Woyamba kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera dziko

Nthawi zonse zabwino ndi chinthu choyamba. Ndipo dziko lathu, ali gawo la USSR, anali woyamba pa zochita zambiri. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi kumanga zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Zikuonekeratu kuti ambiri ankagwira kamangidwe kake ndi kumanga. Komabe, woyamba nyukiliya magetsi m'dziko inali mu gawo, imene tsopano mu Russia.

Background yatsoka zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya

Iwo anayamba ntchito mphamvu atomiki zolinga asilikali. Pamaso woyamba amagetsi nyukiliya dziko atamangidwa, ambiri ankakayikira kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya kupita ku moyo wamtendere.

Choyamba atomiki bomba analengedwa. Aliyense akudziwa zimene zinachitikira chisoni ntchito zake Japan. Ndiye pa malo zinachitikadi kuyesa bomba la atomiki, analengedwa ndi asayansi Soviet.

Patapita nthawi mu Soviet Union anayamba kutulutsa nyukiliyazo basi kupanga riyakitala. zinthu zonse chopezera mwaunyinji wa Polemeretsedwa ureniamu.

Inali pa nthawi iyi, mu chaka cha 1949, kukambirana yogwira mmene bungwe kampani imene mphamvu nyukiliya ntchito kupangira magetsi ndi kutentha.

chitukuko ongolankhula chilengedwe cha polojekiti anapatsidwa kwa Laboratory "B". Pa nthawi kuti ankapita ndi Di Blokhintsev. Council maphunziro motsogozedwa IV Kurchatov akufuna riyakitala nyukiliya, omwe anali kugwira ntchito pa Polemeretsedwa ureniamu. Monga retarder beryllium ntchito. Wozizilitsa zinachitikadi ntchito helium. Tiganizire zina zimene mungachite mathanki. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zolimba ndi wapakatikati neutrons. Komanso amatha njira zina yozizira.

M'chaka 1950 inaika lamulo la Mayiko a Atumiki. Zikutanthauza kuti chimene chili chofunika kumanga atatu riyakitala experimental:

• choyamba - ureniamu-graphite ndi madzi yozizira;
• chachiwiri - helium-graphite, amene anali kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya kuzirala;
• lachitatu - ureniamu-beryllium monga ozizira mpweya.

Chilengedwe cha ntchito luso anali allocated yotsala ya chaka. Ntchito makina amene zitatu izi zopangira woyamba nyukiliya magetsi m'dziko anali padziko 5,000 kW.

Kodi ndi yani zinalengedwa?

Kumene, kuti amange nyumba izi, kunali koyenera kusankha bwaloli. Kotero, dziko loyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu inamangidwa mu mzinda wa Obninsk.

Yomanga ntchito zinkakhala Research Institute "Khimmash". Pa nthawi kuti ankapita ndi N. Dollezhal. Ndi maphunziro ali sayansi-kum'manga, omwe anali kutali ndi sayansi ya nyukiliya. Koma nzeru zake kunandithandiza pa maofesi yomanga.

khama olowa ndi ntchito nayenso mabungwe ena, choyamba amagetsi nyukiliya dziko inamangidwa. Mlengi iye sanali yekha. Pali ambiri, chifukwa chakuti ntchito zikuluzikulu sangakwanitse kulenga yekha. Koma mapulogalamu ukulu wa Kurchatov, ndi womanga - Dollezhal.

Patsogolo ntchito yomanga ndi kuyamba-mmwamba maphunziro

Zikufanana ndi mmene kulenga koyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu nthandala padziko pano anayamba zasayansi. Iwo anali prototypes zomera mphamvu anayamba ntchito mu sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya.

M'chaka cha 50, chaka anayamba ntchito kukonzekera. Iwo inatenga chaka chimodzi. Chifukwa cha ntchito zonse kunapezeka kuti woyambirira mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera dziko. kusodza koyamba anali pafupifupi sichinasinthe.

kusintha zina zinalengedwa:

• ureniamu-beryllium riyakitala inamangidwa ndi coolant kutsogolera-bismuth;
• Helium-graphite riyakitala m'malo ndi madzi pressurized, amene anapanga maziko onse wotsatira nyukiliya magetsi ndi lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Zombo ndi sitima zankhondo.

Mu June 1951, panali lingaliro pa kakonzedwe ka woyendetsa chomera. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuti ureniamu-graphite riyakitala zipangizo zonse zofunikira anapulumutsidwa. Ndipo mu July, anayamba ntchito yomanga zomera madzi utakhazikika mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Choyamba kuyamba kupereka magetsi midzi

Yambani potsegula wa riyakitala pakati unachitikira mu May 1954. Ndicho 9 manambala. Madzulo tsiku lomwelo unyolo anachita anayamba mwa iye. Fission wa ureniamu zinachitika kuti anakhalabe paokha. Izi zinali otchedwa thupi chiyambi-mmwamba siteshoni.

