The kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa: maonekedwe, mbali, kuwala ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Dzuwa - ndi dera yaikulu ya mpweya otentha yotulutsa mphamvu kwambiri ndi kuunika moyo padziko lapansi.

Malowa wakumwamba uli wawukulu kwambiri komanso ikuluikulu ya dongosolo la zowalitsa. Ku Earth kwa iye kuchokera pa mtunda wa makilomita 150 miliyoni. Pofuna kukwaniritsa ife kutentha ndi dzuwa amatenga pafupi eyiti Mphindi. Mtunda umenewu amatchedwa eyiti mphindi kuwala.

Star, n'kumawotha dziko lathu imakhala zigawo zingapo akunja, monga photosphere, ndi chromosphere ndi kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga. The zigawo akunja a m'mlengalenga dzuwa mphamvu kulenga pamwamba kuti mutsanulira wa viscera ndi akaona nyenyezi, ndi limanenedwa ngati dzuwa.

Constituent vneshenego Sun wosanjikiza

Wosanjikiza kuti ife tikuwona, wotchedwa photosphere, kapena malo a kuwala. Photosphere amalembedwa yowala plasma kuwira granules ndi mdima ozizira sunspots, zimachitika pamene minda dzuwa maginito kubooleza pamwamba. Mawanga kuoneka ndi kusuntha kudutsa Dzuŵa litayamba. Zochitika gululi, ndi zakuthambo kunena kuti nyenyezi wathu akutembenukira nguli. Popeza dzuwa alibe thandizo olimba, m'madera osiyanasiyana atembenuza imathamanga osiyana. The equator akubwera bwalo mokwanira za 24 masiku, pamene kasinthasintha kumalo ozizira zingatenge masiku opitirira 30 (kuti kusintha).

Kodi photosphere?

The photosphere ndi gwero la ndimakwiya dzuwa: malawi kuti kutambasula masauzande mtunda pamwamba dzuwa. ndimakwiya dzuwa kubala Kasupe wa X-ray, ultraviolet, cheza mu atomu ndi mphepo. Chitsime cha X-ray ndi umuna wailesi mwachindunji ndi kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa.

Kodi chromosphere?

Dera photosphere, ndilo chipolopolo kunja kwa Sun, wotchedwa chromosphere. m'dera yopapatiza alekanitsa korona kuchokera chromosphere lapansi. Kutentha limatuluka zikuchepa mu dera kusintha, kuchokera madigiri masauzande ochepa mu chromosphere oposa miliyoni madigiri kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga wa. Chromosphere limatulutsa utoto luminescence ndi koopsa ndi kuyaka a haidrojini. Koma wofiira mkombero akhoza amangoona kadamsanayu ndi. Nthawi zina, kuwala kwa chromosphere, ndi zambiri ofooka kwambiri kuona kuti ndi maziko a photosphere yowala. madzi a m'magazi kachulukidwe akugwa mofulumira mwa dera kusintha ikuyenda kwa chromosphere kuti kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga wa.

Kodi kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa? mafotokozedwe

Akatswiri a sayansi ya mowirikiza ikuchitika kafukufuku mwambi anafunsa ndi kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa. Kodi chikuimira chiyani?

Izi m'mlengalenga dzuwa kapena wosanjikiza akunja. Dzina anapatsidwa chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake zimaonekera pamene pali okwana dzuwa kadamsana. The particles kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga wa akutambasula mpaka danga ndi zoona, kufika kanjira dziko lapansi. mawonekedwe makamaka anatsimikiza mtima munda maginito. The ma elekitironi ufulu mu kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga kusuntha pamodzi mizere m'munda wa mphamvu ya maginito kupanga nyumba zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu, amene anamuona pa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga pamwamba sunspots zambiri ndi horseshoe mawonekedwe, amene kamodzinso, chikutsimikizira kuti iwo amatsatira mizere ya m'munda maginito. Kuchokera pamwamba pa izi "arches" streamers yaitali akhoza anagawira pa mtunda awiri dzuwa kapena kuposa ngati ena ndondomeko anabwerera ndi zinthu nsonga ya arches m'malere. Izi zinakhudza mphepo dzuwa, imene imagwera kunja kudutsa mu kachitidwe wathu dzuwa. Akatswiri a sayansi ya kuitana zochitika ngati "chisoti streamers" chifukwa cha nkhope zawo zipewa zida ankavala Ankhondo ndi ntchito zina asilikali German mpaka 1918

Kodi korona?

