Tchinga ndalama ku Russia ndi ku dziko nduna, ndemanga dongosolo. Tchinga ndalama - ndi ...

mtundu wa mthunzi wa zosiyanasiyana mfundo ndi nkhambakamwa kwa zaka zambiri kufikira kwa aliyense bungwe lotchedwa thumba tchinga. Mwatsoka, ichi n'zosadabwitsa, monga akamanena woona ndi makhalidwe a ntchito ena kavalo wakuda, ngakhale chuma yake. Izi makamaka zimatheka ndi mawu akuti "tchinga" Mutu wa nkhani - pa kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha chilengedwe ndi mu mau, zikutanthauza kuonetsetsa nkhani za mavuto a zachuma.

Kumene, makasitomala kusokeretsedwa za mabungwe amenewa kuti ambiri mulimonse anazindikira tingaupeze inshuwalansi ndi zosiyanasiyana vuto m'munda wa zachuma, anali mowolowa manja flavored ndi waukulu kwambiri M'NKHANIZI zabwino ndalama okha za bwino ntchito yawo. Komabe, kwenikweni limagwirira izi chuma ntchito si choncho, monga ikutchula, ichi ndi bwino chinachake chimene aliyense ayenera kudziwa ndi chidwi phindu Investor.

Chofunikira ndi cholinga cha gululo

Tchinga ndalama - wapadera chilungamo zibwenzi, amene cholinga ndi kudzapeza kubwerera pa ndalama kwa anapatsidwa ndalama chiopsezo kapena kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zokolola anapatsidwa (izi ndi zimene anafotokoza akuti "tchinga" m'dzina -. Ku chitetezo English, inshuwalansi). Mmene ndalama ngati ndi losavuta lingaliro la kupeza phindu zogwirizana pamaziko a depositors ndalama mosasamala za mmene zinthu ziliri msika: kapena sikunachitekepo sichikuyenda kapena chidwi kukula. Chifukwa cha mavutowa, ntchito zovuta njira ndalama, nthawi zambiri kuphatikizapo komanso popezera mpata kugula magawo mu Long kapena lalifupi zogulitsa, ndi ena ambiri.

The sipekitiramu lonse zosiyanasiyana ankayendetsa zachuma amene angatenge thumba lonse kwambiri. Ndi chokha chiopsezo kasamalidwe mu msika - kani, ndi mwayi wapadera wa mabungwe yekha ena tchinga, ambiri a mbali kwake - yekha zipangizo zotheka kuti ntchito ndi ndalama, koma osati ntchito zokha.

Makamaka depositors ndalama padera ndi Ngopambana wa masheya ankagulitsa poyera, koma, kwenikweni, iwo amatha aganyali chilichonse kuti, maganizo awo, ndi njira amatha tipitirize kubweretsa phindu: dzikolo, malo, msika chofunika, ndalama ndi zina zotero .. Lamulo yekha chikutanthauza mwachindunji zinafotokozedwa kulengeza ndalama za thumba.

Pa nthawi yomweyo monga yaikulu mwayi ndalama kuchita zilipo si aliyense amene akufuna kuonjezera chuma chake: kupeza ndalama tchinga ndi lotseguka kapena "zatulutsidwa" kapena ndalama akatswiri amene ofunika ukonde ayenera upambana osachepera $ 1 miliyoni (kupatulapo mtengo okhala zikuluzikulu). Lamulo limeneli alipo ndi nkhani ya kuti ndalama akatswiri kale wokonzedwera kwa mavuto ndi kuopsa, imene imakhudza yaikulu ndalama atchedwe ndalama tchinga. Zoletsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira ndalama kutumikira Commission US pa sheya ndi Kusinthana Commission ndipo anthu 99 pazipita, amene osachepera 65 ayenera kukhala monga mmene tafotokozera pa chiyambi, "zatulutsidwa" (Investor, ndalama ukonde amene chilamulo US, ayenera kukhala osachepera $ 200 zikwi). Popeza m'lifupi mwa zochita zotheka thumba, kuopsa kungakhale kwambiri, zomwe m'chilamulo obliges ndalama kuti aganyali m'njira kuti imfa awo okwana si zikuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa bajeti.

