The ndondomeko ya mmene moyo Earth: nyengo, nthawi, nyengo, zamoyo

Aliyense wa ife nthawizina amasamala mafunso amenewa ndi wovuta kuyankha. Zikuphatikizapo kumvetsa tanthauzo la linakhalapo, kapangidwe ka dziko ndi zina zambiri. Timakhulupilira kuti kamodzi kuganizira za mmene moyo padziko lapansi. AD, zomwe tikudziwa zosiyana kwambiri pakati pawo. M'nkhaniyi, ife tidzaona bwinobwino mwatsatanetsatane, moyo unayamba bwanji Padziko Lapansi ndi mmene mwambo kusanduka ake.

Hadean

Hadean - nthawi iyi, pamene dziko anali wosabereka. Kulikonse anali kuphulitsa mapiri, ultraviolet poizoniyu ndi mpweya panalibe. Zamoyo za moyo padziko lapansi anayamba kuwerengetsa ake kuchokera nthawi imeneyo. Chifukwa zimachitika mankhwala umene unakuta pansi, anayamba kupanga katundu khalidwe la moyo padziko lapansi. Komabe, pali lingaliro lina. Olemba mbiri ena amakhulupirira kuti dzikoli si kanthu. Malinga ndi iwo, dziko alipo nthawi monga mmene moyo pa izo.

nyengo Katarchean umayambira zaka 5 biliyoni 3 zapitazo. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti m'nthawi imeneyi, dziko analibe pachimake ndi kutumphuka. Choona chidwi n'chakuti pamene tsiku inatenga maola 6 okha.

Archean

Nyengo yotsatira pambuyo Katarchean ndi archaea (zaka biliyoni 3,5-2,6 BC). Iwo kugawidwa m'mbali zinayi:

• neoarchean;
• mesoarchean;
• paleoarchean;
• Eoarchean.

Inali nthawi oyambirira Archean anabadwa tizilombo mogwirizana. anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma miyala ya sulfure ndi chitsulo timasindikiza lero, anaonekera mu nthawi ino. Akatswiriwa anapeza zotsalira za algae filamentous, amene m'badwo akhoza zimachitika kwa nthawi Archean. Panthawi imeneyi, zamoyo za moyo padziko lapansi anapitiriza. Pali zinthu heterotrophic. Anapanga pansi.

Proterozoic

Proterozoic - izi ndi imodzi mwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri kusanduka dziko lapansi. Iwo agawidwa magawo zotsatirazi:

• Paleoproterozoic nyengo;
• Mesoproterozoic;
• Neoproterozoic.

Nthawiyi amakhala ndi maonekedwe a wosanjikiza ozoni. Komanso pa nthawi imeneyi, pamene mbiri yakale amati, athanzi lonse buku nyanja. nyengo Paleoproterozoic m'gulu sideriysky nthawi. Kuti anali mapangidwe algae anaerobic.

Asayansi dziwani kuti ali glaciation Proterozoic anali padziko lonse. Izo kwa zaka mamiliyoni 300. Zimenezi wofanana ndi Ice Age ndipo izo zinali zambiri mtsogolo. Pa Proterozoic anali zamoyo multicellular. Pakati pawo, thonje ndi bowa. Iwo anali pa nthawi imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa miyala ya zitsulo ndi golide. nyengo Neoproterozoic yodziwika ndi mapangidwe maiko atsopano. Asayansi dziwani kuti nyama ndi zomera zinalili pa nthawi yonseyi si kholo la nyama ndi zomera ano.

Paleozoic

Asayansi akufufuza zaka Geological dziko lapansi ndi chitukuko cha dziko organic motalika kokwanira. Malinga ndi iwo, Paleozoic ndi chimodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri nthawi yathu moyo wamakono. Zinatha pafupifupi mamiliyoni 200 zaka ndi lagawidwa zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi nthawi. Ndi mu nyengo iyi ya chitukuko ya Earth anayamba kupanga zomera lapansi. Dziwani kuti nthawi nyama Paleozoic landfall.

nyengo Paleozoic kuphunzira ndi asayansi ambiri odziwika bwino. Pakati pawo, A. Sedgwick ndi E. D. Fillips. Iwo anali ndi nyengo midzidzi.

