Ukoma ndi chiyani? Ukoma ndi wachiwiri

Ngati ngwazi ya zojambula wotchuka: "Ngati ndinu wabwino - ndizabwino, ndipo pamene M'malo mwake - ziri zoyipa," Ndi kubadwa kwa munthu aliyense wamoyo anthu achita zochitika zina, ndipo afika iwo ndi ziwerengero chogwirizana. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi kukhala ntchito makamaka wabwino ndi wolungama wa munthu, amene amachita zabwino kapena wokhala izo. ukoma ndi chiyani, chimene iwo ali ndi mmene angathandizire okha kupeza makhalidwe amenewa? Tiyeni tifufuze.

mfundo zofunika

Ukoma ndi wachiwiri - chifukwa ambiri a matanthauzo amenewa si bwino kwathunthu, chifukwa ntchito wamba tsiku la mawu amenewa kawirikawiri. Kumene, mwana aliyense amadziwa zabwino ndi zoipa. Komabe, mosiyana ndi mfundo, analandira anthu, mwambo ndi khalidwe labwino, ukoma - izo m'pofunika mkati kuchita zabwino, chifukwa "ngati kuli kofunika", koma chifukwa mukatero sindingakhoze. N'zothekanso kuzindikira makhalidwe komanso ena makhalidwe abwino amene amuthandize kupeza malo ake pakati pa anthu. Chotero, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kukhala:

• ulemu;
• waubwenzi;
• luso chisoni ndi chisoni;
• udindo;
• mwachilungamo;
• Mwachangu ndi zina zotero.

Malonjezo kum'mawa - mbali pepala ukoma, kapena m'malo zosiyana ake. kanthu kutsogolera kuvulaza nokha kapena dziko owazungulira, tinganene kuti mwankhanza. Choncho, chilemacho akhoza anazindikira ndi makhalidwe yoipa:

• ulesi,
• dyera;
• wodzimva;
• mendacity;
• kaduka ndi ena.

Analysis ndi kafukufuku makhalidwe aumunthu ndi makhalidwe abwino nthawi zonse chidwi maganizo a anthu ophunzira kwambiri, akale komanso ano. Omwe gulu makhalidwe anali osiyana ndi akatswiri achipembedzo ziphunzitso.

Kale

Agiriki akale anaona kuti njira chilungamo lolemera ndithu. Ukoma sanapatsidwe pobadwa, msewu kuti n'zovuta ndipo amafuna khama. Kuchokera pa nzeru wakale Greek kusiyanitsa anthu a mitundu yake:

• kuwunikidwa;
• nzeru;
• mtima;
• chilungamo.

Kutsogolera mbali iyi Velikiy Sokrat anapereka nzeru, ndi gwero la lingaliro lililonse maganizo. Koma wophunzira ake, osachepera nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri Plato ankakhulupirira kuti aliyense wa makhalidwe abwino zochokera chuma payekha wa moyo: nzeru mumtima, ndi kulimba mtima wotani chifuniro. Komabe, iye ananenanso kuti aliyense munda kwambiri khalidwe la ena ukoma yeniyeni - kotero sayembekezera kulimba mtima kapena nzeru za mmisiri, ndi kuwunikidwa - kuchokera ankhondo kapena olamulira.

Kukangana kuti makhalidwe abwino sangathe kukumbukira Aristotle analekanitsa zomwenso anthu ku mphamvu ya chifuniro cha (koyenela) ndi malingaliro (dianoeticheskuyu). Iye anakhulupirira kuti chibadwidwe, zopanda chilungamo mbali ya munthu aliyense angamvere maganizo (zomveka) gawo lake. Ukoma Motero chimatanthauza luso kuzungulira "pakati pansi", ndi kupatuka pa njira imodzi kapena chilema china losadziwika. Kuti ndi muyeso wa mtundu uwu pakati pa kusowa kapena owonjezera chilichonse.

O Kubadwa Kwatsopano kwambiri

Mu Middle Ages, pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano umunthu, ukoma - Virtus - ankaona gulu lalikulu kumene kumatsimikizira umunthu abwino. Uomo katswiri - linali dzina la munthu titatenga ilo. Mfundo imeneyi chimakwirira lonse osiyanasiyana malamulo abwino, kupeza mitundu yambiri ya mitundu pa nthawi.

Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi maganizo akuti makhalidwe amenewa zochokera chakudya cha makhalidwe akale ndi kuchizidwa ndi lomveka kudziletsa zosowa zauzimu ndiponso zakuthupi. Pa ena, fanizo la munthu wangwiro - uomo katswiri - pang'ono anasintha ndi nzeru zatsopano za inseparability thupi ndi moyo, dziko lapansi ndi zinthu zauzimu. Choncho, abwino ankaona munthu osati wololera, komanso yogwira, chifukwa ntchito yoyamba ya munthu - zonse kudziletsa chitukuko, kufunafuna nzeru ndi ntchito zothandiza.

The "latsopano" nthawi

M'kupita kwa nthawi, m'mbali kuti makhalidwe abwino anapeza mitundu yatsopano. Imodzi mwa oimira otsogolera nzeru za "latsopano" nthawi - Spinoza - ankaona ubwino ukoma kuti munthu akhoza kubweretsa dziko lakunja. Koma malinga Kant, ukoma - kukhala ndi maganizo kulimba kutsatira ntchito yake, konse Komabe, kukhala chizolowezi, koma nthawi iliyonse amafuna kusankha kungosangalala.

Odziwika bwino ndale womenyera ufulu, wolemba ndi nthumwi Benjamin Franklin mu autobiography wake Powafotokozera mfundo ya "makhalidwe Satini" kuti akhale chibadidwe munthu wopambana:

• Amachepetsa;
• kudzichepetsa;
• chilungamo;
• kuwunikidwa;
• mogulitsa;
• ntchito molimbika;
• dongosolo;
• chete;
• mtima;
• kudzipereka;
• kudziletsa;
• ukhondo;
• wodzisunga.

Mokulira mndandanda angathe nthawi zambiri Mwachitsanzo, Germany pedantic chimatanthauza nambala yake wokulirapo wa mfundo.

makhalidwe Prussian

mndandanda wa bwino makhalidwe anthu anachokera ku nthawi ya Choonadi cha Lutheran. Mfundo za makhalidwe German nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Fridriha Vilgelma Ine, Prussia analimbitsa zinthu mkati m'zaka XVIII. Adakali chinsinsi chake wakhala allocated akonzedwa Komabe, misa kuwatsatira kwathandiza chogwirika ndipo anasiya ndithu zotsalira yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Prussia. Nawa woona makhalidwe a anthu, monga Fridriha Vilgelma I:

• mogulitsa;
• chikondi dongosolo;
• kudzipereka;
• wokhulupirika;
• kumvera;
• kupembedza;
• kudziletsa;
• changu;
• kudzichepetsa;
• mwachilungamo;
• kukhulupirika;
• kulimba;
• owongoka;
• Chifukwa cha chilungamo;
• mwambo;
• subordination;
• kudalirika;
• kudzipereka;
• mtima;
• mtima;
• chosunga;
• lingaliro la udindo.

mmene Mkristu

Kukambirana maganizo pa makhalidwe abwino a umunthu sangakhoze kulephera kukhudza chinthu monga makhalidwe achikhristu. Izi kwambiri kapena zochepa lingaliro ambiri akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:

• kadinala - monga mfundo 4 amene anabwera kwa ife ku zikhulupiriro zakale;
• zamulungu - chiphunzitso chimene wabweretsa mu miyoyo yathu, Chikhristu;

Motero, tili ndi mndandanda wa wotere:

• mtima;
• kuwunikidwa;
• luntha;
• chilungamo;
• ndikuyembekeza;
• chikondi;
• chikhulupiriro.

Patapita nthawi, mndandanda lasintha kwambiri ndipo anakhazikitsa watsopano, kuimira makhalidwe zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsutsana ndi Western Chikhristu asanu machimo wakupha :

• kuleza mtima;
• chifatso;
• ulere;
• kudzisunga;
• changu;
• kuwunikidwa;
• chikondi.

chitsutso mkati

Kumene, aliyense amadziwa wotani kanthu adzakhala abwino ndi oipa ali, koma ukoma ndi wachiwiri ndi nkhondo mkati aife. Vuto la kusankha makhalidwe anali nthawi zonse chibadidwe munthu. "Ine ndikudziwa wolungama, koma kusankha okoma" - mfundo ya moyo ndi othandizanso. Ndipotu, inu mukuona, kumvetsa ukoma mawu, tanthauzo lake sikutanthauza khalidwe lolingana.

