Republic of United Arab Republic ndi zolemba zake. Chovala cha Zida ndi Zasilibi za United Arab Republic

Republic of United Arab Emirates inakhazikitsidwa mu 1958 monga gawo la Aigupto ndi Siriya ndipo linakhalapo mpaka 1961, pamene wachiwiriyo adachokapo pambuyo pake. Igupto adadziwika kuti UAR mpaka 1971.

Zofunikira

Pa February 1, 1958, gulu la atsogoleri a ndale ndi ankhondo a Suriya linaitana Pulezidenti wa ku Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser kuti agwirizane ndi mayiko awiri ngati njira yoyamba yopita kudziko lalikulu la Arabia.

Malingaliro ogwirizanitsa Aarabu onse anali olimba kwambiri ku Syria, ndipo Nasser anali mtsogoleri wotchuka mu dziko lonse la Aarabu pambuyo pa Suez War ya 1956. Bungwe la Azerbaijan Social Revival Party (Baath) linali mtsogoleri wamkulu wa mgwirizanowu.

Panthawi imeneyo ku Siriya, kunali kusagwirizana pakati pa kulimbikitsa malo awo ndi a Communist ndi chigamulo cha Baath Party, chomwe chinali ndi vuto la mkati lomwe anthu ake akuluakulu adafuna kupeza chipulumutso monga mawonekedwe a mgwirizano ndi Igupto. Syria inali demokalase pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wa nkhondo mu 1954, koma ankhondo anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito yaikulu mu boma m'madera onse. Izi sizinagwirizane ndi Nasser yemwe anali wachikulire komanso wodalirika, amene adafuna kuti Suriya athe kugawana nawo mu mphamvu ya "Aiguputo" yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pansi pa utsogoleri wake.

Kuyamba

Makhalidwe omalizira a Nasser ku mgwirizanowu anali omveka ndipo osakambirana:

• Referendum pothandiza anthu a mgwirizano wa mayiko awiriwa;
• Kusokoneza maphwando;
• Kutaya kwa ankhondo ku ndale.

Pamene referendum inkawoneka kuti ndizomveka kwa ambiri a azungu a ku Syria, zinthu ziwiri zomaliza zinali zoopsa kwambiri. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kungawononge moyo wa ndale ku Syria. Ngakhale kuti manthawa, atsogoleri a ku Syria anazindikira kuti kunali kochedwa kuti abwererenso. Alite ku Syria akuwona kuyanjana ndi Igupto ngati zochepa zoipira monga njira yotsutsira chikoka cha Chikomyunizimu. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mavuto a Nasser anali osalungama, koma chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwakukulu m'dziko lawo, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti alibe chochita china.

Pulezidenti wa ku Egypt Nasser ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko la Syria Kuatli pa 1 February 1958 adasaina mgwirizano wovomerezeka wa mgwirizano wa mayiko awo. Ngakhale chidziwitso cholembedwacho chinasonyeza kuti United Arab Republic ili ndi Egypt ndi Syria, idakakamizidwa kuti dziko lililonse la Chiarabu likhoza kulumikizana ndi UAR. Ma referendums omwe anachitidwa mwezi womwewo m'mayiko awiriwa adatsimikizira kuti bungwe lawo likugwirizana ndi anthu awo.

Nasser anakhala pulezidenti wa UAR ndipo posakhalitsa anayamba kupandukira amakominisi a ku Syria ndi otsutsa a mgwirizanowu, omwe anachotsedwa ku malo awo.

Ntchito yeniyeni yomanga ndale ya UAR

Otsatira mgwirizanowo ndi Egypt adakhulupirira kuti Nasser amagwiritsa ntchito chipani chawo cha Baath kuti alamulire Syria (mu chithunzi chomwe chili m'munsimu, akuwonetsedwa pamodzi ndi omwe anayambitsa phwando mu 1958). Mwatsoka kwa a Baathist, sizinali cholinga chake konse kugawa mphamvu mofanana pakati pa Aiguputo ndi Asiriya. Nasser adakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano, mogwirizana ndi zomwe United Arab Republic inalandira bungwe la National Assembly (parliament) la mamembala 600 (400 kuchokera ku Aigupto ndi 200 kuchokera ku Suria), ndipo adawononga maphwando onse a ku Syria, kuphatikizapo Baath. Pulezidenti yekhayo mu UAR anali Purezidenti wa Pulezidenti wa National Union.

Syria ndi Egypt: mbali ziwiri zosiyana za UAR

Ngakhale kuti Nasser adalola kuti mamembala a chipani cha Baath akhale ndi maudindo akuluakulu, sanagwiritse ntchito zolemera zomwezo poyendetsa dziko lawo monga akuluakulu a ku Egypt. M'nyengo yozizira ndi masika a 1959-60. Nasser pang'onopang'ono "anaphwanya" Asiriya otchuka ku malo ofunikira. Mu Utumiki Wa Syria, mwachitsanzo, malo asanu ndi awiri mwa khumi ndi zitatu adadzazidwa ndi Aigupto. Mu General Petroleum Administration, akuluakulu asanu ndi mmodzi mwa akulu asanu ndi limodzi anali Aiguputo.