Nkhani imene anapanga kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa, ndi mutentha kwambiri, wopangidwa mwa madzi tenuous. The kutentha mkati korona pa milioni madigiri, n'zosadabwitsa apamwamba kuposa kutentha padziko Sun, ndiwo za 5500 ° C. Anzanu ndi korona kachulukidwe m'munsi kuposa mu mlengalenga.

Mwambo wa sipekitiramu kuonekera kwa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa, kuwala umuna mizere pa mlengalenga ngati kuwala apezeka kuti musakhale zizigwirizana zipangizo kudziwika. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zakuthambo hypothesized kuli "korona" ngati mpweya chachikulu kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga wa. Tanthauzo lenileni la zodabwitsazi wakhala chinsinsi mpaka anapeza kuti mpweya coronal ukagwira pamwamba 1.000.000 ° C. Mu kukhalapo kwa zinthu ndi mkulu kutentha awiri lalikulu - hydrogen ndi helium - mwamtheradi mosatsata ma elekitironi ake. zipangizo ngakhale aang'ono monga mpweya, mpweya ndi asafe anavula kwa mtima adachitira umboni. Only zigawo zikuluzikulu ankawonjezereka (chitsulo ndi calcium) amatha kusungabe ma elekitironi awo mchikakamizo cha kutentha. Cheza awa zinthu kwambiri ionized zomwe ndi mizere kawalidwe mpaka posachedwapa anakhalabe enigmatic kwa zakuthambo oyambirira.

Kuwala ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Dzuwa pamwamba kwambiri yowala ndipo, monga ulamuliro, masomphenya athu palibe izo m'mlengalenga dzuwa, ndi kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa ndi zosaoneka ndi apoyera. Wosanjikiza kunja kwa m'mlengalenga ndi woonda kwambiri ndi ofooka, tingathe amangoona ku Earth pa nthawi imene kadamsana kapena ndi wapadera zakutali-coronagraph kuti otsanzira kofunika, likufotokoza yowala litayamba dzuwa. Ena coronagraph ntchito telesikopu pansi ofotokoza, pamene ena anagwira pa makina.

Kunyezimira kwa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa mu X-ray ndi chifukwa kutentha ochuluka. Komano, ndi photosphere dzuwa limatulutsa kwenikweni X-ray. Timatha inu kuti muwone korona wa litayamba Dzuwa, pamene ife tikuziwona izo mu X-ray. Iwo amagwiritsa Optics wapadera, zomwe zimathandiza inu kuona X-ray. Mu 70s oyambirira woyamba US danga siteshoni Skylab ntchito X-ray zakutali, amene bwino zinkaoneka dzuwa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga ndi mawanga dzuwa kapena mabowo choyamba. M'zaka khumi zapitazi laperekedwa kuchuluka yaikulu mauthenga ndi zithunzi pa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga Dzuwa. Mothandizidwa ndi Kanema kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa limakhala mosavuta oonerako zatsopano ndiponso zosangalatsa za Sun, mbali yake ndi chikhalidwe zazikulu.

kutentha kwa Sun

Ngakhale dongosolo lamkati la pachimake dzuwa wabisika ndi zimene mwachindunji, akhoza anapangana ndi ntchito zitsanzo osiyana kuti kutentha pazipita mkati nyenyezi wathu ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 16 madigiri (Celsius). The photosphere - kuonekera pamwamba pa dzuwa - ali ndi kutentha kwa madigiri pafupifupi 6000 Celsius, koma kumawonjezera zikuchepa kwambiri ndi madigiri 6,000 digiri mamilioni angapo mu kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga, pafupi makilomita 500 pamwamba photosphere lapansi.

Dzuwa lotentha mkati osati kunja. Komabe, m'mlengalenga kunja kwa dzuwa, korona kwenikweni motentha kuposa photosphere lapansi.

