The Malemu la Lenin: akusasatitsa. Service Lenin mausoleum

Mausoleum anamangidwira pa Russian likulu la lalikulu waukulu, akugwira mkati mwa makoma ake ndi Amama, nthawi anapulumuka boma lokhazikitsidwa ndi amene thupi ndi mwazi iye poyamba. Ngakhale zokambirana yaikulu kufunika akaike m'manda mtembo Lenin, monga kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke sakugwirizana aliyense wa mwambo panopa Mkhristu, ngakhale achikunja wakale, ndi tanthauzo lake maganizo atayika, chizindikiro cha enaake ndale Zatsala kumeneko, kumene iye anayikidwa mu 1924.

Kusiyana kugwirizana ndi kutaya mtsogoleri

Zida lofalitsidwa mu perestroika zaka, kulola kuti recreate chithunzi cha masiku amenewo, pamene dziko anali kunena tiwonana munthu amene anatha kusintha njira za mbiri yake. Zimakhala kusadalirika mwina Baibulo boma kunenetsa kuti tinasankha kuti thupi Lenin adagwidwa chifukwa cha zokhumba zambiri Komiti Central, magulu ndi nzika payekha. Amangoika kulibe. Komanso, ndi mtsogoleri kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke zinthu ngati atsogoleri osiyana boma, lotsogoledwa ndi L. D. Trotskim, yemwe anali wachiwiri zofunika kwambiri boma positi, ndi mkazi wamasiye wa Lenin - N. K. Krupskaya.

The Mlengi wa Timalemekeza zimayenera Afarao osati States wa XX atumwi, anali I. V. Stalin, amene ankafuna kuti mdani wake wakale intraparty kulimbana zina chizindikiro cha chipembedzo chatsopano, ndipo ake ampumulo kuwasandutsa mtundu wa chikominisi Mecca. Zinatheka mokwanira, ndi mausoleum mu Moscow kwa zaka zambiri wakhala malo a Haji kuti anthu mamiliyoni nzika.

mopupuluma maliro

Komabe, m'nyengo yozizira ya 1924 tsogolo la "tate wa mitundu" kukwaniritsa chilolezo cha mkazi wa mtsogoleri wakufayo anali ndi Mulimbikitseni kuti ife sindikuyankhula za yaitali kuteteza mtembo wa. Malinga ndi iye, anafunika yekha kuti thupi Lenin ku chivundi kwa nthawi zofunika kukatsanzikana iwo obwera onse. Izo zikhoza kutenga miyezi ingapo, ndipo pachifukwa ichi kunali koyenera kumanga kanthawi matabwa m'manda.

Maliro, kapena kani, thupi atagona mu mausoleum yongoyembekezera anachita pa 27 January, ndi kupita mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa kunali kofunika kutsiriza zonse asanabwerere mdani yaikulu ya Caucasus kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke - Lva Trotskogo. Pamene anaonekera mu Moscow, anali fait accompli.

Vuto kuti chofunika njira yomweyo

anali nawo mu gulu la asayansi ntchito ntchito njira zawo, anayamba ndi Professor Abrikosov kwa mankhwala thupi. Pa siteji koyamba, iwo kutumikiridwa mwa msempha osakaniza inkakhala malita asanu mowa, glycerol ndi formaldehyde. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti nthawi kubisa zizindikiro kunja kwa kuwonongeka. Koma posakhalitsa thupi Lenin ndi chidafundidwa ndi ming'alu. Mphamvu, ndipo malinga ndi udindo wawo amayenera kukhala chosawonongeka, ndisungunuka kutsogolo kwa aliyense. Amafuna kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga.

Ndithu kanthu chidwi anasonyeza pa nthawi ino yaikulu chipani functionary Krasin. Kudaoneka kwa iye amaundana thupi la mtsogoleri monga choncho, ngati mmene zinachitikira ndi mitembo ya mammoths, mwa kusunga zomwe zilipo. pempholo inalandiridwa ndi kukhazikitsa si ikuchitika kudzera mu vuto la olimba German, protracted yobereka analamula zida ake yozizira koopsa.