nyengo Paleozoic

Asayansi ambiri amachitika yofufuza kunja magawo a chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi. AD, monga ife tinanena kale, ukhoza motalika kokwanira. Ichi ndi chifukwa mmodzi wa limafotokozera mu chiwembu makamaka a dziko pa nthawi zosiyana mtheradi nyengo zosiyana. Kotero izo zinali mu Paleozoic. Kumayambiriro a nyengo ya nyengo anali bata ndi otentha. Magawidwe monga sanali. kuchuluka kwa mpweya nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka. Kutentha madzi anali madigiri 20 Celsius. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndinayamba kutuluka magawidwe. Nyengo anayamba otentha ndi chinyezi.

Pofika kumapeto kwa Paleozoic, chifukwa cha mapangidwe zomera, anayamba yogwira dzuwa. Panali zonation n'kuchiumba. Anapanga nyengo. Mbali imeneyi inali imodzi yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi. nyengo Paleozoic wafunsira zathu nyama ndi zomera za padziko lapansi.

Flora ndi zinyama za Paleozoic Nyengo

Kumayambiriro kwa Paleozoic nthawi ya moyo anaikira mu malo a. Mu m'badwo wapakati, pamene kuchuluka kwa mpweya zafika pamlingo kwambiri, iwo anayamba chitukuko m'dziko. anthu oyamba anali zomera zomwe koyamba umoyo wawo osaya, ndipo kenako anasamukira pagombe. Oimira woyamba wa zomera ndi amene katswiri dziko - psilophytes. Dziwani kuti analibe mizu. Ndi nyengo Paleozoic mulinso mapangidwe gymnosperms. Panali zomera mtengo-ngati. Mogwirizana ndi maonekedwe pa zomera pansi, pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka ndi nyama. Asayansi amati choyamba anatuluka mitundu zamiyendo Inayi. Zinatha ndithu nthawi yaitali ndondomeko ya mmene moyo padziko lapansi. AD ndi zamoyo zayambika zonse. Oimira loyamba la zomera - invertebrates ndi akangaude. M'kupita kwa nthawi, panali tizilombo ndi mapiko, nthata, molluscs, zinyamazi, zokwawa. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi Paleozoic, panali kwambiri kusintha kwa nyengo. Izi zapangitsa kuti kutha kwa mitundu ina. Malinga kuwerengetsera kuyambirira, kupha pafupifupi 96% madzi ndi 70% ya anthu okhala m'dzikomo.

Mchere Paleozoic nyengo

Ndi pa nthawi Paleozoic kugwirizana ndi mapangidwe mchere ambiri. Tinayamba kupanga miyala ya mchere thanthwe. Tiyeneranso kutsimikizira kuti ena mabeseni mafuta ochokera ndendende kwa nyengo Paleozoic. Tinayamba kupanga khala strata amene amapanga 30% ya chonse pamodzi. Komanso amagwirizana ndi Paleozoic nthawi Mercury mapangidwe.

nyengo Mesozoic

Pambuyo pa Paleozoic, Mesozoic anali. Zinatha pafupifupi mamiliyoni 186 zaka. Mbiri Geological a dziko, anachokera kale kwambiri. Komabe, nyengo Mesozoic za ntchito ya onse nyengo ndi zamoyo zinachita. Anapanga malire zoyambirira za mayiko. Mountain nyumba anayamba. Pakhala kugawikana kwa Europe ndi ku Asia ndi America. Akukhulupirira kuti pa nyengo Mesozoic anali otchulidwa. Komabe, kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Ice Age anayamba, amene kwambiri anasintha nyama ndi zomera za padziko lapansi. Panali kusankha zamoyo.

Flora ndi zomera m'nyengo Mesozoic

nyengo Mesozoic amakhala ndi kutha kwa Mumapezekanso. Chogwidwa ndi gymnosperms ndi conifers. Anapanga angiosperms. Mu nthawi Mesozoic akuyamba zinyama ukuyenda bwino. The ambiri otukuka ndi zokwawa. Mu nthawi iyi panali ambiri subtypes. Pali zouluka zokwawa. kukula akupitiriza. Pakutha nyengo Mesozoic , ena oimira kulemera pafupifupi 50 makilogalamu.