Kumapeto kwa mmasate Grotrian (1939) ndi Edlen anapeza kuti zachilendo mizere kawalidwe anamuona pa sipekitiramu wa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa, magulu yochokera, monga chitsulo (Fe), calcium (Ca) ndi faifi tambala (Ni) mu masiteji kwambiri ionization. Iwo anati mpweya coronal heats kuti kutentha pa madigiri 1 miliyoni.

Funso chifukwa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga ndi kotentha, ikhala imodzi mwa ambiri osokoneza chithunzi masewera zakuthambo pa zaka 60 zapitazi. Yankho wopezeka pa funso limeneli ayi.

Ngakhale kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga dzuwa n'chachikulu otentha, ulinso ndi otsika kachulukidwe. Choncho chabe chiwerengero ka okwana cheza dzuwa chofunika kudzutsa mphamvu kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga. Mphamvu okwana ankalankhula ndi X-ray, ndi kokha za munthu miliyoni a luminosity okwana dzuwa. funso lofunika ndi mphamvu kusamutsidwa kwa korona, ndi zimene limagwirira ndi udindo zoyendera lapansi.

The njira ya dzuwa mphamvu kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga

osiyana njira zingapo akorona kotunga akhala akufuna zaka:

• Lamayimbidwe mafunde.

• Fast ndi wosakwiya magneto-lamayimbidwe mafunde Tel.

• Alfven mafunde thupi.

• Wodekha ndi kusala magneto-lamayimbidwe pamwamba mafunde.

• Current (kapena maginito) - madyaidya ndikuledzera.

• Mitsinje ya particles ndi kamwazi maginito.

zimagwirira awa akhala kutsimikizidwa onse theoretically ndi experimentally, ndi kuti tsiku, kokha mafunde lamayimbidwe onse analandira.

Ngakhale kuti silinakwaniritsidwe kuphunzira, omwe umatha ndi malire chapamwamba korona. Dziko lapansi ndi mapulaneti ena a dongosolo dzuwa lili mkati korona. Kuwala cheza cha kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga wa zimawonedwa mu 10-20 dzuwa radii (mamiliyoni ambiri makilomita) ndipo pamodzi ndi chodabwitsa cha kuwala m'nyenyezi.

Maginito pamphasa dzuwa kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga

Posachedwapa, "maginito pamphasa" wakhala anagwirizana ndi chithunzi cha Kutentha coronal.

Penyetsetsani ndi mkulu okhudza malo kusamvana zikusonyeza kuti padziko yokutidwa ndi dzuwa ofooka mphamvu ya maginito anaikira mu madera aang'onoang'ono a polarity zosiyana (maginito pamphasa). Izi ndende maginito, amaonedwa kukhala mfundo zazikulu za munthu machubu maginito onyamula magetsi panopa.

kuzipenya Recent izi "maginito pamphasa" amasonyeza azimuth chidwi: photospheric maginito mosalekeza amasuntha, kucheza ndi mzake, ndipo anabalalika kunja kwa kanthawi kakafupi nthawi. Maginito reconnection pakati pa maginito ya zosiyana polarity munda mtunda angasinthe ndi kumasula mphamvu ya maginito. reconnection ndondomeko komanso kungabweretse madyaidya ndikuledzera ya mafunde magetsi, zomwe kutembenuza mphamvu ngati zamagetsi ku kutentha.

Izi chithunzithunzi cha mmene pamphasa maginito angatengere mbali pa Kutentha coronal. Komabe, kunena kuti "maginito pamphasa" pamapeto pake wasankha coronal Kutentha vuto sangakhale, monga chitsanzo kachulukidwe kwa ndondomekoyi silinakwaniritsidwe akufuna.

Kodi dzuwa kuuzimitsa?

Dongosolo dzuwa ndi zovuta ndi unexplored kuti mfundo zokopa monga: "Dzuwa posachedwapa kutuluka," kapena M'malo mwake, "Dzuwa auka kutentha ndipo posakhalitsa moyo padziko lapansi zidzakhala zosatheka" zikumveka osachepera kupusa. Ndani angakhoze kupanga maulosi amenewa, osadziwa ndendende zomwe zimagwirira chimayambitsa nyenyezi ichi?