Zachilengedwe ndi zakuthupi za choko

Chalk ndi thanthwe la sedimentary loyera. Ilo silinalowe mu madzi, liri ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Kuchokera m'nkhaniyi timaphunzira kumene choko amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thanthwe ili.

Maphunziro:

Zaka 90 miliyoni zapitazo kumpoto kwa Ulaya, silt anasonkhana m'munsi mwa nyanja yaikulu. Pa zinyalala za m'nyanja panali protozoa (foraminifera). Mitundu yawo inali kuphatikizapo calcite yotengedwa m'madzi. Gulu la European division linaphatikizidwa pa nthawi yapadera. Kuchokera pa izo amapangidwa miyala yoyera mu dera la Kent ndi otsetsereka ku mbali ina ya Mtsinje wa Dover. Izi zinali zotsalira zomwe zinakhala maziko a choko. Komabe, makamaka thanthweli liri ndi mapangidwe a algae ndi mankhwala abwino omwe amabalalika. Motero, ochita kafukufukuwo akuganiza kuti kuoneka kwa choko ndikofunikira kwa zomera.

Makhalidwe a thanthwe

Zotsalira za mollusks zomwe zinasonkhanitsa pansi m'madzi zinasanduka choko. Pa mtunduwu pali:

1. Pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya zinyalalazo. Zina mwa izo sizili mbali zokha za protozoa, komanso nyama zamitundu yambiri.
2. Pafupifupi 10% a zipolopolo za foraminifera.
3. Mpaka 40% za zidutswa za mabala a calcareous algal
4. Mpaka 50% crystalline finely ogawanika calcite. Kukula kwake kuli kochepa kwambiri moti ndizosatheka kukhazikitsa zamoyo zomwe zimapangidwa.
5. Kufikira 3% osungunuka mchere. Iwo makamaka amaimiridwa ndi silicates. Mchere wamadzi osasuntha ndi mtundu wa miyala yosiyanasiyana komanso mchenga, zomwe zimayikidwa mu chokiki ndi mafunde ndi mphepo.

Zitsamba za mollusks, concretions za mchere wina, mafupa a coelenterates sizipezeka kawirikawiri pamtunduwu.

Kufotokozera za katundu wa choko - mphamvu

Kafukufuku wa zinthu zomwe asayansi ambiri amachita. Pazochitika zamakono-geological zinavumbulutsidwa kuti ndizolimba zedi-thanthwe. Mphamvu zake makamaka zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chinyezi. M'madera ouma, nthawi yotsutsana ndi kupanikizika imasiyanasiyana ndi 1000 mpaka 45,000 kN / m ² . Modulus of elasticity ya thanthwe louma - kuchokera ku MPa 3,000 (chifukwa cha chilema) mpaka MPa zikwi 10 (zowonjezera). Mtengo wa kusemphana kwa mkati ndi 24-30 digrii, ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu, kulumikiza kumafika 700-800 kN / m ² .

Chinyezi

Pambuyo pa madzi, zokopa zimayamba kusintha. Makamaka, mphamvu zake zachepetsedwa. Kusintha kumachitika kale pa 1-2% chinyezi. Pa 25-35%, mphamvu yowonjezera imapitilira ndi 2-3 nthawi. Pamodzi ndi izi, zida zina za choko zimawonekera. Mitunduyo imakhala pulasitiki. Chiwonetserochi chimakhala chovuta kwambiri pakugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa. Pakapita izi, choko imayamba kumamatira ku zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa makina (pa chidebe chowotcha, chikwama chogwiritsira ntchito , chophimba , galimoto). Kawirikawiri, thupi la choko (mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi ductility) salola mpweya kuchoka m'munsi, ngakhale kuti apa akuwoneka kukhala olondola.

Frost kukana

Pambuyo pozizira kozizira, choko imatha kugawidwa mu magawo a 1-2 mm kukula. Nthawi zina, ichi ndi katundu wothandiza pa mtunduwu. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsidwa ntchito monga ameliorant for soil deoxidation, sikofunika kuti muphwanye mankhwalawo kwa 0.25 mm. Mu nthaka, thanthwe losweka lingapangidwe 10mm. Pozizira kwambiri polima nthaka, zidutswazo zimawonongeka zokha. Choncho, ntchito yosasinthika idzakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali.

