Robot yanyumba. Mabotiboti opanga. Makina a robot

Masiku ano zipangizozi ndizofunikira kwambiri mu chuma cha dziko. Robot yopanga mafakitale, mofanana ndi kachitidwe kake ka bukhu la K.Chapek "The Rise of Robots", sichidyetsa malingaliro a revolutionary nkomwe. M'malo mwake, amachita mwakhama, mwachindunji, njira zazikulu zopangira (kusonkhanitsa, kutsekemera, kujambula), ndi othandizira (kutsegula-kutsegula, kukonza chogwiritsira ntchito popanga, kusunthira).

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa makina oterewa kumathandiza kupeza njira yothetsera mavuto atatu akuluakulu:

• Kuwonjezeka mu zokolola za ntchito;
• Kupititsa patsogolo mikhalidwe ya ntchito kwa anthu;
• Kukonzekera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu.

Ma robot ogwiritsa ntchito zamakono ndiwo ubongo wochuluka

Ma raboti omwe amapanga mofulumira akufalikira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XX chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mafakitale. Zambiri mwazinthu zakhala zikufunika kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yayikulu komanso yodalirika, yomwe ikukwaniritsidwira bwino kuposa zolinga zaumunthu. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito antchito ochuluka zikwi zambiri, mizere yambiri yogwira ntchito yothandiza kwambiri imagwira ntchito mu zomera zamakono zamakono, zikugwira ntchito yopitilira kapena yopitiliza.

Atsogoleli pakukonzekera zamakono amenewa, akulengeza kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makina opanga mafakitale, ndi Japan, United States, Germany, Sweden ndi Switzerland. Ma robot zamakono zamakono opangidwa m'mayiko omwe tatchulidwa pamwambawa amagawidwa m'magulu awiri. Mitundu yawo imatsimikiziridwa ndi kukhala ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana zogwirira ntchito:

• Odzidzidzimutsa;
• Zida zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu.

Kodi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pati?

Chofunika cha chilengedwe chawo chinayamba kuyankhulidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Komabe, panthawiyo, panalibe maziko oyambirira a kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomekoyi. Masiku ano, pamapeto pake, ma robot amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri apamwamba kwambiri.

Mwamwayi, zipangizo zamakampani onse omwe ali ndi makina oterewa amalepheretsedwa ndi kusowa kwa ndalama. Ngakhale kupindula kwa ntchito zawo kumadutsa ndalama zoyambirira, chifukwa zimakulolani kuti musalankhulidwe kokha komanso osati zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochita zokha, koma za kusintha kwakukulu pakupanga ndi ntchito.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ogulitsa mafakitale kunawathandiza kuchita bwino kwambiri komanso mosaganizirika ponena za ntchito ndi yolondola: kutsegula / kutaya katundu, kugawa, kusinthanitsa, kugwiritsira ntchito zigawo; Kuchokera pa robot imodzi kupita ku ina, ndi zomaliza zogulitsa - ku nyumba yogulitsa; Kuwotcha mabala ndi kutsekemera kwadothi; Mipangidwe yamagetsi ndi zamagetsi; Kutsatsa kwachitsulo; Kudula mzere wozungulira pambali yovuta.

Wopereka maulendo monga gawo la robot ya mafakitale

Kugwiritsa ntchito, makina "ochenjera "wa ali ndi njira yowonongeka yokhayokha (ACS) ndi thupi logwira ntchito (kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka makina ndi makina opanga mawotchi). Ngati ACS imakhala yogwirizana mokwanira, imabisa zobisika ndipo siimangoyang'anitsitsa, thupi limagwira ntchito kwambiri moti robot yowakampani imatchulidwa kuti robot manipulator.

Mwakutanthauzira, wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasunthira pamalo opangira ntchito ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito. Zida zimenezi zimakhala ndi maulaliki a mitundu iwiri. Zakale zimapereka kayendetsedwe kamodzi. Yachiwiri - yamangidwe kusamukira. Mkhalidwe woterewu umagwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe kawo kamagwiritsa ntchito mpweya kapena mphamvu yamagetsi.

