Sophistry - ndichiyani? zitsanzo sophisms

Sophistry mu Greek amatanthauza luso tsenga kapena yonama. Mawu amenewa amatchedwa kuti mawu amene ali wabodza, koma osati wopanda mfundo amafotokozera, potero chabe zikuoneka woona. funso n'lakuti: sophism - kuti ali ndi momwe kumasiyana ndi paralogisms? kusiyana ndi kuti sophistry zochokera amazindikira ndi dala chinyengo, kuphwanya mfundo.

Nkhani akuti

Sophistry ndi paradoxes zinali kuonekera akale. Mmodzi wa makolo a nzeru - Aristotle ananena kuti nthawi imeneyi chodabwitsa kungoganiza umboni, wosawoneka chifukwa cha kusowa kusanthula zomveka, imbaenda ku subjectivity ziweruzo zonse. Mtsutso Zomveka chabe yodzibisa chifukwa cha zolakwa ndiye kuti mawu alionse Sufi ndithudi.

Sophistry - ndichiyani? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli tiyenera kuganizira chitsanzo cha zolakwikazo wakale wa kaganizidwe, "muli chinachake kuti sanataye. Iye anataya nyanga zake? Choncho nyanga. " Pali kuchotsa. Ngati mawu oyambirira kusinthidwa, "muli ndi chilichonse kuti sanataye," ndiye linanena bungwe amakhala oona, koma uninteresting. Mmodzi mwa malamulo loyamba la Sophists anali amanena kuti m'pofunika kulingalira koipa-mlandu mkangano zinthu zabwino, ndi cholinga awiri chidali chigonjetso mu izo, osati pofunafuna chowonadi.

Sophists ankanena kuti maganizo aliyense akhoza kukhala achilungamo, motero negating lamulo la kutsutsana, kenako anakonza ndi Aristotle. Izi wafunsira mitundu yambiri ya sophistry m'masayansi osiyana.

magwero sophistry

Magwero a sophistry akhoza kuchita terminology kuti ntchito azichita. mawu ambiri ndi matanthauzo angapo (dokotala kungakhale dokotala kapena kafukufuku ndi digiri), chifukwa muli ndi kuphwanya mfundo. Sophisms mu masamu Mwachitsanzo, zochokera mfundo za kusintha ndi kuchulukitsa iwo ndiyeno kuyerekezera choyambirira ndipo analandira deta. Kusagwiritsa nkhawa komanso kukhala chida wosokoneza, chifukwa mawu ambiri pamene inu kusintha kusintha maganizo ndi tanthauzo. Kumangidwa kwa mawu ndi zina zosokoneza kwambiri ngati Mwachitsanzo, nthawi awiri awiri kuphatikiza asanu. Pankhaniyi, izo sizikumveka ngati pali ndalama zikutanthauza awiri ndi zisanu, kuchulukitsa ndi awiri, kapena ndalama chipatso cha awiriawiri ndipo fives.

chipangizo sophistry

Ngati tikambirana zovuta zambiri zomveka sophistry, m'pofunika kupereka chitsanzo ndi kulolerana kutumiza mawu amene ayenera kutsimikizira. Kuti ndi mkangano yokha sizikhala monga yaitali ngati si kutsimikiziridwa. kutsutsa wina imatengedwa maganizo kuphwanya Goliyati, amene umalimbana mawu zonamizira kwa iye. cholakwa ndi wamba tsiku ndi tsiku, pamene anthu ochokera monga malingaliro gawo ndi zolinga amene si awo.

Komanso, mawu olankhulidwa ndi ena malo akhoza m'malo akuti, umenewu ndi otetezedwa. Chifukwa chakuti cholinga si kukhala chakuti sanasankhidwe, mawu zikuoneka kuti ndithu wololera komanso molondola zolondola. Otchedwa wamkazi mfundo imagwiranso kwa disruptions maganizo, monga kumanga unyolo wa malingaliro amene si mbale wina ndi mzake, koma kufufuza cursory kugwirizana angapezeke.

The zifukwa za sophistry

Zifukwa maganizo sophistry monga nzeru anthu, maganizo ake ndiponso mlingo wa suggestibility. Kuti ndi woposa munthu ochenjera moti ndi Goliyati amaima, kuti atawire ndi mfundo akufuna maganizo izo. Phunziro kwa zochita affective munthu akhoza kugonja kwa maganizo awo ndi kuphonya sophistry. Zitsanzo za zoterezi zimachitika pamene pali anthu maganizo.

