The ofufuza wotchuka ndi apeza

Woyendayenda nthawi zonse kwachititsa anthu, koma pamaso pa iwo sanali chidwi kokha, komanso ndi yovuta kwambiri. Gawo sizinachitike kuphunzira, ndipo akupita paulendo, aliyense anakhala katswiriyu. ndi apaulendo wotchuka mwachindunji kuti anatsegula aliyense wa iwo?

Dzheyms Kuk

Mumadziwika England anali mmodzi wa akatswiri olemba mapu bwino za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Iye anabadwa mu kumpoto kwa England, ndi zaka tsopano ndi atatu anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi bambo ake. Koma mnyamatayu sanathe malonda, choncho anaganiza kutenga boti. Masiku amenewo, onse a kudziwika dziko wapaulendo kutumizidwa m'mayiko akutali zombo. James anachita chidwi m'zochitika apanyanja ndipo mofulumira patsogolo mwa zigawo, iye anafunsidwa kuti akhale woyendetsa. Iye anakana ndipo anapita ku Royal asilikali apanyanja. Kale mu 1757 anakhala wophika luso kulamulira sitimayo. Kupambana koyamba chitukuko cha St. Lawrence Mtsinje fairway. Iye anapeza talente yake kuyenda panyanja ndi mapu. Mu 1760s iye anaphunzira Newfoundland, n'zimene chidwi ya Royal Society ndi Admiralty. Iye anauzidwa kuti kuyenda kudutsa Pacific, pamene anakwanitsa gombe la New Zealand. Mu 1770, anapanga zimene choyamba ankafunsira apaulendo ena otchuka - anapeza kontinenti latsopano. Mu England mu 1771-mamita Cook anabwerera wotchuka mpainiya Australia. ulendo wake wotsiriza unali maulendowa pofunafuna ndimeyi kulumikiza Atlantic ndi ya Pacific. Lero, ngakhale sukulu amadziwa tsoka chisoni Cook, amene anaphedwa mbadwa ndi odya anzawo.

Hristofor Kolumb

ofufuza wotchuka apeza kuti nthawi ndi mphamvu ndithu kalekale, koma ochepa chinali wotchuka ngati munthu uyu. Columbus anakhala wopambana Amalawi Spain, mosazengereza kuwonjezera mapu a dziko. Christopher anabadwa mu 1451. The mnyamata msanga akwaniritsa bwino, monga anali akhama komanso kuphunzira. Kale ndi zaka 14 anapita ku nyanja. Mu 1479th, anakumana ndi chikondi ndipo anayamba moyo Portugal, koma pambuyo imfa ya mkazi wake ndi mwana anapita ku Spain. Atalandira chithandizo kwa Spanish mfumu, iye anapita kukaona amene cholinga anali kupeza njira Asia. zombo atatu m'chombo kuchokera ku doko la Spain kumadzulo. Mu October 1492 lachiwiri, anafika ku Bahamas. Popeza America anatulukira. Christopher am'deralo molakwika anaganiza kuti aitane Amwenye, kukhulupirira kuti anafika India. lipoti lake zasintha mbiri: maiko awiri latsopano ndi zilumba zambiri, anatulukira ndi Columbus, anali malangizo chachikulu cha kuyenda kwa Boma mu zaka zingapo zotsatira.

Vasco da Gama

Apaulendo wotchuka amene anabadwa mu Portugal, Sines. Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwake silidziŵika. Kuyambira ndili mwana, anagwira ntchito Navy ndi anatchuka kwambiri monga wodzidalira ndi mosaopa mkulu. Mu 1495 ku Portugal anabwera zopangira Korol Manuel, amene ankafuna kukhala malonda ndi India. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tinafunika njira nyanja, pofunafuna amene anali kupita Vasco da Gama. Panali ofufuza zambiri wotchuka ndi apaulendo, koma mfumu pazifukwa zina anasankha. Mu 1497, sitima zinayi ankapita kum'mwera, atazungulira Cape of Good Hope ndipo tidapita ku Mozambique. Pali anayenera kusiya kwa mwezi - theka gulu panthawi imeneyo anali kudwala chiseyeye. Pambuyo kuswa, Vasco da Gama anafika Calcutta. Mu India, ndi kukhazikitsa zikulumikizana malonda miyezi itatu, ndipo chaka anabwerera ku Portugal, kumene iye anakhala wopambana dziko. Kupezeka kwa njira nyanja, amalola kuti ku Calcutta ndi kugombe la kum'mawa kwa Africa, anali adakwaniritsa kwambiri.