Kubadwa kwa zisinthe ndi chizindikiro chake kukoma pa zachuma

Wapadera kwa nthawi ndi mbadwo wa phindu akulandira strategy anali opangidwa ndi a American zachuma Alfredom Uinslou Johnson, amene mu 1949 anakhazikitsa tchinga thumba yoyamba m'mbiri. Wolemba hedged thumba dzina, ofanana ndi ake. Zotsatira za ntchito yake, anafalitsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi chokha kenako mu 1965, zomwe zinapanga phokoso lambiri, ndi chidwi mu msika. , Iye anafotokoza lonse zasungidwa njira limagwirira mu kugwa ndi msika kuwuka ndi ntchito osakaniza kugula ndi kugulitsa overvalued magawo anachepetsa.

Woyamba ndi sheya, phindu panopa ndi mkulu, koma mu nkhani iyi pali zizindikiro - mfundo ndi harbingers zimene kugwa mtengo m'tsogolo. Anachepetsa - zosiyaniratu pamene gawo Mtengo wochepa, koma ali nacho prerequisites aliyense, ndipo angathe kukula.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu zowombetsa mkota, njira tafotokozazi, Jones yapindula chidwi - mtengo wa ndalama zake pa zaka khumi za kulenga, thumba anafika 670%.

A njira unali wopambana yaikulu kufalikira, ndi 1968 mu US ndi sheya ndi Kusinthana Commission wakhala mayina pafupifupi 140 ndalama mayanjano okondedwa, amene akugwa pansi pa tanthauzo la "thumba yaminga."

Komabe, chosiyana nthawi yake, lingaliro la pafupi apeze 2008-2009 inasanduka tsoka chuma chenicheni, lotchedwa mu mabwalo onse monga "mavuto aakulu". Kwaiye ndi kunadetsa ambiri ndi kunadetsa zovuta nkhambakamwa ndalama, mavuto padziko lonse wa zaka analandira chikoka ndithu ndalama tchinga okha, ndalama tchinga -, kwenikweni, gulu zongopeka. Komabe, chifukwa cha Kudziwa, tisaiwale kuti poyamba kuwira akuphulikira cha mkuntho umenewu ndalama zambiri monga nyumba. Apadera ngongole kubweza ku sikelo zakuthambo ndi chikalata pamene kwenikweni pa aliyense (zedi ndithu ndi amene solvency ambiri sanathe kutseka udindo ngongole), anakoka iye pansi onse gawo la ndalama ndi ngongole, ndiye mavuto mu utumiki ngati afalikira mpaka chuma lenileni la United States ndi mayiko mu mayiko ena.

Kusewera pa Wopanda mu magawo a mabanki, ndalama tchinga ndalama potero zimawonjezera kukula mantha ndalama kuti kwambiri catalyzing kugwa zachuma padziko lonse. Ndipo ngakhale ena mlandu mabungwe awa zonse zimene zinachitika pa nthawi imeneyo ndi wakuti, komabe sikuti iwo zinthu zina lapansi. Dyera ndi ogula iwo wokha, ayi lonyozeka kwa profiteering cha chuma, anakopeka misa maonekedwe a ngongole yaikulu ngongole kuti zambiri zotsatira anali kwathunthu akanagwiritsa ndi luso kulipira.

