Zachilengedwe kuchepa anthu a Russia: Zoyambitsa

Zachilengedwe kuchepa anthu - vuto, yemwe ali mmodzi wa ofunika kwambiri mu dziko. zinthu A ukapezeka chifukwa cha predominance amafa pa kubadwa.

Lingaliro la "masoka kuchepa anthu" ndi "kuchuluka kwa anthu"

Chonde ndi imfa - zomwe ndi chikoka zikuluzikulu zinthu zaziwerengero m'mayiko munthu kapena anthu ambiri. Onse Zizindikiro kachulukidwe. Mlingo kubadwa akuganizira chiwerengero cha ana obadwa pa nthawi anapatsidwa m'dera ina, masamu, kawirikawiri mu mawonekedwe a chinthu wamba - chiwerengero cha ana obadwa moyo pa anthu 1,000. Komanso, chonde akhoza anatsimikiza ndi zizindikiro amenewa:

• zaka mlingo chonde (nambala ya akhanda pa akazi 1,000 a zaka zofanana);
• mlingo okwana chonde (chiwerengero cha ana obadwa mu malo ena kwa zaka zina pa mkazi).

The amafa limanenedwa ngati chiŵerengero chiwerengero cha imfa chifukwa nthawi anapatsidwa ndi m'gawo zina kuti anthu. Amafa chotsikitsitsa kupita tsiku chili mu Qatar, Kuwait ndi United Arab Emirates, yaikulu - mu Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana ndi mayiko ena ndi muyezo wochepa wa amoyo, thanzi HIV.

chonde ndi imfa mitengo ndi zimakhudza mwachindunji pa mfundo zina zowerengera ku ntundu Mwachitsanzo, kuchepa zachilengedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. anthu Natural kuchepa (kapena koyefishienti zoipa kukula zachilengedwe) wolembedwa, ngati imfa kuposa chonde. Apo ayi, tinganene kuwonjezeka zachilengedwe, zomwe ndi maziko a kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Mndandanda wa mayiko ndi kuchepa anthu

Mwapamwamba zachilengedwe anthu kuchepa Ndi mmene mayiko ambiri a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Mndandanda wa mayiko depopulating (mawu alionse zachilengedwe sakuyendetsa zinthu zoopsa zaziwerengero) anali:

1. Bulgaria. Imfa ku Bulgaria nthawi pafupifupi imodzi ndi theka kuposa mlingo kubadwa kwa zaka zambiri.
2. Estonia. Gawo la imfa zachilengedwe anthu mu Estonia n'kofunika osati pa kusintha muyezo wa kubadwa ndi imfa, komanso outflow wa osamukawo, kuphatikizapo chinenero cha Chirasha.
3. Latvia. Pa kuchepa chibadwidwe Latvia, komanso ndi chidwi amadza kusamuka.
4. Ukraine. zandale, kuchepa miyezo ya moyo, nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi imfa ya m'madera - zonsezi, pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa mlingo kubadwa, zimayambitsa waukulu wa anthu zachilengedwe kuchepa Ukraine.
5. Belarus. Chiwerengero cha Belarus likunena kuchepekela kwa zaka zingapo zotsatizana.
6. Georgia. zinthu Chiwerengero anayamba kutha mofulumira ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union.
7. Lithuania. Monga mayiko ambiri Soviet, mu Lithuania zinthu anayamba kutha pambuyo ufulu.
8. Hungary. Kwa zaka zingapo, Hungary ali m'gulu mndandanda wa mayiko ndi chonde otsika.
9. Japan. mphamvu zoberekera kugwa pa Japan kuyambira makumi asanu ndi awiri a. Ndi nthawi kunena, ngati si tsokalo, ndiye zovuta zaziwerengero zinthu molondola.
10. Russia. mavuto Chiwerengero cha Russia tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mu chigawo zogwirizana pansipa.
11. Slovenia. Pakali pano, kubadwa twente wani sauzande chifukwa cha naintini zikwi akufa. Natural kuchuluka kwa abwino, koma mayendedwe a kukula kwa anthu osauka.
12. Moldova. Potsatira atchedwe palokha anthu Moldova anatsika ndi pafupifupi zikwi mazana atatu.
13. Armenia. Population kuchepa chikuoneka bwinobwino kuyambira 1995.
14. Bosnia. Mu boma pali khola anthu ukalamba.
15. Croatia. chiwerengero cha imfa kuposa chiwerengero cha ana obadwa, anthu zachilengedwe kuchepa yakula kwa zaka zingapo Croatia.

Map pansipa zimaonetsa limasonyeza mlingo wa kukula zachilengedwe anthu mu dziko.