The zambiri wotsimikizika adzakhala munthu, wamkulu mwayi kuti ena zindikirani cholakwa m'mawu ake. Pa akukhala, anthu ambiri amene amagwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi vutolo. Koma kumvetsa zonse mwa zifukwa zimenezi ndi kuwamvetsa mwatsatanetsatane, monga sophistry ndi paradoxes mu mfundo zambiri amaona munthu wosaphunzitsidwa.

zifukwa ozindikira ndipo affective

Development wa munthu wanzeru amatha kuwayang'anira osati zolankhula zawo, komanso aliyense mkangano gwero lake, pamene Atchule awo mfundo ntchito interlocutor. Munthu wotereyu amakhala ndi wambirimbiri tcheru, luso kupeza mayankho a mafunso osadziwika m'malo motsatira dongosolo kuloweza komanso mawu kwambiri kuphunzira zomwe ali anasonyeza kwambiri ndendende.

Buku la chidziwitso, nawonso, ndi zofunika kwambiri. Mwaluso ntchito mtundu wa matenda monga sophistry mu masamu N osaphunzira ndi kusinthika munthu.

Zina mwa kuopa zotsatira za, nchifukwa chake anthu sangathe molimba kufotokoza maganizo awo ndi kutsogolera mkangano yabwino. Kuyankhula za zofooka za maganizo a munthu, tiyenera kukumbukira za poganiza kuti mudziwe analandira chitsimikiziro iliyonse ya malingaliro ake pa moyo. Pakuti zaumunthu kungakhale vuto masamu sophistry.

Tsimikizani

Pa zokambirana za kaganizidwe ka anthu ndi chikoka osati maganizo ndi mphamvu, komanso ufulu. anthu olimba mtima komanso amphamvu ndi kupambana kwakukulu adzateteza mfundo yake maganizo, ngakhale kuti wakhala anakonza osemphana maganizo. Makamaka amphamvu njira imeneyi ntchito pa woipa lalikulu la anthu ongoyendayenda zotsatira za khamu la sanadziwe sophistry. Kamakupatsani wolankhulayo? Mwayi kutsimikizira chilichonse. Mbali ina ya khalidwe, amene amalola kuti apambane mu mkangano mothandizidwa ndi sophism ukugwirira. Munthu kwambiri chabe, mwayi kwambiri kumuuza Iye kuti mlandu wawo.

Kutsiliza - mphamvu ya kufunsira sophistical zimadalira makhalidwe a anthu onse nawo zokambirana. Pankhaniyi, zotsatira za makhalidwe onse pamwamba umunthu kuwonjezera ndipo kwambiri zotsatira za zokambirana za vutolo.

Zitsanzo kuyan'anila mfundo

Sophistry zitsanzo za tikambirana pansipa, ndi kukonza kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo kuyan'anila yosavuta maganizo ntchito kokha kuphunzitsa luso amati, monga umboni ndinawona mu mawu amenewa ndi zosavuta zokwanira.

Choncho sophistry (zitsanzo):

Full ndi kanthu - ngati amachepetsa awiri ali ofanana ndipo magawo awiri a lonse komanso ali ofanana. Malinga ndi ichi - ngati theka chopanda ndi theka zonse yemweyo Choncho, wofanana ndi osalembapo chilichonse.

Chitsanzo china: "Inu mukudziwa chimene ine ndikufuna kuti ndikufunseni inu?" - "Ayi". - "Ndipo ukoma - ndi yabwino munthu?" - "Ine ndikudziwa." - "Iwo likukhalira kuti inu simukudziwa chomwe inu mukudziwa."

Medicine kumathandiza wodwala, ndi bwino, ndi bwino bwino. Ndiko kuti, inu mukhoza kutenga mankhwala ngati kuli kotheka.

