Wamtali mkungudza. ndi m'nkhalango wamtali Kodi

M'dera la m'nkhalango kukula chombo - m'dera lolamuliridwa ndi nyengo nkhanza. nkhalango Pine m'madera anakakhala wa m'dera limeneli. mitengo Pine, m'nkhalango ya m'mapiri. Ambiri a iwo kukula mu wofatsa nyengo, Mwachitsanzo, mu Crimea.

Chifukwa kukula mu M'madera a zitunda kumpoto ozizira nyengo, paini - conifer - ali ndi matabwa wapadera ndi katundu labwino ndi makina. Mtundu wa zipangizo otchuka nyumbayi.

kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe

Sitima paini wa mtundu wa masamba obiriwira conifers. Iwo ali yopapatiza masingano zofewa kapena singano. singano ndi pamodzi mitolo ya yaing'ono (2-5 zidutswa), malekezero unizyvayuschie a mphukira yochepa. The cones okhwima kuti linakula kutalika 3-10 masentimita, kubisala mbewu oreshkovidnye kuti pafupifupi anthu onse operekedwa ndi mapiko.

mitengo Photophilic okhala kwambiri ndi mizu yolimba ambiri anapanga homogeneous munda - mitengo ya paini. Chifukwa malo amakonda youma khwatsi mchenga, wopanda humus chonde, peat nthaka ndi sphagnum bogs.

Kwambiri ductility a dongosolo muzu, tima chitukuko cha mizu, luso kumvetsa malo zofunika kwambiri pa strata nthaka ndi kudutsa mu zigawo zake zozama, komanso luso osilivat malo atsopano ndi katundu zoipa chifukwa kusinthasintha kwa nthaka zosiyanasiyana.

Zochita za mtengo

Wood za zomera ndi wamtali mitengo ikuluikulu molunjika yodziwika ndi makamaka mphamvu, kuuma ndi utomoni wonunkhira. Ichi ndi nkhuni wangwiro shipbuilding. Ndi kuchokera apa panali dzina "wamtali m'nkhalango" - mitengo ndi katundu kumatanthauza. m'madera A nkhalango kumene paini kukula makamaka wotchedwa "minda ngalawa" kapena "mlongoti nkhalango". Zombo anamanga ku mitengo, amatchedwa "akuyandama paini mtengo."

Kutalika kwa mitengo, kufika circumference wa theka mita, nthawi zambiri anasankhidwa mamita 70. Padziko, thunthu wochepa pafupifupi kwathunthu mfundo kwina. Chinawonjezeka mtengo wa matabwa a zomera kwagona kuti pali pafupifupi palibe zolakwika, izo zimakhala ngati wokongola zachilengedwe chithunzi, ndi inivoyisi pachiyambi.

Mtundu phale la mtengo zosiyanasiyana. Kwakukulukulu zimadalira zinthu, zomwe kukula m'nkhalango wamtali, chithunzi cha amene nthawi zonse chidwi. mtundu yochitidwa-chikasu, utoto ndi mithunzi bulauni. Nkhani ya mkulu khalidwe ndi zotsatira kukongoletsa.

nkhuni Pine ali osalimba mkulu. Ndi nthawi 1.5 kuposa paini wamba. izo ndi sangakhale ndi vuto warpage, kusambira kwambiri. Makungwa kugwetsa zomera mosavuta zinaphatikizidwa pa mitsinje, olimbika nayonso.

Utomoni wonunkhira zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa chombo paini lalikulu zedi anachokera therefrom kuteteza zipangizo (mitengo, kuidula, matabwa, etc.) wa lawola majeremusi nsomba ndi bowa. Facilities ndi zambiri cholimba kuposa mitundu ina mtengo.

Mitundu ya paini ngalawa

Shipbuilding zoyenera mitundu itatu ya mitengo ya paini: wachikasu, wofiira (Rudow) ndi woyera (myandovye). M'nkhalango chikasu, kupita mamita 50-70 mmwamba, opepuka, cholimba, wamphamvu ndi zotanuka nkhuni. Kuyambira mlongoti ichi zinthu amapangidwa.