Pakali pano, dziko anachira chifukwa choopsa cha vutoli, ndi ulamuliro pa ntchito za ndalama tchinga kwambiri kusinthidwa pambuyo nkhonya sadzachitanso reparable fano lawolo monga mabungwe a zachuma. Okwana dziko msika pafupifupi 12,000 ndalama tchinga, kusamala chuma mopitirira mu lipange madola US. Komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta ndi zosokoneza kwambiri nthawi zambiri, kapangidwe malamulo a mabungwe awa, kuwerengera ndalama yeniyeni zambiri za chuma ndalama yeniyeni ndi kovuta.

zigawo kandalama za limagwirira limodzi

Tchinga ndalama - ndi nthawi zambiri wapadera mu chipembedzo chake cha mgwirizano ndi mbali zambiri ndi zina zabwino. Ena amazipanga zovuta ndi zosokoneza, anthu ena ndalama dongosolo ndikosavuta ndi mandala - izo zonse zikudalira pa zolinga, njira ndi njira ntchito ya thumba. Komabe, pafupifupi dongosolo lililonse la thumba tchinga tso zotsatirazi zofunikira:

• Makampani - Anthu popanda katundu amene sakhoza kukhala kuli ndi ntchito ya Fund. bungwe amapereka ntchito zake kwa ndalama, anthu pa nkhani ya pangano, kuti aganyali gawo lirilonse la likulu lake. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha ntchito olondola a izo, pa maziko amenewo zinabala phindu mu msika, onse kasitomala ndi thumba.
• Guarantor banki kapena woyang'anira - .. banki Izi, amene chachikulu ntchito ndi kupereka chuma odalirika kusunga ndalama, kaya ndalama, sheya, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, etc. Mu zina, thumba akhoza kuwakopera "awo" banki kuchita ndi / kapena processing wa wotuluka (koma makamaka ndi ntchito ngakhale kuti wogula yaikulu). Komanso, woyang'anira ndi mtsikana pokonza nkhani wotuluka anachita ndi nkhani ya ndalama; kutsimikizira litsatidwe realpolitik kulamulira ananena mu thumba hayala wa mndandanda wa zolinga. Kumene, monga ntchito nthawi zambiri yaikulu ya kubanki ndi mbiri olimba positive.
• bwana - munthu kapena, monga ulamuliro, kampani imene amasonyeza lonse njira ndalama, ndi udindo wina wa Fund anatengera njira. Komanso, bwana tchinga thumba komanso amasamalira ntchito zonsezo.
• Bodi - amachita kuwunika ntchito za kasamalidwe, komanso makampani opereka chithandizo ku thumbali. The Board amaloledwa kuthetsa mikangano ndi mavuto mkangano ma sheya hoda ndi Ngopambana, kusankha ogwira kuti kiyi udindo Fund. Kuti mamembala gulu patokha wopalamula (mpaka chigawenga) mogwirizana ndi zonse thumba zotchulidwa mu mfundo ndi malamulo a memorandum lapansi.
• woyang'anira - Kudziwa phindu ukonde wa Fund kaya bwana, zomwe zimachititsa kuti chidwi kuchepetsa chiopsezo ku mwambo pafupifupi zolakwa za mtsogolo. Komabe, olamulira ambiri perekani ntchito za malipoti kulongosola, kupereka ngongole, ndi kuchenjeza ma sheya hoda NKHANI ntchito, kugawa wa phindu kwa ma sheya hoda, komanso muzimvetsera kwa magawo mayunitsi / wa thumba ndi chiwombolo chawo.
• The wogula chachikulu - udindo nthawi zambiri lalikulu ndalama kubanki, amene wosachita kunja wotuluka nthawi zina m'malo mwa thumba tchinga monga wogula payekha. thumba chachikulu wogula amapereka zosiyanasiyana ntchito akatswiri zokhudzana ndi kuchotsa (kuchotsa kuthetsa pakati makampani / makampani / mayiko kudzera mankhwala / sheya / misonkhano), misonkhano m'ndende ndi thandizo ntchito.
• Auditor - munthu kuchita kutsimikizira zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a malipoti mbadwa za akawunti malamulo ndalama. Kuthetsa zambiri amakhala ndi kafukufuku chaka chilichonse, koma ngakhale ngati mayeso kawirikawiri sakhala angasokoneze mfundo imeneyi kapangidwe ka bungwe - popanda makampani Auditor ena utumiki kapena wothandizila lachitatu chipani sitigwirizana kusunga ndalama.
• uphungu malamulo - nkofunika ndi chiphatso udindo thumba, amene kupelekedwa ndi owongolera udindo pansi zofunika zina zenizeni. License atsegula zambiri onse kuchuluka mipata ndi kuyatsa Investor m'munsi, koma ena kuposa kuti, mlangizi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapeto mapangano osiyanasiyana ndi mapangano.