Kwambiri sophism wotchuka limati: "galu uyu ali ndi ana, ndiye atate wake. Koma popeza ndi galu wanu, zikutanthauza kuti atate wanu. Komanso, ngati inu mufika galu, kuti uli bambo adzamenyedwa. Ndipo ndi m'bale wa ana agalu lapansi. "

paradoxes zomveka

Sophistry ndi paradoxes - mfundo ziwiri zosiyana. The chododometsa amatchedwa chiweruzo chimene ndikhoza kutsimikizira kuti mawuwo ndi onse onama ndi owona. zodabwitsazi lagawidwa mitundu 2: Aporia ndi antinomy. The choyamba ndi maonekedwe a linanena bungwe, zomwe ziri zosiyana kwa zinachitikira. Chitsanzo ndi chododometsa anakonza ndi Zeno: zombo-footed Achilles sangathe chitsata mwini fulu, monga pa sitepe iliyonse wotsatira adzakhala lichoke ku izo patali, popanda pomulola andipeze, chifukwa gulu la kutalika njira za ndondomeko zambiri.

Antinomy chomwecho - ichi chododometsa, kutanthauza kuti kuli maweruzo ziwiri zotsutsana zoona nthawi yomweyo. Mawu akuti "Ndine atagona" ukhoza kukhala woona ndi wabodza, koma ngati izo ziri zoona, munthu simukulankhulanso kuti akunena zoona ndipo si wabodza, ngakhale mawu akuti zikutanthauza zosiyana. Pali chidwi chododometsa ndi Sophisms mfundo, zina zomwe zili m'munsizi.

Kukamba chododometsa "ng'ona"

Mu Egypt, yokhazikika ng'ona n'kulanda mwana, koma, kutenga chisoni mkazi amupempha iye atapereka zinthu ngati iye zopeka molondola, iye adzabwerera ngati mwana wake kapena ayi, izo moyenera, kupereka kapena ayi kupereka izo. Pambuyo mawu awa, mayi ndinkadabwa ndipo ananena kuti mwana iye sanafooke.

ng'ona anayankha mwana inu simukhala, chifukwa pamene inu ndinena chowonadi, sindingathe kukupatsani mwana, monga ngati kupereka, mawu anu sadzakhalanso woona. Ndipo ngati si zoona - sindingathe kubweza mwana ndi mgwirizano.

Kenako, mayi anatsutsa mawu ake, kuti Mulimonsemo ali kupereka mwana wake. Mawu zochokera maganizo zotsatirazi: ngati yankho zinali zoona, ndiye mgwirizanowo ng'ona anazitenga mmbuyo, ndipo mwinamwake, nawonso unkayenera kutumiza ana awo, chifukwa cholephera zikutanthauza kuti mawu ali mayi weniweni, ndipo izi kachiwiri anakakamizika kubwerera mwanayo.

Kukamba chododometsa "Missionary"

Popeza muli ndi okudya nyama ya, amishonale anazindikira kuti posachedwapa kudyedwa, koma iye anali kusankha - izo kuphika kapena soseji. Umishonale anali kulankhula mawu, ndipo ngati tinaona kuti zowona, ndiye adzakonza njira woyamba, ndi bodza zidzayambitsa njira yachiwiri. Kunena mawu akuti, "inu mwachangu ine," mmishonale Choncho dooms odya anzawo pa nkhani n'ngosathetseka amene sangathe kusankha njira kuphika izo. Soseji kuti odya anzawo simungathe - zimene zinachitikira akunena zoona ndipo zifunika kuphika amishonale. Ndipo ngati kuli kulakwa - ndiye mwachangu, koma sizikugwira ntchito, chifukwa Mawu ali woona.

Kuyan'anila za mfundo mu masamu

Kawirikawiri masamu sophistry kutsimikizira kufanana wosiyana manambala kapena mawu masamu. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo losavuta - zisanu ndi gulu poyerekeza. Ngati kuchotsera 3 5, likukhalira 2. Kuchotsera 3 1 -2 analandira. Pa ntchito yomanga manambala awiri zopezera lalikulu tipeze chifukwa chomwecho. Choncho, magwero yaikulu ya ntchito zimenezi, 5 = 1.

Anabadwa masamu mavuto sophistry ndi zambiri chifukwa kutembenuka kwa chiwerengero yaiwisi (mwachitsanzo - squaring). Zotsatira zake n'zakuti zotsatira za kusintha awa, kuchokera lomwe anamaliza za kufanana kwa deta pachiyambi.