Red paini, protracted expanses wa kumpoto Russian gulu, midzi yake youma ndi zitunda, ntchito kupanga nkhuni pomangira ntchito mapulani mkati mwa ngalawa. Kuyambira izo zimapangitsa kuvala. Iwo upholster mkati mwa mbali, bilge chipinda, kuti mapanelo kanyumba ndi zina zotero.

White paini matabwa m'malo m'madambo mtunda ndi ndi madzi, ntchito pa mapepala nthawi. Agwiritsidwa komwe palibe kutsatira mphamvu yapadera ndi mpanda wolimba. Zipangizo matabwa abwino msonkhano wa katawala osakhalitsa, zidindo, coasters, ndi zinthu zina. Kudziwa mtundu wa chithunzi thunzi paini mtengo ndi chodziwikiratu kuthandiza. Chifukwa chaichi, tiyenera nkhuni anaona kudula.

Ntchito shipbuilding

Shipbuilders m'njira yapadera ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a makungwa a. Ziwiya zinamangidwa mogwirizana ndi chizindikiro zachilengedwe. mfundo zofunika zinali za mbiya ya zinayang'ana kumpoto. N'zotheka kupeza olimba ndi cholimba zigawo zikuluzikulu. Pajatu mtengo kumbali yakumpoto amalandira osachepera kutentha ndi dzuwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhuni wachotsedwa kumpoto, grained, ali osalimba apamwamba.

Kwambiri kutsegula nkhuni ulusi anapatsa mosatsata nthambi ya m'munsi ya paini ndi. Tree kutalika osalala, opanda cholakwa mbiya, amalola kupeza zipika za keels ndi gulu yaitali ndi yosalala pamwamba.

Amalinyero wa Nthawi makedzana ntchito osati yomanga chomera matabwa zoyendera madzi, komanso utomoni lapansi. Iwo kuchiviika matanga ndi zingwe, zigamba mipata zombo zosiyanasiyana. Choncho analandira olimba zombo cholimba tooling. Kuchokera wamtali, wochepa m'nkhalango wamphamvu anamanga ziwiya zombo za ufumu Russian.

mitengo mlongoti

Mwapamwamba m'nkhalango wamtali ndi mitengo ikuluikulu amphamvu molunjika abwino kupanga masts ngalawa. Iwo amazipanga mwakhama ndi utomoni wonunkhira nkhuni chachikulu kwambiri m'chigawo chapakati cha thunthu pamene mtengo uli phata.

The zigawo akunja pakati sapwood mumtundu. Pa maziko chachikulu mtundu kuposa sapwood lapansi. Mithunzi phata kudetsa zimadalira zikhalidwe za mitengo kukula.

Chitetezo cha nkhalango mlongoti

Ndi Nkhalango chombo amaika zofuna kwambiri pa nthawi ya Peter I. Iwo mwakula malinga ndi malamulo, akuchita chisamaliro mwakhama. Ndipotu chinangwa ndi osachepera 12 mainchesi (48-54 cm) ayenera paini ili. Photos mtengo kukula wangwiro zikusonyeza ukulu wake.

Kukula kwa m'nkhalango pa mtengo wolakalakika kumafunika nthawi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pamene ine Peter anatengera maweruzo loletsa yodula paini oyenera shipbuilding. Zomera Otetezedwa ananyamula mitengo 12 Vershkova. Pakuti kuphwanya dongosolo woyikidwa ndalama yaikulu. Pakuti aliyense mozemba mitengo odulidwa anali kupereka rubles 10 chabwino (pamene n'kumamujompha mwendo ndalama rye zochepa monga 15-20 masenti).

Ndiponso nkhalango paini zimachitika ku nkhalango wotetezedwa, Peter ndinasankha kuti mlongoti paini tsamba. Iye anazindikira kuti m'nkhalango wamtali ndi mitengo kukula kwa zaka zambiri. Free kudula mitengo anaopseza chiwonongeko mofulumira. Kuteteza paini nkhalango ku chiwonongeko, mfumu anakhazikitsa boma ulamuliro pa ntchito yake.