Zofumba za choko: chemistry

Thanthwe limaphatikizapo mbali za carbonate ndi zopanda carbonate. Yoyamba imasungunuka mu acetic ndi hydrochloric acid. Mu gawo losati la carbonate apo pali oxides zazitsulo, mchenga wa quartz, marls, clays, ndi zina zotero. Zina mwazinthuzi sizinasungunuke m'matenda awa. Mu carbonate gawo la 98-99% la calcium carbonate. Makina amitundu ya magnesian calcite, siderite ndi dolomite amapangidwa ndi magnesium carbonates, zomwe zimaphatikizidwapo pang'ono pokha mu choko. Zolemba ndi katundu wa thanthwe zimakhala ngati zigawo zoyendera.

Kuzindikiritsa ma dipatimenti oyenerera

Poyamba ankaganiza kuti zipangizo zamakina komanso zamakina zili zofanana m'zigawo zonsezo. Komabe, pochita ntchitoyi, ndikugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali chigawochi, makamaka patatha kusintha kwa malonda ndikupanga malonda kuti apange zinthu zabwino, kusiyana kwa makhalidwe amenewa kukuwululidwa. Choncho, mapu a geological ndi zamakono amapangidwa pazigawo zina. Ochita kafukufuku, akuphunzira za mankhwala a choko ndi mawonekedwe ake m'magulu osiyanasiyana a gombe, amasonyeza malo ophwanyidwa ndi thanthwe lapamwamba kwambiri.

Kupititsa patsogolo zamakono

Makina akuluakulu a choko amapezeka m'madera a Belgorod ndi Voronezh. Mankhwala apamwamba alipo ku Znamenskaya, Zaslonovskaya, Valuiskaya ndi zina zina. Izi zimasonyeza mitengo yochepa ya CaCO ₃ (osaposa 87%). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zosafunika zosiyanasiyana zilipo mu thanthwe. Choncho, n'kosatheka kupeza zinthu zamtengo wapatali m'mabukuwa popanda zopindulitsa kwambiri. Zomwe thupi la choko limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo otere limalola kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito popanga laimu, komanso mu njira zochepetsera dothi. Maselo a Voronezh amatchulidwa ndi zaka za Turonian-Cognac. Chikopa chabwino chikupangidwa apa. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thanthwe lopezeka pazidazi zawerengedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Chogulitsidwacho, chochokera m'dera la Voronezh, chimadziwika ndi zinthu zambiri za CaCO ₃ (mpaka 98.5%). Chiwerengero cha zonyansa zopanda carbonate ndi zosachepera 2%. Kupanga kumunda, komabe, kumasokonezedwa ndi zakuthupi za choko. Makamaka, madzi ake otsika kwambiri. Gawo la chinyezi mu thanthwe liri pafupi 32%.

Zomwe zimayendera

Pakati pa zikuluzikulu deposits ofunika Rossoshanskoye, Krupnennikovskoe, Buturlinskoe ndi Kopanischenskoye. Kukula kwa choko kwachimake ndi 16.5-85 mamita. Kulipira kwake kumapangidwa ndi dothi la zomera. Kutalika kwake kuli pafupi mamita 1.8-2. Pa mzere wofanana ndi Cretaceous wosanjikiza wagawidwa mu mapaketi awiri. M'munsimu muli 98 peresenti ya calcium carbonate, kumtunda ndi yochepa - mpaka 96-97.5%.

Mu Buturlinsky amaika chokopa choyera kwambiri choyera cha siteji ya Turunian. Kutalika kwake ndi 19.5-41 mamita. Kulemera kwake kwa mliriwu ndi 9.5m. Chimaimiridwa ndi margels, mtundu wa vegetative, mawonekedwe a mchenga-mthunzi ndi miyala ya mchenga. Gawo la magnesium ndi calcium carbonates likufikira 99.3%. Pankhaniyi, zigawo zosakhala ndi carbonate zilipo pang'onopang'ono.

Ma deposil Stoilensky ndi Lebedinsky ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa mafakitale. M'madera amenewa, choko imayendetsedwa ngati katundu wambiri ndipo imatengedwa kupita ku dumps. Mtengo wapachaka wopanga chaka chilichonse ndi matani oposa 15 miliyoni. Pafupifupi asanu mwa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chuma cha dziko. Makamaka, choko imabwera ku chomera chotchedwa Starooskolsky samenti ndi kwazinthu zina zazing'ono. Vuto lalikulu la miyala yochepetsedwa imatayika mu dumps.