Mavuto ndi mfundo mkhutu

N'chifukwa chiyani bala akhala mu mkhalidwe zina, pamene iwo umabala kulemera masekeli 1 makilogalamu? Ndithudi, Pankhaniyi mphamvu yokoka, si zosiyana ndi lamulo loyamba Newton? Ntchito yotsatira - mavuto ulusi. Ngati mungakonze ulusi kusintha kumapeto wina, kugwiritsa ntchito yachiwiri mphamvu F, mavuto aliyense m'dera ake amakhala wofanana F. Koma, chifukwa imakhala nambala wopandamalire mfundo, ndiye mphamvu ntchito kwa thupi lonse, adzakhala wofanana ndi mtengo wamphamvu zazikulu. Koma malinga zinachitikira, ili singakhale mfundo. Masamu sophistry zitsanzo ndi mayankho ndipo palibe amene angapeze m'buku lomwe linalembedwa ndi AG ndipo DA Madera.

Action ndipo anachita. Ngati wachitatu malamulo Newton chomveka, ndiye kodi mphamvu kapenanso Ufumuyo thupi, kukana adzakangamira m'malo ndi sizingasunthe.

Lathyathyathya galasi imadzitembenuzanso kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa chinthu kuwonetsedwa izo, ndiye pamwamba ndi pansi sasintha?

Sophisms masamu

Mawuwo, ndi dzina la sophisms ndi zojambula zifukwa mapeto zoipa zokhudza ntchito ya kanjedza zojambula kapena kusanthula.

Chitsanzo chabwino ndi kufanizitsa yaitali kuposa wanthambo za telefoni, ndi iwiri.

Utali wa machesi adzakhala amaimira, kutalika ndime - b. Kusiyana mfundo izi - c. likukhalira kuti B - ndi = m'ma, b = munthu + c. Ngati mawu pamwamba kuchulukana, iwe zotsatirazi: B2 - AB = ca + C2. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuchokera mbali zonse za aone kuti pali anasonyeza mwina deduct BC chigawo. Timapeza zotsatirazi: B2 - AB - BC = ca + C2 - BC, kapena B (B - ndi - c) = - m'ma (b - ndi - c). Kodi B = - m'ma, koma m'ma = B -, kotero B = munthu - b, kapena = 2b. Ndiko kuti, machesi kwenikweni kawiri bola ngati mzati ndi. Cholakwika mu deta ndi kompyuta mawu (b - ndi - c), umene uli wofanana ndi ziro. mavuto zambiri anasokoneza ophunzira sophistry sukulu kapena anthu kutali masamu.

nzeru

Sophism anayambitsa monga malangizo nthanthi za theka lachiwiri la BC V atumwi. e. The otsatira gulu limeneli anali anthu amene amagwirizana amuna anzeru, monga akuti "wosokoneza" amatanthauza "munthu wanzeru." Munthu woyamba nkumadzitcha okha, anali Protagoras. Iye ndi m'nthawi yake, chotsatira Sufi maganizo, anakhulupirira kuti chirichonse chiri zotengera malingaliridwe. Malinga ndi mfundo za Sophists, mwamuna ndi muyeso wa zinthu zonse, kutanthauza kuti maganizo alionse ndi zoona ndipo palibe mawonedwe sangathe ankamuona ngati sayansi kapena zolondola. Izi n'zimene amakhulupirira.

Zitsanzo za sophistry nzeru za mkazi - osati munthu. Poganiza kuti iye ndi munthu, mawu aja ali oona, kuti mnyamatayo. Koma ngati mnyamata - si mtsikana, mtsikana - osati munthu. The sophism wotchuka, amene mulinso gawo la nthabwala, chiri motere: ndi amadzipha kwambiri, ndi kudzipha ochepa.

chododometsa cha bwalo

Munthu wina dzina lake Evatl sophism anatenga maphunziro ku tchire wotchuka Protagoras. The zinthu zinali motere: ngati wophunzira atalandira luso kupambana pachinthu mlanduwu, ndiye kulipira maphunziro, mwinamwake malipirowo sadzapezekapo. Nsomba ndi ataphunzira wophunzira sanali nawo ndondomeko iliyonse, choncho anali safunikira kupereka. Protagoras ali anaopseza kuti kupeleka madandawulo ku khoti, kuti wophunzira kulipira Mulimonsemo, funso ndi kaya lidzakhala ndi chigamulo cha bwalo kapena wophunzira ukuyenda bwino ndipo kupereka kulipira tuition.

Evatl samagwirizana, kukangana kuti ngati analamulidwa kulipira, pansi pangano ndi Protagoras, kutaya choncho, iye sanafunike kulipira, koma chigonjetso malinga ndi chigamulo cha khoti, iye analibe ndalama kwa mphunzitsi.

