TV, mphatso zabwino, chakudya cha ganizo ... Buku - ndi chiyani ichi?

Aliyense wa ife akudziwa chimene bukhu. Kagulu koma mtengo chinthu mtima, kutsegula dziko latsopano. chikondi Special akukumana connoisseurs woona mabuku, buku okonda amene sangathe kukhala tsiku popanda kuwerenga. M'dziko pali gulu lonse za ntchito zolembalemba. Iwo amasiyana zingapo zochititsa, koma amakhala limodzi uthenga - lipoti mudziwe kuti owerenga. Timayesa kuyankha funso: "? Buku - ichi ndi chiyani".

kutengerapo mudziwe

Mbiri ya buku wanyanya ku m'ma zapitazi. Ndi kokha tsopano ife ntchito adamuwona mu chivundikiro okongola ndi chivundikiro zovuta, amene amalola kusunga khalidwe kwa zaka zambiri. Kupanga mbali ya chilengedwe cha buku monga fano zithunzi pa wogula adzakhala samalabadira zosakwana zili.

Koma kuyang'ana mmbuyo, tikhoza kunena kuti kumvetsetsa yosavuta buku - ndi kufala kwa mudziwe, uthenga wopita kwa munthu wina. Choncho - chilakolako cha anthu wosazindikira kusamutsa akudziŵa kuti mibadwo ya m'tsogolo. Ndiye iwo amayenera kuchita panalibe njira. Komabe nthumwi za chitukuko akale anapeza njira yopulumukira.

Kodi anali woyamba?

Ngati ife tiwerenge mau-mapangidwe, ndi chinenero Proto-Asilavo "buku" - ali apangidwe, mapepala stapled, mipukutu m'malo. mfundo dongosolo kujambula wakhala mbali ya knigorazvitiya. Kuti kusunga makolo athu anatulukira njira ya mawu othandiza. Woyamba anakhala mapale, ndipo pambuyo Inde anapita mapepala zitsulo khungwa.

Mbale anali wolimba yosungirako sing'anga. Clay ndi phula, Amachitanso m'gulu ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ntchito. Motero, vuto loyamba, mbale anafunika kuwotcha logwirana mawu omwe si nkhani kusintha. Pamene ntchito phula lolembedwa akhoza zidzachotsedwa. Mu Roma ntchito matabwa, yomatidwa ndi mzake. Amatchedwa Code, iwo anapanga zinachitika wamakono wa bukhu.

Development wa akamagwiritsa buku

Amadziwika kuti ku Iguputo ntchito gumbwa, zimene ankaona kholo la bwino kwa ife masiku ano pepala. mapepala ake anali olumikizidwa m'mabuku - akamagwiritsa oyambirira a mabuku amene, pamodzi ndi khungwa, ankagwiritsa ntchito. Mu Middle Ages anagawanika dzanja olembedwa mabuku (mipukutu). Zinalengedwa zokambirana zapadera, ndi amene anali ndi cholembedwa wokongola, kupangidwa ndi udindo wa mlembi. The inks kusindikiza ntchito ndi bango zolembera. Kenako mitundu, amalola kujambula zolembedwa wakhala ntchito.

Woodcuts (mu kalembedwe ano, izi Chinsinsi ntchito angapo) choyamba anaonekera mu XIV atumwi. Wood unadulidwa bokosi, amene choviikidwa mu inki ndi kusindikizidwa pa makope ochepa. Mu nthawi yathu, ngati ndondomeko ndi kumakhala kosavuta kukopela.

buku malo mu chitukuko cha mabuku

Maonekedwe a Russian Mabuku Old kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha statehood mu Russia m'zaka IX. Mu nthawi Chikristu chisanayambe kulemba kale. Ndi nthawi iyi monga chilengedwe cha zilembo Chigilagoliti, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale a zilembo, mwamwambo amatchedwa zilembo za Chisililiki. Chikhazikitso cha Chikhristu zinali zodzaza ndi mwambo wa chikhalidwe buku. Imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba zolembalemba anali "ulaliki Chilamulo ndi Chisomo," lolembedwa ndi Metropolitan Hilarion m'zaka XI. Kenako pali "The nthano ya makedzana zaka" ndi "Malangizo" Vladimir Monomakh. Otsatidwa ndi "The Lay a Igor", "nthano za kuwonongedwa kwa ryazan".