Creation wa gulu sayansi Zbarsky

Kuthetsa vuto linali pansi pa ulamuliro wa munthu F. E. Dzerzhinskogo, anawalamulira Stalin zinachititsa maliro ntchito. Zinali zoonekeratu ndithu kuti vuto la walephera, asayansi akanakhoza kulipira moyo wake. zili zovuta chifukwa chakuti njira ya yapamwamba ya mankhwala mu nkhani iyi sichinkagwirizana, ndipo palibe njira zodziwika yosayenera. Ine ndinali kudalira yekha pa kulenga ganizo lake.

Ngakhale mavuto onse, mtsogoleri wa timu Professor Boris Zbarskiy anatsimikizira boma kuti, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha mnzake - mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti of Medicine wa Kharkiv Institute Professor Vorobiev, iyeyo ndi anzake adzatha kulepheretsanso wa chibvundi. Popeza thupi Lenin anali pa nthawi mwakayakaya, ndipo panalibe kusankha, Stalin anavomera. udindo ili, kuyambira pa mfundo maganizo a mmene ntchito akuyang'anira Zbarskiy gulu ndi antchito ake, omwe m'gulu ndi pulofesa Kharkov Vorobyov.

Iwo nayenso yothandiza kuti wachinyamata zachipatala wophunzira, mwana wa Borisa Zbarskogo - Ilya. Ndi chiyambi cha perestroika iye vosmidesyativosmiletny Academician, anakhalabe yekha ophunzira mu zochitika, ndi uyamiko kwa Iye lero mfundo zambiri za ndondomeko, zomwe zinachititsa Malemu la Lenin kwa zaka zambiri wakhala chinthu chopembedzedwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, ataledzera ndi malingaliro zosatheka.

Yambani ndondomeko kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke

Makamaka ntchito izo okonzeka ndi chapansi ili pansi pa mausoleum zosakhalitsa. Kuumitsa anayamba ndi m'zigawo za m'mapapo, chiwindi ndi ndulu. Kenako madokotala bwinobwino anatsuka pachifuwa wa womwalirayo. Sitepe yotsatira inali ntchito gulu lonse la mabala anafunika mankhwala likulowerera mu minofu. Kunapezeka kuti ntchito zimenezi zimafuna chikalata wapadera wa Komiti waukulu wa chipani.

Atalandira ndipo ankapha ndondomeko zonse zofunika Lenin Malemu anaikidwa mu njira yapadera kumaphatikizapo glycerol, madzi ndi nthochi potaziyamu ndi Kuwonjezera chlorine kwinini. chilinganizo ake, ngakhale kuti ankaona pa nthawi chinsinsi chinamasulidwa mu malemu XIX m'ma Russian wasayansi-Razvedenkovym Melnikov. zikuchokera anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito pa kung'ambika anatomical.

The labu latsopano

Miyalayo mausoleum mu Moscow inamangidwa mu 1929. Iye m'malo wakale matabwa, anamanga zaka zinayi m'mbuyomo. Ntchito yomanga ake n'komwe ndi kufunika maofesi wapadera zasayansi, yomwe tsopano ntchito Boris Zbarskiy ndi anzake. Popeza ntchito zawo ndi zofunika makamaka mu unansi chikhalidwe cha ndale, chifukwa asayansi unakhazikitsidwa ziyang'aniridwe, ikuchitika ndi wothandizila wodzipereka wa NKVD. mode Mausoleum wakhazikika, kutenga nkhani zofunika miyezo sayansi. Iwo anali kokha mu siteji chitukuko.

kafukufuku wa sayansi

Kuteteza thupi Lenin anafuna kafukufuku mosalekeza, monga mchitidwe wa sayansi zaka okhazikika Intaneti palibe. Cholinga zimene thupi minofu anthu kapena njira zina zatsopano ambiri anali kuchitidwa pa mayina akufa kwa zasayansi.