Choncho zikuoneka dongosolo tchinga thumba. Kachiwiri, m'zochitika zosiyanasiyana, zolinga zawo kuchita angakhale kwambiri chosavuta (ngakhale ndi kusapezeka kwa lirilonse la mafano pamwamba) kapena ndi zambiri tortuous ndi zovuta.

"The lililonse thumba": zoyimira ndi gulu pamaziko a strategy kupitirirabe ndalama

Komanso, ngakhale chigawo structural, ndi International Monetary maziko limatchula mitundu itatu ya ndalama tchinga:

1. Global ndalama - zochita zawo kuphimba dziko lonse msika. Komabe, njira kawirikawiri akufotokozera mtundu wa ndalama pa maziko a kusanthula ndi Zoneneratu wa mphamvu ya magawo a makampani payekha.
2. ndalama zazikulu - ntchito yekha mu chimango cha yeniyeni msika dziko. Kawirikawiri zochokera makhalidwe zazikulu za citukuko ndi ndalama za dziko makamaka.
3. The mtengo wachibale wa ndalama - pristine tingachipeze powerenga mtundu wa ndalama tchinga, monga iwo anali kumayambiriro linakhalapo. Muzichita ankayendetsa zachuma mu malonda akhalire m'dziko lililonse umodzi, ntchito yabwino yakale njira kugulitsa magawo overvalued ndi kugula unrated. Pankhaniyi, bwana zonse oyang'anira za mmene zinthu ziliri pa msika kusankha nthawi yoyenera kwambiri zambiri ndi kupeza phindu pazipita.

Inde, gulu lanuli zosiyanasiyana za dziko msika wa ndalama tchinga zilibe pamenepo, chifukwa pang'ono zoletsa kuti ulamuliro wa kulenga zosiyanasiyana subspecies ndi nthambi zina, ngati ankafuna.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza mphindi ntchito ndalama tchinga

Partnership mfundo ambiri mtheradi wa ndalama tchinga lolunjika pa umembala yaitali ndalama, kotero kuti ndalama zawo kukhala pa kutaya kwa thumba kwa nthawi yaitali. Izi makamaka nkhawa linanena bungwe la malamulo: ndi Investor ayenera kupewa gulu la chisankho ofanana pasadakhale, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa zidziwitso ndi kuchotsa umembala mwina mpaka miyezi 2-3 (malingana ndi malamulo okhazikika). Wina kawirikawiri ankakumana ndi kuchita zina - kusiya mwamsanga zopereka zonse ndalama, koma mitengo kugula / kugulitsa katundu anatsimikiza mwachindunji ndi Fund. Ndipo, ndithudi, nthawi zambiri zimenezi, kusiyana pakati pa iwo kufika zizindikiro yofunika kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene adalowa, kusiya kapena china mu kuchepetsa tsankho la chopereka ake voliyumu lonse la ndalama la mwamuna ndi kuwunikira ndi moyenera, ndi chilungamo chiŵerengero amadziwikanso kusintha. Kuchotsa mamembala angapo ndalama akhoza kwambiri pa phindu okwana pakati otsala: kasamalidwe akhoza kulipira depositors kusiya kuposa ndalama bwino kwambiri, kusiya chuma kwambiri zingamuthandize mu mbiri yanu. Choncho, nthawi zina, thumba tchinga mukhoza kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu kubwerera pa likulu chifukwa chopereka zimene poyamba nawo chilengedwe cha ndalama ndipo kenako kudzipatula kupita ndalama, koma analibe nthawi kuti tifike ku izo mfundo yochititsa chidwi chifukwa ubwino. Komabe, ngati tchinga thumba TV aona azimuth amphamvu kwa kulowa yogwira ndalama, kuchokera azisiyana kwathunthu mu mawonekedwe a misa mantha kuchoka kwa abwenzi palibe amene sangayesedwe. Nthawi zambiri zinadzala ndi osati kugwa kwa kubwerera pa likulu, komanso bankirapuse lathunthu la gulu lonse.