Chalk, yomwe ili m'malo a zitsulo zachitsulo, imadziwika kuti ndi yapamwamba kwambiri ponena za silica ndi carbonate. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafakitale popanda zopindulitsa kwambiri. Ndikofunika kunena kuti pakukonzekera migodi ndi makampani opanga makina opangira zitsulo, ndikofunikira kupereka mizere yopanga zamakono kwa choko zomwe zimatengedwa panthawi yomweyo kapena malo omwe amasungidwa.

Kupanga ndi kumwa

Zopindulitsa za choko zimadziwika kwa nthawi yaitali. Poyamba, mtunduwu unagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga. Limu linapangidwa kuchokera kwa ilo. Phulusa la Cretaceous ankachita monga maziko a putty, fillings, peint ndi zina zotero. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, zomera zapadera zinayamba kukhazikitsidwa ku galimoto ya Belaya Gora. Mu mitsuko ya mandimu kuchokera ku mchenga, laimu ndi ufa zinapangidwa. Mu 1935, Mgwirizano wa Shebekinsky, umene unapanga zinthu zogulira zosowa zamalonda, unayambira. Zopindulitsa za choko zinali zofunikira mu magetsi, penti, polymer, mphira ndi mafakitale ena.

Powonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa kufunika kwa katundu, zofunika ku umoyo wake zinaleredwa. Makampani omwe analipo chaka cha 1990 sakanatha kupereka mankhwalawa ndi zipangizo zofunika. Makampani apadera anayamba kuonekera m'dera la Belgorod. Ambiri mwa iwo anali chifukwa cha mabuku akuluakulu a miyala omwe amapezeka komanso zosavuta kumva za matekinoloje. Komabe, njira zoyamba zowonjezeramo ndi zotsatizana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi apadera, sizikanakhoza kupereka zowonjezera zamtengo wapatali. Motero, mafakitale ambiri oterewa anatsekedwa. Pogwirizana ndi izi, mabungwe akuluakulu adagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono komanso zomangamanga. Kupanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali kunaperekedwa m'zaka 90 ndi Belgorod, Petropavlovsk, zomera za Shebekinsky.

Kupanga makampani abwino

Zopangira zofunika kwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku choko, kuwonjezera pa gawo la carbonates, ndizowonongeka - fineness ya kukupera. Zimayesedwa pamtundu wa sieves wa kukula kwake kapena peresenti ya particles ya mtengo wapatali (mwachitsanzo, 90% ya particles ndi 2 mcd).

Kuwonekera kwa mizere yatsopano yopanga mapepala ndi ma varnish, mphira, polymer ndi zina, zomwe chokocho amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo, zinapangitsa kusamvana kwakukulu pakati pa kumasulidwa ndi kumwa. Izi zinkawonekera makamaka m'magulu a mapepala. Makampani opanga makampaniwa amapanga ufa wapadera pa ufa wa choko, umene umalowetsa m'malo mwa kaolin.

Nkhani ya malonda abwino imayikidwa mu mafakitale ku dera la Belgorod. Kuwonjezera pa malonda a Shebekinsky, omwe amapanga choko cholekanitsidwa, zatsopano zinapangidwa. Choncho, mu 1995, chomera chinawonekera ku Lebedinsky GOK, ZAO Ruslaym. Linamangidwa pa ntchito ya ku Spain ya kampaniyo "Revert" ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha matani 120 / chaka. Chomeracho chimapanga mitundu 10 yosiyana ya choko. Chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo, iwo sali otsika poyerekeza ndi mayiko achilendo ndipo amatsatira malamulo apadziko lonse. Makampaniwa ali ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakono zamakono, ntchito pa mizere ndi yopangidwira komanso yosinthika.

Malingana ndi polojekiti ya kampaniyo "Mabetex" ku Stoilensky GOK, chomera chinamangidwa ndi zokolola za mankhwala a choko a matani 300,000. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ndondomeko za kampaniyi zimapereka kuwonjezeka kwina.