Zotsatira zake zinali zikuchokera, amene kangapo pa mlungu, nkhope ndi manja ake Malemu. Koma akusasatitsa Lenin si zochepa. Chaka chilichonse, ndinali kutseka mausoleum ndi miyezi theka kumiza thupi kusamba, bwinobwino zilowerere ndi wapadera wothandizira mtembo. Motero, zinali zotheka kukhala zongoganizira za kuwonongeka kwa mtsogoleri dziko proletariat.

Kuwukonza maonekedwe mochedwa

Kwa Malemu la Lenin pamaso pa alendo nazo zooneka, ntchito yambiri zachitika, zotsatira amene anamenya nthawi zonse poyamba umalowa mu mkati mwa mausoleum ndi sanathe wachabechabe zimene anaona ndi chithunzi cha mtsogoleri mu zithunzi wake womaliza moyo.

Asanamwalire Ilya Borisovich Zbarsky ananena kuti nkhope kudzipha kuchepa thupi Lenin a anabisidwa ndi fillers wapadera jekeseni pansi pakhungu, ndipo "moyo" mtundu anam'patsa Zosefera wofiira wokwera pa kuwala gwero. Komanso, mu kanjira anaikapo mikanda galasi, mudzaze Mitembo yokhala awo opanda ndipo Ufumuyo kufanana kwa mawonekedwe a mtsogoleri. Milomo pansi masharubu ake sewn, ndi Lenin lonse mausoleum ndi chithunzi chimene anapereka m'nkhani amawoneka ngati ali mtulo.

Achoke mu Tyumen

A nthawi yapadera mu ntchito ya Lenin ndi kuteteza thupi zinali zaka za nkhondo. Pamene dziko la Germany anali kubwerera ku Moscow, Stalin analamula gulu la mtsogoleri akhala pa Tyumen. Pa nthawiyi, gulu laling'ono la asayansi nawo kusamala Mitembo yokhala ndi zowawa mpaka kalekale imfa - mu 1939 m'mikhalidwe mwachinsinsi kwambiri anamwalira pulofesa Vorobyov. Chifukwa, mu Siberia limodzi bokosi ndi thupi mtsogoleri anali Zbarsky - bambo ndi mwana.

Ilya Borisovich anakumbukira kuti mavuto chifukwa nthawi nkhondo, nthawi zonse complicates ntchito kufunika zonse za utumiki akuyang'anira. Mu Tyumen, kunali kosatheka kuti osati reagents zofunika, koma ngakhale madzi wamba otchezedwa anali kutumiza ndege wapadera Omsk. Popeza mfundo za thupi Lenin a kukhala mu Siberia anali mosamalitsa ikudziwika kwa zasayansi kuti chiwembucho anaiika sukulu ina nawo pokonza antchito ulimi. Pali Amama, ndipo anakhala mpaka mapeto a nkhondo inkatetezedwa detachment wa asilikali makumi anai, kutsogozedwa ndi Commandant Mausoleum.

Nkhani zokhudza ubongo Lenin

Polankhula za Malemu kupulumutsidwa kwa zaka mtsogoleri wa mavuto apadera malo zokhudzana ndi ubongo Lenin a. Anthu a anthu achikulire ndithu kumbukirani amene anayenda pa nthawi nthano ya wapadera ake. Tikumbukenso kuti iwo alibe chifukwa chenicheni chifukwa chosowa munthu. Amadziwika kuti mu 1928 godu mtsogoleri ubongo yotengedwa chigaza linagawanika mu magawo amene kusungidwa mu otetezeka Institute USSR ubongo, poyamba TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza sera ndipo anaikidwa mu njira ya mowa ndi formaldehyde.

Chikuonetseratu kuti izo zinali kutsekedwa, koma boma wapanga zosiyana kwa wotchuka German wasayansi Oskar Vogt. ntchito yake anali kukhazikitsa mbali Lenin bongo dongosolo, amene anali ngati chofunika maganizo ake ochuluka. Wasayansi ntchito ku Institute Moscow zaka zisanu ndi nthawi kuti anali ndi maphunziro zikuluzikulu. Komabe, palibe kusiyana structural anapeza ku ubongo wa anthu wamba.