Wogwiritsira ntchito, wopangidwa ndi kufanana ndi dzanja la munthu, ali ndi chipangizo chogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono chogwira ntchito ndi mbali. Mu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za mtundu umenewu, nthawi zambiri ankakagwira ntchito ndi zala. Pogwiritsa ntchito malo okhalapo, zinthu zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makapu oyamwa.

Ngati wogwiritsira ntchitoyo amayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mapepala ambiri ofanana, ndiye kuti chigwirizanocho chinkachitika chifukwa chokonzekera kwambiri.

Mmalo mwa chipangizo chogwiritsira ntchito, manipulator nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zipangizo zamakono zowonjezera mafakitale, atomizer yapadera ya zamakono kapena kungopanga zowonongeka.

Momwe robot imasunthira

Makina opanga makina a robot nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa kukhala mitundu iwiri ya kusamukira mumlengalenga (ngakhale ena a iwo angatchedwe kuti amalowa). Zimadalira zochitika zapadera. Ngati ndi kofunika kuonetsetsa kuti kuyendayenda kumakhala kosalala, ndiye kuti kukuchitika mothandizidwa ndi chitukuko chokhazikika. Ngati mukufuna kugwira ntchito pamagulu osiyanasiyana, gwiritsani ntchito "kuyenda" pogwiritsa ntchito makapu oyamwa. Robot yoyendayenda imayendetsedwa bwino m'madera onse ozungulira ndi ozungulira. Masiku ano zipangizo zamakono zofanana ndizo zimagwirizanitsa, zimakhala ndi zipangizo zamakono ndipo zimapereka kayendedwe kabwino ka ntchito zolemera kuchokera ku 250 mpaka 4000 makilogalamu.

Ntchito yomanga

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa makina okonzekeretsa omwe akuyankhidwa pa malo osiyanasiyana amachititsa mgwirizanowu wa magulu awo akuluakulu. Masiku ano mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe awo:

• Chojambula chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza chida chogwiritsira ntchito (kugwedeza) ndi mtundu wa "dzanja" umene umagwira ntchito;
• Gwirani ndi wotsogolera (wotsirizira amadziwika udindo wa "dzanja" mu danga);
• Onetsetsani zipangizo zomwe zimayendetsa, kusintha ndi kutulutsa mphamvu mofanana ndi phokoso pazowonjezera (chifukwa cha iwo, robot yowakampani imatha kuyenda);
• Njira yothandizira ndi kuyendetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu omwe apatsidwa; Kulandira mapulogalamu atsopano; Kusanthula kwa chidziwitso chochokera ku zithunzithunzi, ndipo, motero, kuzigulitsa kuzipangizo zopereka;
• Ndondomeko yothetsera gawo logwira ntchito, malo oyeza ndi kayendetsedwe kazitsulo motsatira ndondomeko zowonongeka.

Zolemba za robot zogwirira ntchito

Tiyeni tibwerere kumbuyo kwaposachedwa ndi kukumbukira momwe mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa makina opangira mafakitale anayamba. Ma robot oyambirira anawonekera ku United States mu 1962, ndipo anapangidwa ndi makampani a "Unimission Incorporated" ndi "Versatran". Ngakhale, molondola, robot yopanga mafakitale yotchedwa "Unimeite" yokonzedwa ndi injiniya wa ku America D. Devol, yemwe anavomerezedwa ndi kayendedwe kake kokha, kamene kanakonzedwera ndi makadi odulidwa, anamasulidwa asanakhale chimodzimodzi. Izi zinali zowoneka bwino kwambiri: Makina "ochenjera" adakumbukira zolemba zazomwe ankayenda pamsewu ndikuchita ntchito molingana ndi pulogalamuyo.

Robot yoyamba mafakitale yotchedwa "Unimeite" inali ndi chipangizo chala chaching'ono chothandizira pa galimoto yothamanga ndi "dzanja" pa magalimoto oyenda magetsi ndi madigiri asanu a ufulu. Makhalidwe ake amakulolani kuti musunthire chidutswa cha kilogalamu 12 ndi kulondola kwa 1.25 mm.

