The tinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi electrically ndale zimachitikira mchitidwe: zikuchokera, kapangidwe, katundu

Padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera pansi pa dziko lapansi ndi mlengalenga lakunja tichipeza nambala wopandamalire zinthu, omwe ndi chuma. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyo sangathe kuonongedwa kapena kulenga, ndi wachikhalire ndiponso wamuyaya. Zoyenda ndi limodzi mwa makhalidwe analandira zokhudza nkhaniyi. Izi si kusamutsidwa okhudza malo a matupi okha, komanso kusintha limati zawo, katundu, ndi zina zotero.

Nkhani ndi dongosolo lawo

Space ndi nthawi amaonedwa kukhala mawonekedwe kukhala kanthu. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika za katundu ndi luso zimaonekera mu malingaliro a anthu.

Mu sayansi masiku ano akutsatira kaperekedwe ka nkhani ndi dongosolo lawo:

• particles maziko;
• maatomu;
• molekyulu;
• munda;
• macroscopic thupi;
• Geological kachitidwe;
• dziko;
• nyenyezi;
• Way;
• dongosolo la nyenyezi;
• universes;
• universes dongosolo.

machitidwe onse zinthu wapangidwa kanthu moyo, mwachitsanzo zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zomwe, mosiyana ndi anzake ena, amatha kubereka. mtundu A yomanga chipika pa nkhaniyi ndi particles pulayimale. Izi zikhoza kukhala ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi electrically ndale zimachitikira amafotokozera kuti ali ndi mlandu makamaka.

particles pulayimale

particles kupulayimale, lofunyululalo pa nthawiyo, pali mazana atatu. Ngati tinthu ali ndi mlandu, pamenepo ayenera kukhalira ndi antiparticle. Zosiyana ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi electrically ndale zimachitikira amafotokozera.

Onse a iwo anawagawa:

• hadrons, amene mukugwira nawo ankachita onse, iwo anawagawa baryons (nucleons ndi hyperons) ndi mesons;
• leptons nawo ankachita onse kupatula amphamvu (Pakati pali ma elekitironi, neutrinos ndi muons).

photons Only simuli aliyense mwa magulu amenewa.

Chigawo wapangidwa zochokera ankachita achikhazikitso, amene ali wamphamvu kapena wofooka, mu atomu ndi yokoka. mogwirizana amphamvu zambiri mu atomu (kokwana zana limodzi). Mphamvu mu mtunda waufupi kwambiri - mamita 10ˉ¹⁵. Kumene, ofooka mu atomu anaiwononga, koma woposa nthawi yokoka ambiri.

Kapangidwe ndi kukhazikika katundu

Chotsani mizere amene ali ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi electrically ndale zimachitikira amafotokozera ndi tinthu ena pulayimale, palibe. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti ndi dongosolo zovuta, womwenso otchedwa quarks.

Ngati tikulingalira zimatha nthawi, particles ndi kuonetsa awo khola kapena kusokonekera. Mwa oyambirira kuima photons, muon ndi elekitironi neutrinos, mapulotoni ma elekitironi ndi antiparticles awo. particles ena pulayimale akhoza kuwola pakati 10³ kwa neutrons amene ali mu mkhalidwe free, kuti 10ˉ²²-10ˉ²⁴ kwa particles amene munaitanidwa resonances.

Ma elekitironi, mapulotoni neutrons

particles pulayimale, zomwe ndi mbali ya zinthu zakuthupi, otchedwa ma elekitironi, mapulotoni neutrons.

Zoyambazo khola mlandu zoipa ndi misa 9 * 10ˉ³¹ makilogalamu. Iwo leptons, monga nawo onse koma ankachita amphamvu. Mapulotoni komanso ndi katundu khola, koma misa zawo ndi wamkulu kuposa mauthenga mu 1836. Iwo baryon ku phata la isotope kuwala kwa atomu wa hydrogen. Neutrons monga dzina lake likunenera - ndi particles ndale misa pamwamba purotoni a. Komanso baryons. Iwo ali wosakhazikika ndipo ali ndi moyo amayembekezeka mphindi mpaka sikisitini. Mapulotoni neutrons kupanga mtima maatomu.

The zikuchokera maatomu

The tinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi electrically ndale mchitidwe mankhwala amatchedwa atomu. Mu malo ake pachimake, amene ali pafupifupi misa lonse. Phata ndithu mlandu ngati iwo ali mu kapangidwe kake mapulotoni yekha ndi neutrons. chiwerengero cha mapulotoni zingadziŵike ndi chiwerengero cha mchitidwe ndi Table nthawi ndi nthawi: chiwerengero chawo likufanana nambala siriyo.

Kupita ma elekitironi padziko phata, chiwerengero cha ndilo mofanana purotoni lapansi. Laling'ono electrically ndale tinthu angathe kupereka ma elekitironi kapena, Tikawonetsetsa angagwirizanitse iwo. Malinga atomu ili amapeza ndi zoipa kapena zabwino mlandu. katundu mankhwala amaoneka malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi sipangakhalenso anakonza kuchokera pakati pa mtunda osiyana ndi kusuntha m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndi kuthamanga osiyana mphamvu.

Chojambula ndale pulayimale tinthu sangathe zimaonetsa chionetsedwe. Sayansi lero kulingalira atomu monga phata olemedwa ndi ma elekitironi padziko mtambo olimba. Ndi kovuta kudziwa za malo elekitironi, monga palibe zipangizo zoyenerera, komanso chifukwa chakuti iwo kuonetsa katundu onse yoweyula.

Chifukwa zimango kwadzidzidzi, izo zinali kuti aliyense magetsi ndale particles pulayimale kungakhale kwa magulu angapo a ma elekitironi amene analenga pakompyuta ozungulira chipolopolo, nambala pazipita amene ali zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Kutembenuza mlingo zakuya, ndi elekitironi limatulutsa ndi fotoni - fotoni. Aliyense elekitironi, mwa zina, akutembenukira nguli. chuma umatchedwa "sapota." Amakhulupirira kuti ndalama imeneyi ndi zonse izo sitingathe kusintha njira.

magulu maatomu

Kodi electrically ndale tinthu amaphunzira mothandizidwa ndi sipekitiramu wa. Atomu limatulutsa kapena zimatenga mizere kuwala. Zimenezi n'zotheka chifukwa mphamvu kuti amatenga mfundo apawokha lolingana limati atomiki ndi kusintha kusintha kwadzidzidzi.

A kuchuluka kwa maatomu ndi mtengo umodzi kukhala chinthu mankhwala. Lero amadziwidwa 107, ndipo 19 anali kale analandira kudzera yokumba, ndiyeno kutsegula m'chilengedwe.

Mitima ndi kulemera katundu, ndi wosakhazikika, choncho americium zotsatirazi zinthu mankhwala analandira okha zochita nyukiliya.

Pamene kachigawo kamodzi ndi electrically ndale zimachitikira mchitidwe olumikizidwa kwa ena (chiwerengero cha maatomu nthawi yomweyo akhoza okwana mpaka zikwi ziwiri), ndipamene molekyulu ndilo zing'onozing'ono tinthu mankhwala ndi mankhwala katundu wake. Koma kuti ndi mutu nkhani ina.