Mphamvu za anthu Russia ndi chaka

Kalembera, amachitika 1897, yolembedwa anthu miliyoni 125 tikukhala mu Russian Ufumu. M'malire pano Akuluakulu a ku Russia pa nthawi anakhala miliyoni 67,5. Natural kuchepa anthu Russia kuyambira pamenepo mpaka 1994, pamene itapita mu kuchuluka kwa anthu unkachitika kamodzi kokha. Choncho, mu 1946, nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, chiwerengero cha anthu ali waponya kuchokera pafupifupi 111 miliyoni (mu 1941) miliyoni 97,5.

Mu tchati m'munsimu amalembedwa mphamvu kukula zachilengedwe ndi kubereka, imfa kuyambira 1950. Iwo Tingaone kuti anthu zachilengedwe imfa (nthawi kuti akali oipa zachilengedwe kukula, koma kuwonongeka mwina zinthu zaziwerengero) ndi kuchepa chonde anati mu zaka pambuyo nkhondo. Kenako zinthu zinasintha. Kenako pali kuwonongeka kwambiri za kugwa kwa Soviet Union. Ndiye, chifukwa zinthu akumane ndale ndi kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe la moyo, nthawi yomweyo anatsika chonde ndi kuchuluka imfa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu la Russia

Pakali pano, chiwerengero Russia ndi anthu miliyoni 146,8. Mu zaka zingapo zapitazi (kuyambira 2010) chiwerengero cha anthu a Russia ndi pang'onopang'ono koma ukuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Pankhaniyi, vuto zaziwerengero ambiri osauka.

Current zinthu zaziwerengero: mumaganiza chachikulu

Current mumaganiza zaziwerengero latsopano la Russia ndi:

• chotsikitsitsa mwa mayiko a ku Ulaya, moyo amayembekezeka kwa amuna (zaka 62.8);
• "Chiwerengero mafunde": otsika kwambiri chiwerengero cha anthu anabadwa mu makumi anai, makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi nineties;
• kutha kwa anthu zamakolo penapake kuchepetsa ndi kukula kusamuka;
• chiwerengero cha ana pa mkazi utachepa awiri (pa 1988 mlingo mulungu anali ana 2.2) kuti 1,24, pamene kukula khola anthu amafuna oposa awiri;
• mlingo kubadwa chinawonjezeka ndi zigawo ndi umayi kale oyambirira;
• kwambiri chepetse chiwerengero cha Russian mu zikuchokera osiyana mitundu, anthu zakwawoko m'malo mwa osamukawo;
• yafupika khalidwe la moyo, amene akukhala onse chifukwa ndi chotsatira cha zaziwerengero mavuto - m'mayiko ambiri ndi kuchepa achilengedwe a anthu akakumana ndi zinthu chowawa chuma ndi ndale, komanso mavuto ena.

zifukwa zazikulu kuchepa chibadwidwe anthu

Pali magulu angapo a zinthu zimene zimakhudza pakutchulidwa ya mavuto zaziwerengero Komabe, tchulani zinthu lalikulu ndi sizingatheke.

1. Demoekonomicheskie: onse kuchepa mitengo chonde ndi kuwonjezeka mu imfa, yomwe ndi mmene inati kwambiri pambuyo mafakitale.
2. Umoyo ndi zachuma: yafupika muyezo wa amoyo, osatetezeka, kusintha kwa sosholisimu kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma, kuopa kukhala ndi ana.
3. Sotsiomeditsinskie: a chipiku kuwonongeka kwa zaumoyo, misa uchidakwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuchuluka imfa.
4. Sotsioeticheskie: maganizo maganizo a anthu, mpweya wambiri wa chiwawa, kukwezeleza mimba, kugwa kwa banja, kufalikira kwa maganizo "childfree", kunyoza makhalidwe onse.

Kafukufuku wa zinthu zaziwerengero ku Russia

Mapa za mmene zinthu ziliri zaziwerengero pa mphindi si yabwino. Ngati tsopano si kulera mlingo kubadwa, ndi 2025 ziziyenda zinthu zidzakhala zofunikira mlingo wofanana ndi mlingo okwana chonde ana 3,41 pa mkazi.

Pa mumaganiza pano, tingayembekeze kuti anthu Russian adzakhala ndichepe kuti 80 miliyoni ndi 2080. Malinga ndi Zoneneratu sizikuyenda bwino izo zidzachitika ngakhale kale - mu 2060. Malinga ndi asayansi ambiri ndi andale, ndi nambala iyi kuti akhale pansi pa ulamuliro gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia sadzapambana malire lero.

njira kuti mavuto zaziwerengero

Akukhulupirira kuti njira yokhayo yotulukira vuto zaziwerengero ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa kwa banja ndi ana. Komabe, mu kuchita, amafuna kusintha chofunika kwambiri. Choncho, awonetsetse khola nkhani zandale ndiponso zachuma, kugwiritsa ŵakwenera misonkho ndipo crediting mabanja achinyamata, kulimbikitsa udindo wa banja, pakati pa magulu ena okhudzidwa ndi zina zambiri.