Kuswana

Chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri pofufuza momwe thupili likugwiritsira ntchito mumunda watsopano kapena malo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mzere wogwiritsira ntchito ndi khalidwe la choko panthawi yomwe akuphwanya. Monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, thunthuli liri ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana pamagulu osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito. Maso, zosiyanazi sizingatheke nthawi zambiri. Kutsimikiza kwa khalidwe la choko pokonza kowuma kwake mu ndondomeko yamakono ikuchitika mwa kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya kufalikira kwachisawawa pamalo otentha. Kwa ichi, zipangizo zamakono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Sodium bicarbonate

Pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo miyala ya miyala yamchere kapena choko. Mankhwala othandiza thupi, omwe ali ndi sodium bicarbonate, amadziwika ndi ambiri. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda a chifuwa ndi mmero, kupweteka kwa mtima, chifukwa cha kutaya kwa mfuti pamene akutsokomola. M'ntchitoyi, thupi la soda ndi choko ndilofunika kwambiri. Zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, kumaliza, kupanga zipangizo, utoto ndi varnish ndi zina. Ponena za kupanga calcium bicarbonate, kugwiritsa ntchito choko wokha kumaonedwa kuti ndizosagwirizana. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mtundu uwu umatulutsa chinyezi bwino, chifukwa chake zimasintha maonekedwe ake. Zimenezi, zimakhudzanso zotsatira za ndondomeko zamakono.

Kodi ndingadye CaCO ₃ ?

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti madokotala amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito choko chachipatala. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwalawa zimakhulupirira kuti zowonjezereka zowonjezera kashiamu. Choyamba ndi chachikulu, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti madokotala sagwirizana pa izi. Kawirikawiri, odwala amatumiza akatswiri omwe amakonda kudya choko (chakudya). Zopindulitsa zida za mankhwala, komabe, ndizokayikitsa. Kulakalaka kudya kwake kungabwere chifukwa cha kusowa kashiamu. Komabe, muyenera kudziwa kuti zizindikiro za mankhwalawa zimasinthidwa kwambiri akamalowa. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera zowonjezera, izo zimataya kusaloŵerera kwawo koyambirira ndipo zimatembenukira kukhala zowonongeka. Mwachitapo chake, chinthucho chikufanana ndi hydrated laimu. Chotsatira chake, choko chokwera chimayamba kukhudza mmimba mucosa. Pankhani iyi, machiritso sakuwonetseredwa. M'malo mwake, m'malo mwake. Ndibwino kukumbukira kuti calcium yamtunduwu ndi yapamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsira ntchito choko mopitirira muyeso kungayambitse ziwiya. Pankhaniyi, madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti m'malo mwake mukhale ndi calcium gluconate kapena mankhwala ofanana. Ponena za kuchotsa kupsyinjika kwa mtima, ndiye kuti, malingana ndi anthu ambiri amene ayesa kuthetsa izo mothandizidwa ndi choko, sizithandiza pa izi.

Ntchito zamagetsi ndi zapanyumba

Mel imakhala mbali yofunikira pamapepala, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza. Kuphulika kwakukulu kwa calcium carbonate mu mawonekedwe a mpweya kumakhudza mawonekedwe ndi kusindikizidwa, zizindikiro, kuwonetsera kwa mankhwala. Chifukwa cha choko, kuchepa kwa mankhwalawa kumachepa. Thanthwe lomwe lili pansi lapansi limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga makoma oyera, kutchinga mitengo, kuteteza mitengo. Chalk imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi a beet, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani a masewera. Pazinthu izi, monga lamulo, chomwe chimatchedwa thanthwe lozunguliridwa ndi choyenera. Choko choterechi chimapezeka mankhwala ochokera ku mchere wa calcium. Pamodzi ndi miyala ina ya carbonate, chinthucho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika galasi monga chimodzi mwa zigawo zomwe zimaperekedwa. Chifukwa cha choko, kutentha kwake kwa mankhwalawa, mphamvu zake zamagetsi ndi kukhazikika pansi pa chikoka cha weathering ndi reagents akuwonjezeka. Mitundu imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga feteleza. Ndiponso, choko amawonjezeredwa kudyetsedwa ndi ziweto zaulimi.

Makampani opanga zamakono

Chalk ndiyo yoyamba pakati pa zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi ndizopindulitsa kwambiri. Chalk ili ndi mtengo wochepa. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kulumikiza kwake mu mankhwala a mphira sikumayambitsa mavuto. Chifukwa chachiwiri chodziwika ndi zipangizo zamakampani ndizochita zamagetsi. Chalk imachepetsa kwambiri njira yopangira mankhwala a mphira. Makamaka, chifukwa cha izo, chiwopsezo chikufulumira, pamwamba pa zinthu zimakhala zosalala. Dwala logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso kupanga siponji ndi mphira ya porous, mankhwala apulasitiki, leatherette ndi zina zotero.