Mu Mesozoic pang'onopang'ono amayamba kukula kwa zomera maluwa. Pofika kumapeto kwa chithunzithunzi ozizira amapezeka. Amachepetsa chiwerengero cha kum'mwera mitundu zomera riparian. Pang'ono kufa zinyamazi zimadya ndi invertebrates. Pachifukwa ichi pali mbalame ndi nyama.

Malinga ndi asayansi, mbalame anatenga kunayambira ku zinyamazi lapansi. Zikamera nyama iwo ali oyanjana ndi mmodzi wa subclasses zapoizoni.

Cainozoe

Cenozoic - izi ndi nyengo imene tikukhala lero. Iwo anayamba pafupifupi mamiliyoni 66 zapitazo. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo akadali nsoka wa dziko. Pa aliyense wa iwo chogwidwa ndi zomera zake, zomera ndi nyengo.

Cenozoic zimaonetsa ambiri tizilombo, zouluka ndi nyama zam'madzi. Chogwidwa ndi nyama ndi angiosperms. Iwo anali pa nthawi ino, zamoyo zonse zayambika kwambiri, ndipo ambiri subspecies osiyana. Pali dzinthu. Kusintha chopambana - ndi zikamera wa sapiens Homo.

Anthu kusanduka. Magawo koyamba chitukuko

The zaka enieni a dziko lapansi silingathe titsimikize. Asayansi kutsutsana ponena za nkhani imeneyi kwa nthawi yaitali. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zaka za Earth ndi zaka 6000 zikwi, ena miliyoni oposa 6. Ine ndikukhulupirira kuti ife sitingathe kudziwa choonadi. Kupambana lofunika kwambiri la Cenozoic nyengo ndi zikamera wa sapiens Homo. Tiyeni tione bwinobwino mmene zimenezi zinachitikira.

Pali maganizo osiyanasiyana pa mapangidwe anthu. Asayansi mobwerezabwereza anayerekezera DNA zosiyanasiyana waika. Iwo anati zofanana kwambiri ndi thupi la munthu ndi nyani. Pofuna kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi kuti mapeto n'zosatheka. Asayansi ena amanena kuti anthu nkhumba komanso ofanana ndithu.

kusanduka anthu Tingaone ndi apoyera. Choyamba, kwa anthu zinali zinthu zofunika kwachilengedwenso, koma lero - chikhalidwe. Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, Australopithecus ndi ena - zonse imeneyi chitukuko anthu, akumana nazo makolo athu.

Parapithecus - uyu ndi gawo loyamba mu chitukuko cha munthu masiku ano. Pa nthawi imeneyi, panali makolo athu - nyani, ndicho anyani, anyani ndi orangutans.

Siteji yotsatira chitukuko anali australopithecines. zatsalira woyamba anapezeka mu Africa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku kuyambirira, m'badwo wawo ndi pafupifupi 3 miliyoni zaka. Asayansi aphunzira anapezazo, ndipo anazindikira kuti australopithecines ofanana ndithu kuti munthu ano. oimira Growth anali yaing'ono, 130 masentimita. Australopithecinae kulemera anali makilogalamu 25-40. Mfuti zambiri, iwo sanagwiritse ntchito, chifukwa iwo sanapezeke.

Homo habilis anali ofanana Australopithecus, koma mosiyana iwo, ntchito zida achikale. manja ake ndi zala zambiri otukuka. Akukhulupirira kuti Homo habilis - kulongosola kholo lathu.

pithecanthrope

Siteji yotsatira zinachita Pithecanthropus - Homo erectus. mtembo wake woyamba anapezeka pa chilumba cha Java. Malinga ndi asayansi, Pithecanthropus anakhala pa dera la Dziko za miliyoni zapitazo. Kenako mwamuna erectus zotsalira anapezeka ku ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi. Pa mfundo imeneyi, tinganene kuti Pithecanthropus kumene kuli anthu m'mayiko onse. Erectus thupi si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera ano. Komabe, panali kusiyana maganizo pang'ono. Pithecanthropus anali mphumi otsika ndi nsidze bwino chimatanthauza. Asayansi apeza kuti wolungama anatsogolera moyo yogwira. Nkhwere-amuna anali alenje ndi kutulutsa zida zosavuta. Iwo ankakhala mu magulu. Choncho Pithecanthropus zinali zosavuta kusaka ndi kudziteteza kwa adani. Opezeka China kumapangitsa anthu kuganiza kuti iwo ankadziwanso mmene ntchito moto. Pithecanthropus anaonekera maganizo zodabwitsa komanso kulankhula.