More osokoneza kuposa m'dera lonse la ndalama za ndalama, ndi dongosolo yaitali makomiti. ndalama tchinga ndi chimodzi osati koyefishienti koma ndalama opaleshoni, ndi 2% pa kayendetsedwe ka chuma okha ndi 20% ya phindu lililonse. Pankhaniyi, ngakhale bwana sakukhulupiriranso ndalama ndiponso sanapereke ndalama iliyonse, iye, malinga ndi nkhani za kukhazikitsidwa, Mulimonsemo, ndi awa 2% buku okwana chuma kulamulidwa (m'njira imeneyi wakhala moyenera wotchedwa "2 ndi 20"). Chotero milandu dongosolo ntchito ankachita namtindi wa dziko la ndalama tchinga. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri tsopano makamaka kutsindika makhalidwe a kutengerapo pang'onopang'ono ndalama dongosolo "1 ndi 10". Ngati pamene ulamuliro si chabe mlandu mawerengedwe ku khalidwe la katundu, aphimbidwa ndi apamwamba kuchuluka ntchito pa phindu la kwaiye.

Pofuna phindu lalikulu: ntchito m'nthawi strategy ndi ndalama

Mipata yosiyanasiyana komanso malo osiyanasiyana okhudzidwa ndi ndalama, komanso zokhudzana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zonse zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mzere komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje atsopano kuti apeze ndalama zowomba. Komabe, ngakhale izi, njira zamakono zamakono zogwirira ntchito mu ndalama zingathe kusankhidwa kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana:

• Nthawi yayitali / yochepa - kawirikawiri ndalama zogwirira ntchitoyi zimagwira ntchito ndi 40% za katundu wawo. Zimaphatikizapo kugula zinthu zopanda malire (nthawi yayitali) komanso kugulitsidwa kwafupipafupi.
• Msika Wosagwirizana ndi Ma Market (Market-Neutral Arbitrage) - umagwira ntchito pamene zinthu zomwezo zimasiyanasiyana pamtengo wosiyana. Bwanayo amalowa nthawi yaitali pazinthu zowonongeka ndikusintha kwa wina - kumene zinthu zomwezo zimapindula kwambiri.
• Yankho lachidziwitso - ndondomekoyi imachokera pazifukwa zopanda chilungamo za magawo a malonda alionse amene asintha (kukhala mgwirizano, kupeza, kukonzanso, etc.). Bwanayo amapeza mphindi yopindulitsa pa ntchito (kugula / kugulitsa) kufikira malonda osalungamawa atayikidwa pamsika.
• Malo ochepa (Mafupipafupi) - pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, ndalamazo zimakhala ndi malo apang'ono, zomwe zimapeza msika wogwa.
• Mtengo weniweni (mtengo) - Ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamatetezedwe omwe amagulitsidwa pamtengo wotsika kapena osagulitsidwa ndi msika.
• Mavuto Ovuta (Mavuto Osautsika) - kugula ndi kuchotsa kwakukulu kwa magawo ndi zolakwa za makampani omwe ali pafupi ndi kubwezeretsedwa kapena kukonzanso. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kumatsimikizira kuti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mkati, makampani osankhidwa adzakhala amphamvu kwambiri, podzipindulitsa nawo.