Kusintha kwachuma mu UAR

Mu June 1960, Nasser anayesera kupanga zochitika zachuma zomwe zinkayenera kubweretsa chuma cha Syria, pogwiritsa ntchito chuma chapayekha, pafupi ndi chuma cha Aigupto, chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa gulu la anthu mmenemo. Nasser adayambira pa dziko lonse la Syria ndi ku Egypt. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, maganizo a alisitomu a ku Siriya adanyalanyazidwa. Malonda onse a thonje ankaikidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa maboma, makampani onse otumizira kunja-kutenganso. Nasser adalengeza kubwezeretsa mabanki, makampani a inshuwalansi ndi makampani onse olemera. Malo omwe ali m'madera a feddans opitirira 100 (1 feddan = 4200 mamita ² ) adalandidwa kuchokera kwa eni (mtundu wa "dekulakization" m'Chiarabu). Misonkho kwa anthu ochepa akhala akuchepetsedwa kuti amalize udzu kuti amalize kuthetsa nthawi zina. Maperesenti makumi asanu ndi atatu a msonkhowo adayikidwa pa ndalama zonse zopitirira mapaundi 10,000 a Aigupto. Ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito anavomerezedwa kwa oyang'anira makampani ndipo anali ndi mwayi wopindula nawo 25%. Kawirikawiri tsiku la ntchito linachepetsedwa mpaka maola asanu ndi awiri popanda kuchepetsa malipiro.

Kukula kwa malingaliro odana ndi Aigupto

Osati aliyense ku Siriya ankakonda kusintha koteroko mu mzimu wa "Socialism". Akuluakulu a asilikali a Suriya anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi akuluakulu a Aigupto, ndipo mafuko a Suriya a Bedouin analandira ndalama kuchokera ku Saudi Arabia kuti awalepheretse kukhala okhulupirika kwa Nasser. Kuwonjezera apo, kusintha kwa nthaka mu njira ya Aigupto kunachititsa kuti ulimi wa ku Syria usachepe, a Chikomyunizimu adayambanso kupeza mphamvu, ndipo aphunzitsi a chipani cha Baath, omwe poyamba adachirikiza mgwirizanowu, anasintha maganizo awo.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ku Egypt palokha zinthu zinali zabwino kwambiri ndi kukula kwa PGDP ndi 4.5% ndi kukula kwa makampani chifukwa cha chitukuko cha msika wa Syria. Izi zinapangitsanso kukula kwa chisangalalo ku Syria.

Ubale ndi anzako

Dziko latsopano la United Arab Republic lidawoneka ngati loopsa kwambiri m'mafumu oyandikana nawo (panthawiyo) - Iraq ndi Jordan. Dziko la Syria linkaonedwa ndi a monarchies kuti amachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kusinthika komanso malo ogwiritsira ntchito King Hussein ndi Jordan komanso mfumu ya Iraq Faisal II. Dziko lonse la Aigupto lidaonedwa kuti linali loipa kwambiri kumayiko a Kumadzulo, lomwe linkagwirizana ndi maulamuliro onse a amitundu. Choncho, dziko la United Arab Republic linkaonedwa ndi Iraq ndi Yordani ngati mdani weniweni. Pakati pa mayiko awiri, mu February 1958, mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi magulu a asilikali ndi bungwe logwirizana la asilikali ndi bungwe loyanjanitsa usilikali linapangidwa, 80 peresenti idaperekedwa ndi Iraq, ndi 20% otsala a Yordani. Ndipotu, panali mgwirizanowu wa mayiko awiriwo, koma mwamsanga unasokonezeka.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa UAR m'dziko la Lebanon, lomwe pulezidenti wake, Kamil Shamun, anali wotsutsana ndi Nasser sanali wachifundo. M'dzikoli, makangano anayamba pakati pa othandizira kuti adziphatikize ndi UAR komanso omvera.

Revolution ku Iraq

Pa July 14, 1958, akuluakulu a ku Iraqi analowerera usilikali ndipo anagonjetsa ufumuwu m'dzikoli. Nasser anazindikira mwamsanga boma latsopanolo ndipo ananena kuti "kuukira kulikonse kwa Iraq kudzakhala kofanana ndi kuukira kwa UAR." Tsiku lotsatira, asilikali a ku America ndi a British anapita ku Lebanoni ndi ku Jordan kuti ateteze mayiko awiriwa kuti amenyane ndi asilikali a pro-Nasser.