Wina robot manipulator "Versatran", wopangidwa ndi dzina lomwelo, amanyamula ndi kutulutsa matabwa 1200 pa ola mu uvuni. Anapititsa patsogolo ntchito ya anthu pamalo ovulaza a thanzi lawo ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Lingaliro la chilengedwe chake linakhala lopambana kwambiri, ndipo mapangidwe ali odalirika kwambiri kuti makina omwe aliwonse a chizindikiro ichi akupitiriza kugwira ntchito mu nthawi yathu. Ndipo izi ziribe ngakhale kuti zowonjezera zawo zoposa maola masauzande ambiri.

Tawonani kuti zipangizo zamakina opangira makina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito makina 75% ndi 25% zamagetsi. Kukonzanso ndondomeko ya zipangizo zimenezi kunkafunika nthawi ndipo kunapangitsa kuti zipangizo zitheke. Powakonzanso kuti apange ntchito yatsopano, pulogalamu ya kasamalidweyo inasinthidwa.

Mbadwo wachiwiri wa makina a robot

Posakhalitsa anapeza kuti: ngakhale mabungwe onse okalamba, makina obadwa mzaka za zana loyamba anali opanda ungwiro ... Mbadwo wachiwiri unagwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe kowonongeka ka robot zamalonda - kusintha. Zida zoyamba zoyenera zinkafunika kulamulira chilengedwe chimene iwo adagwira ntchito. Zomwe zidachitika nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza ndalama zambiri. Izi zinakhala zovuta kwambiri pakukula kwa kupanga.

Gawo latsopano la chitukuko linali ndi kukula kwa masensa ambiri. Ndi chithandizo chawo, robot inalandira khalidwe lotchedwa "sensation". Anayamba kulandira chidziwitso chokhudza malo akunja ndipo, mogwirizana ndi izo, sankhani njira yabwino yoyenera kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, ndinaphunzira maluso kuti nditenge nawo mbali ndikukhala ndi chovuta. Pali chichitidwe choterocho chifukwa cha microprocessor processing ya chidziwitso chomwe analandira, chomwe chinapanganso, mu zosiyana za mapulogalamu olamulira, kwenikweni zimatsogoleredwa ndi ma robot.

Mitundu ya ntchito zoyamba kupanga (kutsekemera, kujambula, kusonkhanitsa, kusinthanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ) imathandizanso kusintha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, pakuchita zonsezi, multivariance imayambika kuti ikwaniritse ubwino wa ntchito zili pamwambazi.

Kusamalira makampani opanga mafakitale kumachitika makamaka pulogalamu. The hardware ya control ntchito ndi mafakitale Mini PC / 104 kapena MicroPC. Dziwani kuti kuyendetsa zinthu zowonongeka kumachokera ku pulogalamu ya multivariate. Ndipo chisankho chofuna kusankha mtundu wa polojekiti ikuvomerezedwa ndi robot potsatira chidziwitso chokhudza chilengedwe chomwe chafotokozedwa ndi owona.

Mbali yodziwika ndi kayendetsedwe ka robot yachiwiri ndiyo njira yoyamba yopezera njira zomwe zilipo, zomwe zimayikidwa pa zizindikiro zina zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera kunja.

Mibadwo yachitatu ya ma robbo

Ma robot a m'badwo wachitatu amatha kupanga pulogalamu ya zochita zawo malingana ndi ntchito komanso zochitika za chilengedwe. Iwo "samafuula", mwachitsanzo, zolemba zamakono zolembedwa muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthambo. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi mphamvu yopanga ndondomeko ya ntchito yawo, komanso kuigwiritsa ntchito mofulumira. Mtengo wa zamagetsi wa robot yotereyi ndi nthawi zambiri kuposa chigawo chake.