Patapita mwezi ndi theka mphamvu za nyukiliya kuyamba izo zinapangidwa mwa June 1954. Zinali chakuti panali awiri kundipatsako kwa jenereta chopangira mphamvu. Yoyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu udachita June 26, pa hafu pasiti faifi madzulo. Ndi opareshoni kwa zaka 48. udindo wake ndi kupereka kutsogolera zikamera wa zomera mphamvu padziko lonse.

Tsiku lotsatira, ndi magetsi anapatsidwa mzinda wa woyamba nyukiliya magetsi m'dziko (1954) - Obninsk pafupi Moscow.

Kutsogolera zikamera wa zomera zina mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse

Iye anali ndi mphamvu zochepa, yokha 5 MW. Mmodzi riyakitala mlandu chokwanira kuti ntchito mphamvu zonse pa kupitiriza miyezi 3.

Ndipo ngakhale izi, Obninsk mphamvu chidwi cha anthu a m'dziko lonse lapansi. Mu mzinda woyamba nthumwi ambiri anapita nyukiliya zomera mphamvu mu dziko. Cholinga chawo chinali kuona chozizwitsa analengedwa ndi anthu Soviet. Pofuna kupeza magetsi, palibe kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe. Popanda malasha, mafuta kapena mafuta chopangira mphamvu jenereta mu kayendedwe ka actuator lapansi. Ndipo mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera amapereka magetsi kumzinda wina wa anthu a anthu 40 sauzande. Pa nthawi yomweyo unawononga yekha mafuta nyukiliya. kuchuluka wofanana tonnes 2 pa chaka.

Izi anakhala kutsogolera kwa yomanga okwelera ngati pafupifupi dziko lonse. mphamvu zawo zinali zoopsa. Koma pachiyambi anali pano - mu Obninsk, kumene atomu anali plodder, akuponya yunifolomu.

Pamene NPP wamaliza?

Woyamba nyukiliya magetsi mu Russia unatha mu 2002 pa April 29. Kuti izi zinali zachuma maziko. mphamvu sanali okwanira.

Pa deta yake ntchito, omwe anatsimikizira kuwerengetsera onse ongolankhula zimapezeka. Ife anakwaniritsa zonse luso ndi zomangamanga njira.

Zimenezi zinathandiza zaka 10 (1964) kuyamba Beloyarsk NPP. Komanso, mphamvu inali nthawi 50 woposa wa Obninsk.

Nanga ntchito ya nyukiliya?

Limodzi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya gulu lotsogoleredwa ndi Kurchatov pulani ya riyakitala nyukiliya kuti akhoza kuikidwa pa Chombo cha. ntchito imeneyi inali yofunika mofanana ndi ya magetsi, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi malasha.

USSR, monga, ndithudi, ndi Russia, kunali kofunika kuti azipeza nthawi yaikulu zokulitsa navigation m'nyanja, limene pogona kumpoto. Zombo nyukiliya kupereka chaka chonse navigation m'madera amenewa.

Zimenezi zakhala anayambitsa m'chaka 53-TH, ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kenako mu ulendo wake woyamba anatumizidwa nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa Chombo "Lenin". Nthawi zonse anatumikira mu Arctic kwa zaka 30.

N'kofunika anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya. Ndipo wakhala anapezerapo mu chaka 57th. Pa nthawi yomweyo, sitima zapamadzi uyu wakhala akugwira ndawala pansi ayezi wa North Pole ndi kubwerera ku maziko a. Dzina la sitima zapamadzi uyu anali "Leninsky Komsomol".

Zotsatira za mphamvu za nyukiliya pa chilengedwe

Funso ndi chidwi anthu ngakhale ndiye, pamene anali woyamba nyukiliya magetsi m'dziko inamangidwa Obninsk. Tsopano amadziwika kuti zingakhudzire chilengedwe ikuchitika mbali zitatu:

- matenthedwe mpweya;

- mpweya komanso nyukiliya;

- madzi nyukiliya zinyalala padziko chomera.

Ndi kutulutsidwa cheza kumachitika ngakhale pa ntchito za masiku onse fakitaleyo. Chotero kudya zonse zinthu nyukiliya mu chilengedwe akulamuliridwa ndi ogwira mbewu. Kenako anayala mu mpweya ndi nthaka, kulowa zomera ndi nyama ndi anthu.

Dziwani kuti osati mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi gwero la zinyalala cheza. Medicine, sayansi, malonda komanso ulimi zachititsanso ntchito yawo mundime wonse. zinyalala zonse amadalira m'njira yapadera kuti kungafooketse. Ndiyeno iwo ayenera kutayidwa.