Kwa nthawi yaitali imeneyi kunaoneka ngati chododometsa a. Ndipo kwenikweni - nawatsimikizira kumvetsetsa mmene angakhalire ndi moyo wa chosalungama, podziwa kuti osathandiza, n'zovuta. N'chifukwa chake chidziwitso cha Kale, si ntchito kumapeto, ndi suona. Malinga Aristotle ndi Socrates, ngati munthu amadziwa, ndi kuchita zoipa zikutanthauza kuti zake osati zochokera chidziwitso, koma m'maganizo. Pankhaniyi, munthu wakuti kukwaniritsa zimenezi, anatsimikizira mu mchitidwe.

Pa chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso Mkhristu, maganizo oipa ndiponso zochita za munthu kulankhula za kuchimwa kwa thupi lake, ndipo ndiye muyenera kwathunthu kusiya dziko zothandiza ndi rationality, kukana thupi la uchimo, amene kumathandiza kukwaniritsa mogwirizana weniweni wauzimu.

Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma kaya ubwino kapena chilungamo ngati zomveka bwino, iwo anapeza mwa munthu mu ndondomeko ya kumvetsetsa duality cha chikhalidwe chake ndi kuthetsa mkangano mkati.

Kodi kupanga inu zabwino

Chibadwire imfa, munthu amakhala m'dziko la mtundu wawo. Khalidwe la anthu ena, kuphunzira malamulo anadutsa pakati pa anthu, iye akufotokozera chitsanzo cha khalidwe. Kulandira chivomerezo kapena kutsutsa zochita zawo pa mbali ya anthu ena, munthu akumanga yekha mtundu wa sikelo ya makhalidwe, kutsatira zomwe amaona yoyenera kwambiri.

Kuzindikila n'kofunika kwambiri anthu ena tinganene kuti lofunika kwambiri panjira chidziwitso ukoma. Kukhala m'dziko, sikutheka kuti asamangodalira zofuna zawo ndi zikhulupiriro. Only kuzindikira za mtengo wa anthu okhala pafupi, ndi ziyenera amaona khalidwe lawo abwino, kuphunzira mosalekeza zingachititse munthu ayenera kutengera.

Monga kale kuyang'ana makhalidwe asanu

Kuyambira kale, Osema ndi ojambula zithunzi zili masomphenya ake a makhalidwe oipa ndiponso makhalidwe abwino zosiyanasiyana zithunzi. Nthawi zambiri zinali chithunzi cha atsikana okongola wobvala miyinjiro, ali nawo zosiyanasiyana zikhumbo.
makhalidwe achikhristu, akanakhoza kuyang'ana ngati izi:

• Vera - mtsikana diresi loyera atanyamula mtanda, zomwe zinasonyeza imfa ya Khristu kapena mbale krustalo. Angagwiritsidwenso ankaimira ndi chishango kapena nyali mu dzanja lake.
• China ukoma - Chikondi - poyamba amawoneka ngati mwanawankhosa wa nsembe kapena vuwo, mu kupenta ovomerezeka amaoneka ngati mkazi ndi ana ambiri kapena caress ndi mtima akupsya dzanja. Umakopa kwambiri chithu china - mtsikana mbewu dzanja wofesa, ndi kukumbatirana wina.
• Chiyembekezo - mtsikana mikanjo wobiriwira, yoweramitsidwa mu pemphero, nthawi zina ndi mapiko kapena nangula. Mu buku lina, amayesetsa dzuwa mu pemphero, ndipo ali pambali Phoenix wake woyaka moto.
• Kulimba mtima, nzeru, kudziletsa, ndi chilungamo komanso otchulidwa maonekedwe a mkaziyo.

Chabwino n'chiti, komwe wofuna?

N'zosadabwitsa, kufotokoza maganizo a ukoma ndi kupereka njira kwa kupeza wake, kapena mmodzi wa nzeru ena chachikulu cha kale modernity ndipo sanathe molondola kudziwa zimene ndi ukoma apamwamba. Socrates komanso Plato, mwachitsanzo, ankakhulupirira kuti ndi nzeru (chidziwitso), Aristotle - kudziletsa, Confucius - wokhulupirika ndi kulemekeza akulu. The kuphunzitsa kwa Mkristu ukoma apamwamba cikondi (makamaka milungu). Mwina, aliyense akhoza kudzisankhira mtundu wanji wa iwo onani kuposa ena, chifukwa n'zosatheka kukwaniritsa ungwiro mbali zonse.