Robot yatsopano kwambiri, podziwa kulanda kwa tsatanetsatane chifukwa cha masensa, "amadziwa" momwe iye anachitira bwino. Kuwonjezera apo, kudzipangitsa mphamvu (mphamvu yowonjezera) imayendetsedwa, malingana ndi kufotokoza kwa nkhaniyo. Mwinamwake, ndicho chifukwa chipangizo cha mafakitale a mafakitale a mbadwo watsopano amatchedwa nzeru.

Monga mukumvetsetsa, "ubongo" wa chipangizo chotero ndi dongosolo lake lolamulira. Lonjezo lodalirika kwambiri, likuchitidwa molingana ndi njira zopangira nzeru.

Nzeru kwa makina awa imayikidwa ndi phukusi , mapulogalamu omangirira, osamalidwa. Popanga, mafakitale ogulitsa mafakitale akuphatikizidwa kukhala maukonde, kuonetsetsa kuti pali mgwirizano woyenera pakati pa dongosolo la "man-machine". Komanso, zipangizo zodziwiratu kuti zipangizo zoterezi zikugwiritsidwira ntchito mtsogolomu zakhazikitsidwa, chifukwa cha pulojekiti yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imalola kusankha zosinthika zosiyanasiyana za zochita ndi kasinthidwe kwa kugwirizana kwa intaneti.

Makampani apadziko lonse omwe amapanga ma robot

Masiku ano, kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ogulitsa mafakitale kumaperekedwa ndi makampani oyendetsa, mwa iwo a ku Japan (Fanuc, Kawasaki, Motoman, OTC Daihen, Panasonic), American (KC Robots, Triton Manufacturing, Kaman Corporation), German (Kuka).

Nchiyani chomwe chimadziwika mu dziko la mafakitale awa? Mu chuma Fanuc - robot yapamtunda yotchedwa del-iiA (makina amenewa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba), mabukhu oyimbetsa kwambiri - M-2000iA, omwe amadziwika padziko lonse ndi makina a roboti a ArcMate.

Ma robot ogulitsa opangidwa ndi Kuka ndi osayenera. Makina amenewa omwe ali ndi German amayesetsa kukonza, kuwotcherera, kusonkhanitsa, kutungira katundu, kutsekemera, kutsegula.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi mtundu wa makampani a Japan ndi American Motoman (Yaskawa), ogwira ntchito ku msika wa America: mafano 175 a mafakitale ogulitsa mafakitale, komanso zowonjezera 40 zowonjezera. Ma robot ogwiritsa ntchito, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku US kuti apangire, amapangidwa ndi kampaniyi yoyendetsa makampani.

Makampani ambiri omwe amaimiridwa ndi ife amatenga malo awo pochita zinthu zochepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Daihen ndi Panasonic amapanga makina opangira mpweya.

Njira zokonzekera kupanga zopangidwe

Ngati tikulankhula za bungwe la kupanga kupanga, ndiye poyamba poyamba mfundo yovuta yowonjezera inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, pamtunda wothamanga kwambiri wa kayendedwe kameneka, pali zotsatira zazikulu - nthawi yotsika chifukwa cha kulephera. Mwinanso, luso lapadera linayambika. Ndi bungwe ili la zojambula, workpiece ndi mzere wodzigwiritsira ntchito (robots) enieni amasunthira mu bwalo. Makina pa nkhaniyi akhoza kuphatikiza ntchito, ndipo kulephera kuli kuthetsedwa. Komabe, mu nkhaniyi, liwiro likutha. Njira yabwino yokonzekera ndondomekoyi ndi yosakanizidwa ndi ziwirizi. Amatchedwa rotary-conveyor.

Roboti yamakono monga chinthu chokhazikika chosinthika

Zipangizo zamakono zamakono zimakonzedwanso mwamsanga, zimapindulitsa kwambiri ndipo zimapanga ntchito mwachindunji ndi chithandizo cha zipangizo zawo, zipangizo zokonzekera ndi zowonongeka. Malingana ndi momwe ntchitoyo ikugwiritsidwira ntchito, ikhonza kugwira ntchito pulogalamu imodzi, kapena kusinthasintha ntchito yawo, mwachitsanzo, kusankha pulogalamu yapadera yomwe ilipo yoyenera.