Neanderthal

Akalewa anakhala 350,000 zapitazo. Anapeza 100 zatsalira ntchito yawo. Neanderthal chigaza anali ozungulira. kutalika kwawo kunali 170 masentimita. Iwo anali ndi chithunzi m'malo lalikulu, anayamba musculature ndi zabwino mphamvu. Iwo ankakhala mu m'badwo ayezi. Ndi kupyolera akalewa anadziŵa kuti kusoka zovala zonse pa khungu ndipo mosalekeza kukhala moto. Akukhulupirira kuti akalewa amakhala ku Europe ndi ku Asia. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti mwala iwo ntchito bwino tsogolo la zida. Akalewa nthawi zambiri ntchito nkhuni. Ndi izo, iwo kulenga zipangizo ndi zofunikira nyumba. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti iwo anali wosazindikira ndithu.

Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnons anali kukula apamwamba umene unali pafupi 180 masentimita. Iwo anali zizindikilo onse a munthu ano. Pa zaka 40,000 zapitazi, maganizo awo sizinasinthe. Atalipenda zotsalira anthu, asayansi kuona kuti avereji ya Cro-Magnon zaka pafupifupi 30-50 zaka. Dziwani kuti Adalenga zida chipangizo kwambiri. Pakati pawo mipeni ndi harpoons. Cro-Magnons anali asodzi, choncho, kuwonjezera pa muyezo ya zida, iwo analenga latsopano ndi omasuka nsomba. Pakati pawo, masingano ndi zambiri. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti Cro-Magnon munthu anali ubongo bwino anayamba ndi mfundo zomveka.

Homo ake okhala sapiens anamanga mwala kapena kulichotsa ilo mu nthaka. anthu woyendayendawu kwa mayiko ambiri kulenga m'misasa zosakhalitsa. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti Cro-Magnons analamulira nkhandwe, kutembenuzira nthawi zonse watchdog.

Cro-Magnon ndi luso

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti anali Cro-Magnons anapanga lingaliro, chomwe tsopano kudziwika kwa ife ngati maganizo zilandiridwenso. Pa makoma za ambiri mapanga m'mbale thanthwe yotentha ndi Cro-Magnon munthu anapezeka. M'pofunikanso potsindika kuti Cro-Magnons kumanzere alemba nthawi zonse m'madera akutali. Mwina atachita ntchito zamatsenga.

Njira ya kujambula ku Cro-Magnon anali zosiyanasiyana. Ena bwino okokedwa image, pamene ena zikande awo. Cro-Magnons ntchito utoto wachikuda. Advantageously, wofiira, wachikasu, wabulauni ndi wakuda. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo anayamba upere ziwerengero za anthu. Onse anapeza zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho, inu mosavuta kupeza pafupifupi owonetsera zakale aliyense ofukula zinthu zakale. Asayansi dziwani kuti Cro-Magnons anali mokwanira anayamba ndi ophunzira. Iwo ankakonda kuvala zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa mafupa a nyama.

Pali ndithu view chidwi. Poyamba, izo ankakhulupirira kuti Cro-Magnons atathamangitsidwa ndi akalewa nkhondo wosiyana. Asayansi tsopano amati ayi. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti wina kuchuluka kwa nthawi akalewa ndi Cro-Magnons anakhala mbali ndi mbali, koma ofooka anafa chithunzithunzi ozizira.

kuti adzimvera

Mbiri miyala ya Earth anatenga kuyambira mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Aliyense nyengo anapereka moyo masiku ano. Sitipanga kuganizira mmene dziko lathuli kusanduka. Dziwani mmene Earth athu anapangidwa, sikutheka kuti asiye. Mbiri ya zamoyo wa dziko amatha chithumwa aliyense. Ndi mpofunikila kuteteza Earth athu, ngati kuti mbiri pambuyo zaka mamilioni a moyo wathu, panali winawake kudziwa.