Kawirikawiri, maziko amatha kusokoneza njira, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zomwe tatchula pamwambapa kuti tipindule.

Lamulo lokhazikika: kodi ndi malamulo ati a masewera ndi zotsitsimula zomwe zilipo pazomwe zimapangidwira ndalama?

Nthawi yayitali ndalama zazingwe zinayimilira pa msika wa mdziko chifukwa cha kutseka kwawo ndi kufooka kwa kayendedwe ka ndalama. Komabe, ndithudi, sipangakhale konse nkhani yokhudza chipolowe chokwanira ndi ufulu wochitapo kanthu: malamulo ovomerezeka a ndalama anali, ndi, ndipo adzakhalapo nthawi zonse. Lero, adapatsidwa mphamvu yowonjezera pa msika wa mdziko komanso kuwonetsa kosalekeza kosiyana siyana ndikugulitsa malonda, mabungwe apadera ndi matupi apadera akuwunika ndikuwunika mosamala kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Makamaka, a JOBS Act (Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act) yomwe inayambika mu March 2012 inasintha mazenera a ndalama pang'ono patapita kanthawi. Zakhazikitsidwa ngati chiyeso cholimbikitsa kulimbikitsa ndalama ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono a bizinesi, ntchitoyi yafooketsa msika wogulitsa. Chifukwa cha malamulo atsopano, ndalama za hedge funds, zomwe zimapatsidwa mwayi wawo wopezera ndalama, zakhala zowonjezera ndalama zomwe zimapereka ndalama zowonongeka ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono. Pambuyo pake, ntchitoyi inakhudza kwambiri mu September 2013 pa kukweza chiletso pa malonda a ndalama zamakono ndi makampani omwe amapereka malo omwe ali nawo.

M'mayiko ambiri, ndalama zazingwe zimayenera kulengeza kwa akuluakulu a zachuma pa pempho loyamba la zikuluzikulu pazitsulo zakunja, ndikudziwitsa malo awo zokhudzana ndi chigamulo. Zotsatira zoterezi zimayambika makamaka kuti cholinga cha kuchepetsa ngongole ndi kuchepetsa kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama kuti ochita masewerawa asasokoneze zofuna za ocheperako pamsika.

Kuonjezerapo, lamulo lolamulira dziko la hedge ndalama cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Izi zikuwonetsedwera mu lamulo la zofunikira, zofuna zothandizana ndi malire ndi malire omwe ndalama zothandizira ndalama zimatseguka kwa makasitomala payekha.

Pofuna kupewa zoopsa kuchokera ku ngongole yobwezeretsa ndalama, akuluakulu oyendetsa mabungwe oyambirira ndi mabanki tsiku ndi tsiku amayambiranso malo awo poyerekeza ndi maudindo pamsika wa ndalama kuti adzalandire ngongole. Izi ngongole ziyenera kuti zikhale ndi chikole choyenera ngati chuma chamtengo wapatali. Kuwonjezera apo, mabanki ali ndi ufulu wokonza ngongole kwa thumba lirilonse pokhapokha, malinga ndi kayendetsedwe kawo kachitidwe ka ndalama, malipiro a mwezi, malipoti a kuchoka kwa azimayi ndi mbiri ya maubwenzi a bizinesi.

Ndalama zabwino kwambiri za hedge funds za dziko lapansi masiku ano

Pakalipano, si nthawi zabwino zowonjezera ndalama zomwe zikupitirirabe kuyambira chaka chatha. Phindu lopindula ndilopitirira malipiro owerengeka kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi: chaka chatha, ndalama zowonjezereka zowonjezera ndalama zinapeza $ 517.6 miliyoni, zomwe? Malingana ndi akatswiri ena? Bwino kuposa zotsatira za 2014, koma ndi 40% kuposa poyerekeza ndi phindu loperekedwa mu 2013.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mtengo wa katundu yense, mwinamwake wophatikizapo ntchito za hedge fund, unakula pafupifupi $ 51.7 biliyoni, ndikupeza ndalama zokwana $ 2.97 trillion.

