible. Akuti mwayi wa izo apamwamba ngati tikulankhula za achibale, zotsatira zawo adzakhala ofanana Mulimonsemo. Komanso, lolondola genotyping amakhudza kwambiri khalidwe la zinthu. Ndi chinthu chimodzi - pochitika zala, ndiko ayesedwe mwaufulu, ndipo pagona - kuti yesani kupeza DNA ku dontho la zouma magazi kapena malovu.

ntchito masiku ano

Pali ka zinthu zimene ngati ndondomeko ingakhale yothandiza. Choyamba, iyi ndi mbali za umbanda. kupalamula akuganiza angathe anatsimikizira Mwachitsanzo, ngati maselo a khungu zimapezeka pansi pa zikhadabo za woberedwa, DNA ofananira ndi izo. Pakuti azamalamulo DNA profiling - inasonyeza weniweni, kuthandiza kuzindikira chizindikiro cha lobadwa lapansi.

chiwerengero cha zinthu zina zimene zimafuna yokonza DNA-mbiri, mkangano za bambo ndi cholowa. M'zaka zapitazi, zoyesa zatchuka kwambiri ndipo zilipo.

Komanso, genotyping ntchito ndi Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe kuwutsata mbiri ndi ubale wa anthu osiyanasiyana. Mwa kupenda DNA anthu amakono zinalengedwa chidwi ndi maganizo.

Pomaliza, njira imeneyi ntchito mu kuswana nyama kutsimikiza chiyero cha mtundu kapena kuwunika zosiyanasiyana chibadwa.

Kodi ndi momwe angachitire?

Zala kupita mosavuta. Ndi yosavuta ndi mwamtheradi sabweretsa chisoni ndondomeko. Kuyamba ndi zala yokutidwa ndi utoto yapadera, ndipo kenako kupanga zipsera pa pepala. Komabe, mabungwe ambiri anachita kompyuta jambulani a dongosolo papillary - timatha inu kuchotsa mavuto, kenako digitization.

Kuyambira 2015 chokuchititsani njirayi n'kofunika kupanga mu Russia a mbadwo watsopano pasipoti. Kuwonjezera pamenepa, ntchito Mwachitsanzo, ndi chitupa cha visa chikapezeka British, inunso muyenera kuti zala. Koma inu mukhoza kuchita izo mwaufulu - basi ku nthambi ya yapafupi ya Federal Ataliatali Service.

Ngati pali funso za kumene ikani DNA zala, pali njira mabungwe apadera zachipatala. Monga kuchepetsa ndalama mayeso ndi kugawa wofunikila kuzindikira zipangizo mabungwe otere kukula. Ndi, mwachitsanzo, Center kwa maselo chibadwa, kumene chifukwa akhoza zopezera mkati mwa sabata ntchito ya rubles 10-20 zikwi, ndi Institute ndi Research a Medical chibadwa, kumene kuwunika ndalama za yofanana. zinthu zambiri magazi kapena buccal epithelium (chopaka, wochokera mkati mwa masaya). N'zoonekeratu kuti njirayi ndi chabwinobwino ndipo pafupifupi sabweretsa chisoni.

nkhani zikuyenela

zingapo maloya amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe cha dongosolo chikukhudza ndi zala kapena zinthu majini zigawenga komanso omvera malamulo wamba nzika ndi zosiyana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, mu nkhani ya kukakamiza chokuchititsani njira izi. Nkhawa ambiri ndi zotheka yopuma-mu Nawonso achichepere limodzi, zimene zinkatanthauza mwayi wosaloleka kuti zachinsinsi, monga DNA profiling - ichi chiri DNA pasipoti, ndipo mauthenga amenewa ayenera osati kukhala ankalamulira.

Komanso, deta ndi kasinthidwe zonse Nawonso achichepere ngati - zosangalatsa mtengo kwambiri, ndipo ndalama ndi mwachionekere kugwa pa mapewa a amakhoma misonkho. Monga mchitidwe mayiko Russian, n'zomveka kuchepetsa bwalo la anthu amene zala adzamva mokakamizidwa asilikali, mabungwe yazamalamulo, anchito a boma amayembekezedwa, ndipo, ndithudi, mlandu kapena kutumikira akammange utsogoleri. Zina za ndondomeko ya zala kapena yobereka zakuthupi majini ayenera kukhala mosamalitsa kwawo.