Ufumu wa Spain: mbiri, mbiri ndi mbendera

Ufumu wa Chisipanishi panthaŵi yake ya mphamvu unali umodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zinakhalakopo padziko lapansi. Chilengedwe chake chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi nyengo ya Great Geographical Discoveries, pamene idakhala mphamvu yamakoloni. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, mbendera ya Ufumu wa Spain inayamba m'madera ambiri ku Ulaya, komanso ku Asia, Africa, America ndi Oceania.

Kutuluka kwa boma

Akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti dziko la Spain linayamba kukhalapo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene mgwirizano wa Castilian-Aragonese unasindikizidwa mu 1479, chifukwa Isabella I Wakatolika ndi Ferdinand Wachiwiri anayamba kulamulira mayiko ogwirizana. Ndizodabwitsa kuti, monga okwatirana, mafumu ankalamulira gawo lililonse monga momwe iwo amafunira, koma chifukwa cha malamulo akunja, ndiye maganizo a olamulirawo ankagwirizana nthawi zonse.

Mu 1492, asilikali a ku Spain adagonjetsa Granada, zomwe zinathetsa Reconquista - nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wa Akhrisitu otsutsa Asilamu. Tsopano, pamene Iberian Peninsula inagonjetsedwa, gawo lawo linakhala gawo la ufumu wa Castilian. M'chaka chomwecho, Christopher Columbus adayamba ulendo wake woyamba wofufuza, womwe unali kumadzulo. Anatha kuwoloka Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi kutsegula Europe kupita ku America. Kumeneko anayamba kupanga mayiko oyambirira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Komanso kulimbikitsa

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi Isabella wa Katolika ndi mwamuna wake Ferdinand II, mdzukulu wake Carl V Habsburg adakwera pampando wachifumu. Ndiyenera kunena kuti sanali wa Spaniard, koma unali ulamuliro wake umene umagwirizanitsidwa ndi zaka zagolide za ufumuwo.

Charles V atagwirizanitsa mayina awiri - mfumu ya Spain ndi Mfumu ya Roma Woyera, mphamvu zake zinawonjezeka nthawi zina, monga momwe anabadwira Flanche-Comte, Netherlands ndi Austria pamodzi ndi korona. Kuwuka kwa Comanderos ku Castile kunali kuyesa kwenikweni kwa iye, koma anapirira nayo. Kupanduka kumeneku kunathetsedwa, ndipo Charles V anayamba kulamulira ufumu waukulu ku Ulaya, womwe sunali wofanana kufikira Napoleon Bonaparte ataonekera pa dziko lapansi.

Mfundo ya Charles V

Kwa zaka 200, Ufumu wa Spain unkalamulidwa ndi mafumu a Habsburg. Mtundu uwu mwina unali wolemera kwambiri, chifukwa unali ndi ndalama zambiri zasiliva ndi golidi, komanso unakhala pampando wachifumu waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, womwe unaphatikizapo osati Spain yekha ndi madera ake, koma pafupifupi mayiko onse a ku Ulaya.

Monga tanenera kale, dzikoli linakula panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Habsburgs. Iwo sanali okhwima ndipo iwo anali okonda owolowa manja pankhani ya chikhalidwe. Komabe, mu ndale, chirichonse sichinali chofewa. Ngakhale pansi pa Charles V, Ufumu wa Spain unakumana ndi vuto lalikulu: mphamvu yaikulu siinagwirizane, chifukwa maiko ambiri ankafuna kudzilamulira okha. Pankhaniyi, mfumuyo inkafunika kumenya nkhondo zambiri kuphatikizapo anthu ake, kuphatikizapo kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Ngakhale kuti ufumu wa Spain unali waukulu kwambiri, Charles V anali wovuta kukana France ndi Italy. Nkhondo ndi mayiko awa anali ataliatali, koma sanabweretse ku chigonjetso cha mbali iliyonse.

Bungwe la Philip II

Imfa ya Charles V, mdzukulu wake adalandira mpando wachifumu. Filipo Wachiwiri, mosiyana ndi agogo ake aamuna, anakhala nthawi yambiri kunyumba yachifumu ya Escheral. Mfumuyi kuyambira ali mwana adalandira maphunziro abwino panthawiyo, anali wodzipereka kwambiri ndipo anathandizira Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo m'zinthu zonse. Pansi pake, kusagwirizana kwachipembedzo kunafika pamtendere wake: osati Akatolika okha, komanso Apulotesitanti anazunza achikunja ku Ulaya konse.

Pansi pa Philip II Spain anafika pachimake. Monga adatsogola, adamenyana ndi adani akunja. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1571, pansi pa Lepanto, sitima zake zinagonjetsa gulu la Turkey, motero anaziletsa njira yopitira patsogolo ku Ulaya.