Ndi chitukuko cha mabuku m'zaka za m'ma lotsatira Russian buku apeze zofunika yotakata anthu. Kuwala kuchoka zapamwamba: Pushkina (ankaona bambo a kholo mabuku), University, Tolstoho, Turgeneva ndi ena ambiri olemba otchuka. Gold, Silver Age kusamutsa maufulu awo, kuti m'badwo wamakono - umaonekera ndi kuwonjezeka kuposa yosindikiza ndi Kubwera kwa ambiri olemba a madera osiyana.

chidwi ziperekedwe mabuku Russian m'nthawi ya Soviet Union. Izo zinali zodzaza ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa dziko. Anthu ambiri amene analemba kuumirizidwa ku ukapolo, koma tinganene kuti si chifukwa kupanda zapamwamba anazindikira ntchito. Zaka zambiri wapeza malo ake ndakatulo, nkhani ya nkhondo ndi zisinthe, zopeka mbiri, Zotengera, yopeka, malangizo kwambiri, lyrics, matsenga Kuzindikira, msasa, m'midzi ndi m'matauni zopeka. patsogolo makamaka wakhala osadziwika kapena pang'ono odziwika kale Mitundu ya anthu ofufuza yonthunthumilitsa, zachikondi, pambuyo chimakono, Kuzindikira, conceptualism, ophiphiritsa, Wachiwiri-Kuzindikira. Osati aliyense amene awerenga ano kumvetsa mfundo izi, koma kulibe monga mtundu wanyimbo palokha.

Olemba ntchito

Pa kale m'buku kuwerenga anthu anadziwa angapo olemba. Olemba m'buku si makhalidwe. M'malo mwake, iwo anali "mbadwa ya misa", nthawi zambiri kulemba za zimene anaona owazungulira. Panali anthu amene ankaimira anthu ndi malingaliro atsopano amene sakhala pomwepo anapeza kuzindikira. Anthu makamaka okhudzana zongopeka mtundu wanyimbo ndi nthumwi zake yowala: Vladimir Obruchev, Alexander Belyayev, Grigory Adamov, Vasily Aksenov, Kiri Bulychev, Ivan Efremov Anatoly Dnieper. M'dzanja la kumanja ndi Strugatsky abale, imatengedwa tingachipeze powerenga za Soviet yopeka.

Masiku ano, kuwerenga buku komabe zogwirizana. Monga mbali ya boma pa nthawi ya Chaka Literature pulogalamu adzakangamira mndandanda wa zinthu umalimbana kuwonjezeka tanthauzo la bukhu. malaibulale ambiri a m'dzikoli mudzakhala zikondwerero, kukwezedwa ndi mipikisano. Lililonse buku wokonda mupeza chinachake yatsopano komanso yosangalatsa.

Modern buku akamagwiritsa, kuwonjezera mungachite mwachizolowezi buku mabuku a pakompyuta ndi audio. Woyamba lakonzedwa kuti kuwerenga pa sing'anga yadigito. Nthawi zambiri ndi CD ndi DVD CD-ROMs, osewera DVD, mapiritsi. Mbali yachiwiri kwagona kuti amve, chifukwa tichipeza kujambula phokoso.

buku lero

Mu zikuchitika m'buku lakuti lasintha angapo. Kukhalabe maganizo chifungulo cha mankhwala mabuku, izo lagawidwa periodicals, m'mabuku ndi Albums, bwino kuti ife buku akamagwiritsa anapangana ndi ntchito chimakwirira pamanja kapena pepala logwirika, mafanizo likutipatsa, zofewa ndi zovuta. Koma nthawi zambiri zinandipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti bukuli - ndi ntchito za sayansi kapena mabuku mawonekedwe a kope omangidwa kusindikizidwa.