Sophism "chiweruziro"

Zitsanzo za sophistry nthanthi lowonjezera ndi "chiweruzo", umene umati palibe munthu mmodzi kuti aphedwe, koma lipoti ulamuliro wina: aphedwe sizichitika nthawi yomweyo, koma mkati mwa sabata, tsiku kuphedwa sati analidziwitsa pasadakhale. Atamva zimenezi, anadzudzula adayamba kulingalira kuti, kuyesera kuti adzaone zomwe tsiku kuchitika chochitika choipitsitsa kwa iye. Malinga ndi zifukwa zake, ngati chilango si zichitike mpaka Sunday, ndiye Loweruka adzazindikira kuti aphedwe mawa - kuti ndi ulamuliro, iye anati kale wosweka. Osaphatikiza Sunday limaletsa njira yomweyo ndipo ndinaganiza Sabata, chifukwa ngati akudziwa kuti Lamlungu sadafuna aphedwe, ndiye chikhalidwe chimenecho mpaka Lachisanu chilango sizichitika, Loweruka amadziwikanso mulibemo. Ine ndinaganiza za zonsezi, iye anazindikira kuti sangathe aphedwe, monga ulamuliro anagwiriridwa. Koma Lachitatu anadabwa pamene wakupha anabwera, ndipo anapanga zochita zake zonyansa.

Fanizo la zii

Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa matenda mfundo, monga sophistry chuma, ndi chiphunzitso cha yomanga njanji yochokera ku mudzi lina lalikulu ndi mzake. Mbali yapadera ya msewu uwu anatumikira yopuma pasiteshoni kakang'ono pakati pa mfundo ziwiri kuti kulumikiza msewu. Kusiyana, ku mfundo chuma view, chikanathandiza mizinda ang'ono ndi kubweretsa ndalama carriageways anthu. Koma mmene mizinda iwiri chachikulu, palibe mudzi umodzi, ndiye yopuma mu njanji, kuti wachotsa phindu pazipita, ayenera kukhala osasowa kanthu. Izi zikutanthauza kumanga njanji, amene kwenikweni kulibe.

NDI MAVUTO

Sophistry zitsanzo za zimene zafotokozedwa Frederikom Bastia anamukwiyira bwino kudziwika, makamaka kuphwanya mfundo za "chifukwa chowalepheretsa." Wosazindikira munthu anali pafupifupi chilichonse kuti apeze chinachake, iye anayenera kugonjetsa zopinga zambiri. Ngakhale chitsanzo osavuta kuwagonjetsa mtunda limasonyeza kuti munthu kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri paokha kuti asamavutike onse amene amaima pa njira ya apaulendo aliyense wosakwatira. Koma masiku ano anthu ambiri, njira kuthetsa zopinga za mavuto agwira ndi anthu apadera pa phunziro ili. Komanso, zopinga zimenezi kuti likhale njira ya ndalama, mwachitsanzo patsogolo.

Aliyense ntchito latsopano kutatha chopinga amapereka anthu ambiri, ndizoonekeratu kuti zopinga ayenera kukhala anthu ndi munthu aliyense Polemeretsedwa payekha. Choncho zomwe yankho lolondola? Chopinga kapena kuwonongedwa ake ndi dalitso kwa anthu?

Mfundo mu kutsutsana ndi

Zifukwa kuperekedwa ndi anthu kulankhulapo, ogaŵikana cholinga ndi lolakwika. Woyamba lolunjika pa chigamulocho wa zinthu vuto ndi kupeza yankho loyenera, koma cholinga yamasika kupambana mkanganowo ndi kanthu kwambiri.

Yoyamba mfundo tinganene kuti mkangano yosagwira kwa umunthu wa munthu amene anakhalabe mkangano, ndi kusamala makhalidwe ake khalidwe, maonekedwe a maonekedwe, zikhulupiriro ndi zina zotero. Kudzera njira imeneyi, kukangana zimakhudza anthu pa mtima wa interlocutor, motero kupha kwanzeru kuyamba. Palinso mfundo za ulamuliro, mphamvu, phindu, zachabechabe, kukhulupirika, ndi umbuli wa bwino.

Choncho sophism - ndichiyani? Phwando, amene amathandiza kuthetsa mkangano, kapena mfundo tanthauzo kuti musataye yankho lirilonse, choncho yopanda phindu? Ndiyeno, ndi zambiri.