Nikolai Maclay

Wotchuka apaulendo Russian anapanga zinthu zambiri zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, yemweyo Nicholas Mihluho-Maclay, amene anabadwa mu 1864 kuchigawo Novgorod. Iye analephera kuti atsirizitse St. Petersburg University, monga nawo zionetsero wophunzira, iye anachotsedwa. Pakuti kupitiriza maphunziro Nikolay anapita ku Germany komwe anakapeza Haeckel - zachilengedwe amene anaitanidwa Maclay mu ulendo wake wa sayansi. Choncho akungoyendayenda dziko Kunam'tsegukira. moyo wake wonse zoyenera kuyenda ndi kafukufuku. Nicholas ankakhala Sicily, ku Australia, anaphunzira New Guinea, embodying ndi ntchito ya Russian Society Geographical, anapita Indonesia, Philippines, ndi Chimaleya Peninsula ndi Oceania. Mu 1886, wasayansi anabwerera ku Russia ndipo adati mfumu anapeza njuchi Russian kunja. Koma ntchitoyi ndi New Guinea sanalandire thandizo wachifumu, ndi Maclay anadwala kwambiri ndipo anafa, kotero sanatsirize ntchito yake pa bukhu za ulendo.

Ferdinand Magellan

Ambiri ofufuza wotchuka ndi apaulendo ankakhala M'badwo wa Apeza. Magellan yotero. Mu 1480 iye anabadwa mu Portugal, mu Sabroza. Anatumizidwa kukatumikira ku bwalo (panthawi imeneyo anali ndi zaka 12 zokha), anaphunzira za nkhondo pakati pa dziko kunyumba ndi Spain, kuyenda kwa East Indies ndi zamalonda. Popeza atangokhala chidwi nyanja. Mu 1505-mamita Fernand kugunda sitimayo. zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zitatha izi iye ndinawapanikiza nyanja, nawo Maulendo kwa India ndi Africa. Mu 1513 Magellan anapita ku Morocco, kumene iye anavulazidwa nkhondo. Koma sanafe akulakalaka ulendo - anakonza maulendowa la zonunkhira. Mfumu anakana pempho lake, ndi Magellan anapita ku Spain, kumene iye analandira thandizo kutero. Choncho anayamba ulendo wake padziko lonse. Fernand ndinaganiza kungakhale wamfupi kusiyana njira kuchokera kumadzulo kwa India. Iye anawoloka Atlantic, anafika America South ndipo anapeza khwalala chomwe pambuyo adzatchedwa dzina lake. Ferdinand Magellan anali European woyamba amene anaona Pacific Ocean. Malinga ndi iye, anakwanitsa Philippines ndi pafupifupi anafika cholinga - ndi Moluccas, koma anaphedwa mu nkhondo ndi akomweko, atavulazidwa poizoni mivi. Komabe, ulendo wake yatsegula nyanja latsopano Europe ndi luntha kuti dziko ndiko kuposa asayansi ankaganiza patsogolo.

Roald Amundsen

Chinorowe anabadwa pa mapeto a m'nthawi ya wotchuka chifukwa apaulendo ambiri otchuka. Amundsen anali womaliza wa a panyanjawa, amene anali kuyesera kupeza dziko sanaidziŵe. Kuyambira ali mwana zinafuna osiyana ndi chikhulupiriro mu nzeru zawo kuti zinamuthandiza kuti agonjetse South chirengedwe mtengo. Kuyambira pa msewu chifukwa cha chaka 1893, pamene mnyamata anasiya yunivesite ndipo anatenga yapamadzi. Mu 1896 anakhala Co-woyendetsa, ndipo chaka chotsatira anapitiriza ulendo wake woyamba ku Antarctic. chombo chinatayika mu ayezi, timu anali odwala chiseyeye, koma Amundsen sanafooke. Iye anatenga lamulo okha, kuchiritsa anthu, kukumbukira maphunziro ake zachipatala, napita m'chombo ku Europe. Kukhala mkulu mu 1903, iye anapita ku Kufufuza chakumadzulo fupi mu Canada. ofufuza wotchuka pamaso pake sanapangepo chirichonse monga izo - pasanathe zaka ziwiri timu wagonjetsedwa m'njira yochokera kum'mawa kwa Africa American kumadzulo ake. Amundsen anadziwika padziko lonse. Zotsatirazi ziwiri mwezi ulendo anayamba kuguba cha South kuphatikiza, ndipo tsopano atsopano - Search Nobile, imene anapita akusowa.