Anali kuti gyrus lanthano?

Akukhulupirira kuti chifukwa pakutchulidwa nthano wotsatira anali mawu akuti ndi Iye pa msonkhano, kuti anapeza meander choposa miyeso muyezo. Komabe, wina wasayansi German - mutu wa m'dipatimenti yoona za ubongo pa Berlin University Professor Jordi Servos Navarro nawo mwayi kuphunzira Lenin bongo zitsanzo mu 1974 - anati atamufunsa kuti mnzake wake, ngati ndi mawu ake zokopa yekha mokomera Bolsheviks, kuti amene anasunga chisoni.

Komabe, wasayansi chomwecho ndi kuthetsa nthano chinanso kuti Lenin ankati zowawa chindoko kuti anali mwazibisa Chikomyunizimu. Nditakhala mosamala kwambiri, iye anazindikira kuti insolvency wa mfundo imeneyi, tingadziwe kuti minofu ubongo ndi distinguishable yekha chipsera laling'ono, limene anauka chifukwa cha mabala analandira pamene lokhudza pofuna wachita Lenin mu 1918 eserkoy Fanny Kaplan.

Kuphedwa kwa Malemu ndi

N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti Lenin a Malemu yokha pambuyo mobwerezabwereza chandamale kuukira. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1934 nzika Mitrofan Nikitin anabwera mausoleum, anapanga thupi mtsogoleri wa akatemera angapo kuchokera mfuti, ndiyeno anadzipha. Kangapo wakhalanso anayesa kuthyola sarcophagus galasi, kenako anayenera kusankha zakuthupi kwambiri cholimba.

Chosafa pa mndandanda mtengo

Mkubwela kwa perestroika, pamene iye anamwazidwa aura ya chiyero padziko munthu amene anakhala inde zoyipa nthawi imeneyo, pa mausoleum a zinsinsi kugwirizana ndi luso mtembo, zitsulo malonda chinsinsi wa kampani "Mwambo", analengedwa ndi asayansi ntchito ndi thupi Lenin a. olimba Izi ankachita nawo mtembo ndi kubwezeretsa maonekedwe mitembo ziwalo. mndandanda Price zinali zokwera (12 chikwi. Yuro sabata ntchito) kuti amatilola kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zake makamaka kwa achibale ndi anzake a mabwana upandu anaphedwa pamene ankalimbana wamagazi.

Mu 1995, chiwerengero cha makasitomala ali kukodzedwa boma North Korea, popeza analipira mayuro oposa miliyoni kwa mankhwala matupi a mtsogoleri awo amene anafa Kim Il Sung. Komanso wokonzedwera kwa kulambira wosatha wa mutu wa Party Communist la Bulgaria thupi Georgiya Dimitrova ndi anzake maganizo Choibalsan - mutu wa zokomera Mongolia. Thupi ya aliyense wa iwo kunyumba wakhala ngati chinthu chopembedzedwa, ngati Lenin mu mausoleum ndi chithunzi chimene chiri mtundu wa malonda.

Kuyatsa Red Square

masiku awa lekani kutsutsana pa manda wa Mitembo yokhala wotchuka mu dziko. Pachaka ndalama yokonza la Lenin Mausoleum mu mamilioni a madola ndipo olemetsa kwambiri kwa bajeti. Kulambira mtsogoleri wa proletariat, nthawiyina anafika kufanana Galeta tsopano imayendetsedwa ndi kagulu kochepa kokha la alendo nostalgic kuti chikominisi zapitazi. Mfundo mausoleum, kotero nsanje kusungidwa pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu, akhala kupezeka kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi mbali imeneyi ya mbiri yathu. History waika zonse pamalo ake.

Komabe, ngakhale chirichonse, pa ima pamzere Red Square. Mausoleum mode ntchito masiku awa yochepa, kuvomera alendo ikuchitika yekha Lachiwiri, Lachitatu, Lachinayi, Loweruka ndi Lamlungu ku 10:00 kuti 13:00. Kodi chidzaonekera wa Malemu, nthawi yokha adzatiuza.