Robot yopanga mafakitale ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangidwira kupanga (automation abbreviation) - GAP). Zomalizazi zikuphatikizaponso:

• Ndondomeko yomwe imapanga makina othandizira makompyuta;
• Zambiri za kasamalidwe ka zipangizo zamakono zopangira;
• Ma robot-mafakitale;
• Kugwiritsira ntchito kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka ntchito;
• Zipangizo zomwe zimayendetsa / kutsegula ndi kukonza;
• Njira yoyendetsera njira zogwirira ntchito zamakono;
• Kuwongolera kokha kupanga.

Zambiri zokhuza kugwiritsa ntchito robot

Ma robot amakono amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale. Mitundu yawo ndi yosiyana, ndipo imaonetsetsa kuti zokolola zamtengo wapatali zikhale zofunikira kwambiri. Makamaka, muzinthu zambiri chuma cha Germany chamakono chimawonjezeka kwambiri ku ntchito yawo. Kodi ndi ntchito ziti zomwe "ogwira ntchito zitsulo" amagwira ntchito? Ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zimagwira ntchito mwazinthu zonse: kuyika, kutsekemera, kumangiriza, kupereka ntchito yabwino kwambiri.

Kuponyera ngati mafakitale ndi zovuta kwambiri kwa ntchito yaumunthu (kutanthauza kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi) makamaka zimagwedezeka. Makina ochokera ku Kuka amawongolera ngakhale ku foundries.

Makampani ogulitsa chakudya adalandila zipangizo zochokera ku Kuka kuti zitheke. "Zopangira chakudya" (zithunzi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi) makamaka zimalowetsa anthu m'madera omwe ali ndi mwapadera. Amagawidwa pakupanga makina omwe amapereka chipinda chofunda cha microclimate ndi kutentha osadutsa madigiri 30 Celsius. Ma Robot opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosakanizika bwino nyama, amagwira nawo ntchito yopanga mkaka, ndipo, ndithudi, amadzipangira komanso amanyamula katundu m'njira yabwino kwambiri.

N'zovuta Musaone chopereka makina onga makampani magalimoto. Akatswiri amavomereza kuti wamphamvu kwambiri ndi zipatso makina lero ndi ndendende makina a "Cook ndi". Photos zipangizo kupereka uthunthu wonse wa ntchito magalimoto msonkhano chidwi. Pankhaniyi, ndi nthawi kwenikweni kulankhula za kupanga makina.

mapulasitiki processing, mapulasitiki kumasulidwa, kupanga mbali zovuta zooneka anapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana kupereka makina yopanga mu kwenikweni zoipa kuipitsa thanzi la munthu.

Mbali ina yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito mayunitsi "Cook" ndi matabwa. Ndipo anafotokoza monga zipangizo kupereka ntchito malamulo payekha komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa zikuluzikulu mndandanda kupanga pamisinkhu onse - kuchokera processing pulayimale ndi kudula kuti mphero, kuboola akupera.

mitengo

Panopa Russian ndi CIS msika kufunika kwaiye makampani Kuka ndi Fanuc maloboti. Mitengo iwo osiyanasiyana monga rubles 25 000 kwa 800 000. Izi Extension chidwi anafotokoza ndi kukhalapo kwa zitsanzo osiyana: muyezo kuwala ntchito (5-15 kg), wapadera (wapadera kuthetsa vuto), apadera (ntchito m'malo zachilendo), magalimoto heavy-ntchito (mpaka 4000 m).

anapezazo

Kuyenera anazindikira kuti lingathe kugwiritsa ntchito makina opanga akadali nawo mu utumiki. Pa nthawi yomweyo khama la akatswiri, umisiri wamakono kulola kuzindikira mfundo zambiri kufika.

Kufunika kuonjezera zokolola za chuma cha padziko lonse ndi kudzapeza cholowa cha ntchito aluntha anthu zolimbikitsa amphamvu a mitundu koposa latsopano ndi zosintha a maloboti opanga.