David Livingstone

apaulendo ambiri otchuka kugwirizana ndi amalinyero. David Livingstone anakhala wofufuza za dziko, ndicho Africa. The Scotland wotchuka anabadwa mu March 1813. Pa zaka 20 anaganiza mmishonale, anakumana Robert Moffat ndipo ankafuna kupita ku midzi African. Mu 1841 iye anafika mu Kuruman, komwe anaphunzitsa anthu am'deralo ulimi, anali dokotala ndi kuwerenga. Komweko adaphunzira chinenero Bechuanas, zimene zinamuthandiza kuti Pakuyenda Africa. Livingston anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane moyo ndi miyambo ya anthu a m'deralo walemba mabuku angapo za iwo, ndipo anapitiriza ulendo ndi pofunafuna magwero a Nile, pamene anadwala ndi kumwalira malungo.

Amerigo Vespucci

The apaulendo wotchuka wa dziko zambiri ankabwera ku Spain kapena Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci anabadwa mu Italy ndipo anakhala mmodzi wa Florentines wotchuka. Iye anali bwino komanso anaphunzira monga zachuma a. Kuyambira 1490 anagwira Seville, mu malonda ofesi ya Medici. moyo wake wakhala nawo pa ulendowo nyanja Mwachitsanzo, iye yokonzedwa ndi ulendo wachiwiri wa Columbus. Christopher anam'phunzitsa mfundo kuyesa dzanja lake monga apaulendo, ndipo mu 1499-mamita Vespucci anapita ku Suriname. Cholinga cha phunziroli anali kusambira gombe. Pali anapeza kuthetsa otchedwa Venezuela - Little Venice. Mu 1500, anabwerera kwawo, kubweretsa akapolo 200. Mu zaka 1501 ndi 1503. Amerigo mobwerezabwereza ulendo wake, kulankhula navigation komanso mapu. Iye anapeza Bay wa Rio de Janeiro, amene anapereka dzina lokha. Kuyambira 1505 iye anali kutumikira mfumu ya Castile, ndipo sanali nawo yokopa N'koyenerera kunja ulendo wina.

Frensis Dreyk

Ambiri ofufuza wotchuka apeza anaberekera kupindula anthu. Koma pakati pawo pali anthu amene anachoka pa kukumbukira zawo ndi zoipa chifukwa maina awo anagwirizana ndi zochitika mwachilungamo zachiwawa. Izo sizinali zosiyana ndi Frensis Dreyk, English Chiprotestanti, ndi khumi ndi maboti kupalasa. Iye analanda am'deralo mu Caribbean, kugulitsa iwo akapolo Spain anaukira khoti ndipo anamenyana ndi Akatolika. Mwina palibe wina mum'chotse ndi Drake chiwerengero cha zombo analanda yachilendo. maulendo umakonzedwa ndi Mfumukazi ya England. Mu 1577 anapita ku America South, mbakunda kuthetsa Spanish. Paulendo umenewu, anapeza Tierra del Fuego ndi Khwalala, amene pambuyo pake dzina lake. Skirting Argentina, Drake agwidwa doko la Valparaiso, ndi awiri ziwiya Spanish. Atafika California, anakumana Aaborijini amene anapereka mphatso kwa fodya British ndi nthenga. Drake anawoloka nyanja ya Indian Ocean ndi kubwerera ku Plymouth, kukhala nzika loyamba la UK wakhala ulendo dziko. Iye anavomereza kuti Nyumba ya Commons ndipo linapereka mutu wa Sir. Mu 1595 iye anafa mu kampeni lomaliza Caribbean.

Athanasius Nikitin

Ochepa apaulendo wotchuka Russia akwaniritsa misanje mofanana mbadwa ya Tver dziko. Athanasius Nikitin anakhala woyamba wa ku Ulaya kukachezera India. Anapita ku Boma Chipwitikizi ndipo analemba "Ulendo Beyond atatu Pacific" - lofunika zolembalemba ndi mbiri chipilala. Bwino ulendo operekedwa ntchito wamalonda: Athanasius ankadziwa zinenero zingapo ndipo anatha kukambirana ndi anthu. Mu ulendo wake, anapita Baku, ankakhala Perisiya kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri, n'kukafika India mwa sitimayo. Pambuyo kuyendera mmizinda dziko zosowa, iye anapita Parvat, kumene anakhala zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kamodzi m'chigawo cha Raichur, iye anapita ku Russia, amaika mumsewu njira kudzera ku Arabiya ndi Chisomali. Komabe, Athanasius Nikitin konse izo kunyumba, monga anadwala ndipo anamwalira pafupi Smolensk, koma zolemba wake ligwiritse anapereka kwa mbiri wamalonda dziko.