Nkhondo ya Anglo-Spain

Mu 1588 pafupi ndi gombe la England chomwe chimatchedwa Great Armada cha Philip II chinagonjetsedwa kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, mu 1654, maulamuliro awiriwa adzamenyanso nkhondo panyanja. Chowonadi n'chakuti English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell anali ndi chikhulupiriro kuti nthawi yafika pamene angathe kuonjezera kukhalapo kwa chikhalidwe chake ku West Indies. Makamaka, iye ankafuna kulanda chilumba cha Jamaica, chomwe panthawiyo chinali kale ndi Ufumu wa Spain.

Nkhondo ndi England ku malowa anachitidwa mosiyana, koma zinayenera kuperekedwa. Mu 1657-1658 a ku Spain adayesanso kupambana Jamaica, koma sadapambane. Pogwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma la Britain, Port Royal inasanduka pirate, kumene anaukira sitima za ku Spain.

Mavuto mu chuma

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mayiko oyambirira kunja kwa dziko anali opanda phindu ndipo anabweretsa zokhumudwitsa zokha. Inde, panali nthawi zina zomwe zinakhudza malonda, koma sizinali zokwanira. Chilichonse chinayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono, pamene m'zaka za m'ma 1520 ndinayamba kupeza ndalama zasiliva pazinthu zatsopano zomwe zinapezeka ku Guanajuato. Koma gwero lenileni la chuma ndilo zida zachitsulo, zomwe zimapezeka ku Zacatecas ndi Potosi mu 1546.

M'zaka za m'ma 1800, Ufumu wa Spain unatumiza golidi ndi siliva kuchokera kumalo ake kupita ku ndalama zokwana madola triliyoni imodzi (madola 1990). Pamapeto pake, chiwerengero cha zitsulo zamtengo wapatali chinayamba kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa zopangidwe, zomwe mosakayikira zinayambitsa kupuma. Kulemera kwachuma komwe kunayambira zaka khumi zapitazi za m'ma 1600 kunakula kwambiri kumayambiriro kwazotsatira. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kuthamangitsidwa kwa a Morisco ndi Ayuda, omwe oimira kuyambira nthawi zakale ankagwira ntchito yopanga manja ndi malonda.

Kuwonongeka kwa Ufumu wa Spain

Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha dziko lino lalikulu kunayamba kale pambuyo pa imfa ya Philip II. Olowa m'malo ake anali olamulira oipa, ndipo ku Spain pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutaya malo ake pa kontinenti, ndiyeno kumayiko akutali.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, chiwerengero cha ndondomeko yachikunja ndi yotsutsana ndi chikoloni chinafika pamtendere wake, chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Spain ndi America, kumene dziko la United States linapambana. Ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ku Spain unagonjetsedwa ndipo anakakamizidwa kuchotsa gawo lawo: Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico ndi Guam. Pofika m'chaka cha 1899, analibe dziko lililonse ku America kapena Asia. Zisumbu zomwe zatsala m'nyanja ya Pacific adagulitsa ku Germany, kusunga malo a Africa okha.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, dziko la Spain linasiya kumanga nyumba zomwe zidakalipo, koma zidapitilizabe kugwiritsira ntchito malo akuluakulu a kakale omwe antchito a ku Nigeria ankagwira ntchito. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1968, akuluakulu a boma, atakakamizidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations ndi a dziko lawo, anakakamizika kulengeza ufulu wa Equatorial Guinea .

The Heritage

Ufumu wa ku Spain, umene mbiri yake ili ndi zaka mazana asanu, sichimangotengera chitukuko cha Western Europe. Ogonjetsa anagwira chikhulupiriro cha Roma Katolika ndi chinenero cha Chisipanishi ndi iwo ku America, Africa ndi East Indies. Nthawi yayitali ya chigawo cha chigawo chakhala ikuthandizira kusanganikirana kwa anthu: Latin America, Europe ndi Indian.

Palimodzi ndi Chipwitikizi, Ufumu wa Spain unakhala kholo la malonda a mayiko ena, kutsegula njira zatsopano zamalonda zamayiko akunja. Ndalama yake idakhala ndalama yoyamba yapadziko lapansi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi dollar ya America. Chifukwa cha malonda a Old World ndi New, panali kusinthanitsa chiwerengero cha zinyama zambiri ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe, nkhosa, mahatchi, nkhumba ndi abulu, komanso balere, tirigu, maapulo, ndi zina zotero, zinabweretsedwa ku America. Anthu a ku Ulaya anayamba kuyesa mbatata, tomato, chimanga, chili, fodya. Zotsatira za kusinthanitsa koteroko zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri pazochita zaulimi za America, Europe ndi Asia.

Sitiyenera kuiwala za chikhalidwe. Icho chikuwoneka mu chirichonse: mu nyimbo, luso, zomangamanga komanso polemba malamulo. Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana kwa nthawi yaitali kunachititsa kusakanizirana kwa miyambo yawo, yomwe inadutsa m'njira yachilendo ndikupeza mawonekedwe awo apadera, omwe lero akuwonekera m'madera omwe kale anali amwenye.