Nasser akuganiza kuti United Arab Republic posachedwapa idzadzazidwa ndi membala watsopano - Iraq. Komabe, utsogoleri watsopanowu wa Iraq, powonongeka ndi anzake a Syria ku United Arab Republic, sanafulumire kupereka mphamvu. Ndipo mu 1959, Pulezidenti wa Iraq, Kasem, adaleka kukambirana kuti apite ku UAR.

Mu 1963, Bungwe la Baath litayamba kulamulira ku Syria ndi Iraq, anayesa kuyesa mayikowa ndi Aiguputo. Atsogoleri a mayiko atatuwa adasaina nawo chidziwitso chogwirizana pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Federation. Koma chifukwa cha mgwirizano sichinasunthike chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa maiko okhudza chikhalidwe cha dziko latsopano.

Kugwa kwa UAR ndi kupitiriza kwake

Pa September 28, 1961, gulu la apolisi linapikisana ndi kulengeza ufulu wa Syria ku UAR. Ngakhale atsogoleri a mpikisano anali okonzeka kupitiriza mgwirizanowo pazifukwa zina, poika Siriya mofanana ndi Igupto, Nasser anakana zoterezi. Poyambirira ankafuna kutumiza asilikali kuti apasule boma latsopano, koma anakana cholinga ichi atangomva kuti womaliza mwa ogwirizana ake ku Syria anazindikira mphamvu yatsopano. Pa zokambirana zomwe zinatsatizana ndi nkhondo ya ku Syria, Nasser adalengeza kuti sadzasiya cholinga chake cha mgwirizanowu womaliza. Komabe, sadzalandiretu njira yatsopano yopita ku cholinga ichi.

Chiyembekezo cha Nasser cha chitsitsimutso cha mgwirizanowu chinasonyezedwa podziwa kuti pansi pake, Egypt adapitiriza kutchedwa dzina lakuti "UAR", yomwe idapitirira mpaka 1971.

Ntchito yatsopano yogwirizanitsa mayiko a Arabia inachitika zaka 70 ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko la Libya Muammar Gaddafi. Chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwake mu 1971, bungwe la Federation of Arab Republics (FAR) linayambira ku Libya, Egypt ndi Syria, zomwe zinakhalapo mpaka 1977 (mu chithunzi chomwe chili m'munsimu, atsogoleri a mayiko atatuwa amasaina panganolo pa Federation). Maphunzirowa anali a chidziwitso, panalibe mabungwe akuluakulu a FAR, ndipo mayiko omwe ankagwira nawo ntchito nthawi zonse amayesetsa kuthetsa mgwirizano wa mayiko awiri (Libya-Egypt, Syria-Egypt) m'boma. Libya ndi Egypt zinakhalanso ndi nthawi yolimbana pang'ono mu 1977, otsala a FAR.

United Arab Emirates: malaya ndi mbendera

UAR inagwiritsa ntchito mbendera potsata ndondomeko ya Flag of Liberation Liberation yomwe inakweza panthawi ya kusintha kwa Aigupto mu 1952, koma ndi nyenyezi ziwiri zikuyimira mbali ziwiri za UAR. Kuchokera mu 1980, ndi mbendera yovomerezeka ya Syria. Mu 1963, dziko la Iraq linalandira mbendera yomwe inali yofanana ndi mbendera ya UAR yomwe idali kale, koma ndi nyenyezi zitatu zomwe zikuimira chiyembekezo chakuti dziko logwirizana lidzachira.

UAR inali ndi malaya, chiwerengero chapakati chomwe chinali chotchedwa. Chiwombankhanga cha Saladin ndi chifaniziro cha mphungu, kubwereza chitsimikizo chofanana chomwe chili kumadzulo kumadzulo kwa nyumba ya Cairo, yomangidwa ndi Saladin. Pa chifuwa cha chiwombankhanga ndi chishango chokhala ndi magulu atatu owoneka bwino - ofiira, oyera ndi akuda, ndi nyenyezi ziwiri zobiriwira pakati pa gulu loyera loyera. Mitundu inayi iyi imatchedwa. "Maluŵa a ku Arabia," omwe anali mtundu wa mbendera za anthu achiarabu osiyanasiyana.

Pamphepete yobiriwira mu chiwombankhanga pamakhala zilembo mu zilembo za Chiarabu: "United Arab Republic".

Kodi anali ndi ndalama zotani mu maphunziro a boma monga United Arab Republic? Ndalama zamtengo wapatali pa mtengo umodzi wa Aigupto ndi piritsi imodzi ya Suriya inafotokozedwa mofanana mu UAR, ngakhale kuti ntchito yawo inali kumalo komweko.
Chithunzichi pamwambapa chikuwonetsa ndalama za pounds zolembedwa mu UAR (Egypt) mu 1970 pambuyo pa imfa ya Pulezidenti Nasser.