Mchitidwe woipa wa phindu la kuchepa kwa ndalama zikuwonetsedwa momveka bwino osati pokhapokha kuwonongeka kwachuma komwe kunayesedwa ngakhale ngakhale nyumba yabwino kwambiri ya dziko lapansi, komanso chifukwa cha kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi msika wolimba kwambiri. Malo awo adatayika ndi anthu otchuka monga John Paulson wa Paulson ndi Co, Leon Kuperman wa Omega Advisors, ndi Daniel Leb kuchokera ku Third Point. Kumalo awo akale, otchedwa Ken Griffin ochokera ku Citadel ndi James Simons ochokera ku Renaissance Technologies adakhazikika. Onse mu 2015 adapeza ndalama zokwana madola 1.7 biliyoni, motero amayenera kutenga choponderetsa cha mamenenjala olemera kwambiri a hedge fund.

Chiwerengero cha hedge ndalama chingasinthe mopanda kuzindikira, ndikuponya mopanda pake pansi pa atsogoleri omwe akuwoneka ngati akuyesedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Kodi ochita masewerawa adzakhalabe ndi malo awo popanda kutayika kwakukulu kumapeto kwa chaka? Nthawi yokhayo iwonetseratu. Padakali pano, utsogoleri pakati pa maboma onse a dziko lapansi akuchitidwa ndi azinayi khumi awa:

Mtsogoleri	Foundation	Phindu
Kenneth Griffin	Citadel	$ 1.7 biliyoni
James Harris Simons	Renaissance	$ 1.7 biliyoni
Ray Dalio	Bridgewater	$ 1.4 biliyoni
David Tepper	Appaloosa	$ 1.4 biliyoni
Yisrael Inglander	Millenium Mgmt	$ 1.15 biliyoni
David Shaw	DE Shaw	$ 750 miliyoni
John Overdeck	Sigma ziwiri	$ 500 miliyoni
David Siegel	Sigma ziwiri	$ 500 miliyoni
Andreas Halvorsen	Viking Global	$ 370 miliyoni
Joseph Edelman	Alangizi othandizira	$ 300M

Ndalama zazitsulo za Russia: ziwerengero, ziyembekezo ndi machitidwe okonzedweratu

Sizinali zopindulitsa kwambiri pa nthawi ya hedge ndalama zomwe zinakhudzanso anzawo a ku Russia a amalonda a ku America. Kuwonetsa kubwerera koipa, zomwe zimakhala ndi ndalama zapakhomo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi msika wa kumadzulo, kumene mabungwewa amawoneka kuti ndi amodzi mwazinthu zodalirika zachuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti 20 peresenti yobwereranso pazinthu zowonongeka zowonjezereka nthawi zambiri.

Ku Russia, ndalama zothandizira ndalama zimayimilidwa ndi Mutual Investment Fund ndi OFBU (General Funds for Bank Management). Makamaka ndalama zamadzi ku Moscow nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi udindo wokhala ndi chikhulupiriro. Ndalama zonse zapamwamba za hedge ndalama tsopano zatsala khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Chiwerengero chofananacho chinalembedwa pakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu ku US, kumene msika pa nthawiyo unali kale kuyamikira ndalama za hedge. Komabe, ku Russia, malamulowa amaletsa kwambiri zida za ndalama, osalola kugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito pamsika. Pa chifukwa chomwecho, gawo lalikulu la mgwirizano wazitsulo wa Russia akulembedwera m'madera akumtunda.

Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusintha kwambiri mu lamulo pa nkhaniyi kungathandize kwambiri ku Russia kuzungulira ndalama ndi kukula kwawo kwachuma, zomwe zimawalola kutenga njira zambiri.

Ndipo ngakhale kuti ndalama zazingwe ku Russia sizingafala monga kumadzulo, pali zitsanzo zabwino za atsogoleri omwe amatha kupikisana ndi mpikisano pamayiko onse. Chowathandiza kwambiri chinali VR Global Offshore Fund, yomwe phindu lake kwa chaka chinali 32.32%. Koma mbiri yotere ya msika wa pakhomo imapereka VR Global Offshore Fund yomwe inakwanitsa kuthetsa ndalamazo: ndalamazo zimakhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha chilango cha osamalirira panthawi yoyambirira - 4,5%. Diamond Age Atlas Fund inapeza ndalama zosakwana 22.92% ya phindu lonse, kusiya Copperstone Alpha Fund pa gawo lachitatu la chiwerengerocho. Mtsogoleri wa zamkuwa anakula ndi 22.06% pachaka.

Potsiriza, pachinayi, Burnem Asset Management, yomwe chuma chake chaka chatha chinali 17.63%, chiripo.

Pazifukwa za ndalama zinayi zotchulidwa pamwambapa, pafupifupi 80% (3,425 biliyoni madola) ya chuma chonse chagona poyerekeza ndi otsutsana onse pamsika wa Russia. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ndalama zoposa theka - 1,634 biliyoni - zimachokera ku VR Global Offshore Fund.

Zochitika pawekha ndi ndalama za hedge ndalama za mayankho a osika malonda okha

Lerolino, ndalama za hedge ndi imodzi mwa zopindulitsa kwambiri komanso panthawi yomweyi pokhazikitsa mgwirizano wogulitsa pakati pa njira zina zambiri zomwe zimagulitsa malonda masiku ano. Akuluakulu amalonda ndi amalonda akufunafuna phindu, monga lamulo, nthawi zonse amawonetsera ngati chuma chofunika kwambiri chomwe amachipatsa ndalama zawo zolemetsa, zomwe ndi ndalama za ndalama. Maphunziro ali olakwika, ndemanga zabwino - osakayikira tsopano wina angadalire maganizo a alendo - "osungira" pa webusaiti, pamene nkhani za dummy zakhala zofunikira kwambiri za malonda.

Chinthu china ndi chakuti kuopsa kwakhala kwakhalapo ndipo kudzapitiriza kukhala, makamaka mu chuma. Choncho, si ndalama zonse zomwe zingathe kukhala mgwirizano wa malonda, koma zimangopanga dzina lopanda pake chifukwa chachinyengo chimodzi - chinyengo.

Imodzi mwa milandu yotchuka kwambiri inali yachinyengo cha Bernard Meidoff, zomwe zinagula madola 50 biliyoni kuti aziika ndalama za Madoff Investment Securities. Ngongole yake yogulitsa ndalama, ndalama yomwe adalowamo inali madola mamiliyoni ambiri a US, anthu ambiri ochokera kumudzi wapamwamba. Maedoff mwiniwake amadziwidwanso chifukwa cha zopereka zake zopereka kwa sayansi pa khansa ndi shuga, pa ndalama zosankhidwa ndi US Democratic Party, komanso pa chitukuko cha zikhalidwe ndi maphunziro.

Komabe, izi sizinapulumutse thumbali kuchokera kumayambiriro a posachedwa kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa malonda mpaka piramidi yachuma pambuyo pavuto la 1995. Komabe, kuphulika kumene iye adalenga kunamveka kumapeto kwa 2008, kenako Madoff anaweruzidwa kundende zaka 150.

Osewera kwenikweni omwe ali nawo (anthu omwe sanapeze ndalama yoyamba mwa kuika ndalama) poyamba chofunsira kuti ayang'anitse kuchuluka kwa ndalama zolowera. Ngati ali ofanana kapena ngakhale osachepera $ 50,000, onetsetsani motsimikizika - mukuyang'anizana ndi HYP, osadziwika ngati hedge fund. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zowonjezera kudziko lina zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi komanso makasitomala ochulukirapo amalandira ndalama zosachepera $ 100,000.