Mpesa njinga. History ndi chitukuko cha njinga

Mpesa njinga pa nthawi imodzi yojambula makampani ang'onoang'ono zoyendera. Kutulukira zake zimachitika kwa anthu osiyana. Pali lomwe ukhalabe ndi galimoto unyolo ndi awiri mawilo ndi za Leonardo da Vinci. The setifiketi ya kuyambitsa mu 1814 analandira German Baron Karl Von Dresen. Lachitsanzo anali ndi mtengo ndipo analibe pedals kukwera, kunali koyenera kukankhira kumapazi anu pansi. Pali maganizo zida zimenezi walenga ndi Russian mmisiri Efim Artamonov (zaka 14 pamaso pa anzake German), koma okhala. Mu nkhani iyi, njinga anafikira za 5000 makilomita, ndipo anapangidwa nkhuni.

kuwongolera

Mlengi Germany Dresen walenga 1817 njinga yakale imene mfundo anali mtengo njinga yamoto yovundikira okonzeka ndi mpando ndi chiwongolero. Kutulukira dzina la Mlengi wa "railcar". Mawu amenewa adakali ntchito poyerekezera ndi ena makina kudziletsa injini.

Mu makumi anai za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, chipangizo pansi pa wamakono, chifukwa cha khama la Kirk Patrika Makmillana (Scottish wosula magazi). Amene poyamba anali njinga popanda pedals ali okonzeka ndi ndodo zitsulo lokhazikika kwa gudumu kumbuyo. Ndi iwo imathandiza popanga galimoto zoyenda miyendo. dalaivala inali pakati kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo gudumu, kusintha malangizo a ntchito magalimoto, zimavuta ndi felemu kutsogolo.

Dziwani kuti injiniya Thompson Mosakhalitsa matayala kufufuma, umene panthawi imeneyo sanali kupeza kutchuka, chifukwa kupanda ungwiro luso. Kuŵeta njinga ndi pedals ndi makamera inayamba 1867.

pofuna

Dzina la njinga analandira kuyamika Pierre Michaud, amene setifiketi ngo pagalimoto zokuzira gudumu kutsogolo. M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa kunakhala chitsanzo kwa anthu ambiri "khobiri-kakobiri", otchedwa ndi kufanizira diameters wa ndalama kwa mzake (osakwana khobiri kakobiri). pedals ndi anaika lalikulu kutsogolo gudumu. mpando inali pamwamba pa iwo. Popeza kuti galimoto wakhala ankatembenukira pakati yokoka, njinga ndi lalikulu kutsogolo gudumu ankaona kusinthidwa yoopsa ndithu, atakwera omwe adamfunsa chidwi ndi muyezo wa wokwera pa.

Mophunzitsa chipangizo adakhala tricycles chitsanzo msanga zinatchuka. Siteji yotsatira ya njinga akhoza ankaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito gudumu chitsulo ndi masipoko mkati. Kutulukira zimenezi wakhala akufuna mu 1867 ndi Edward Cowper. Monga angapo zaka galimoto zida ndi chimango, ndi mochedwa 70 panali unyolo pagalimoto (zatsopano - England Lawson).

Mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19

Mu malo khobidi-kakobiri ndi zitsanzo zofanana kubwera njinga, zingaoneke amatikumbutsa zosintha ano. Anatulutsa wake English mmisiri Dzhon Kemp Starley mu 1884. galimoto dzina lake "Anayendayenda» (Rover). Patatha miyezi 12, ulimi siriyo wa Baibulo ili. Unit anali unyolo HIV, m'mimba mwake womwewo wa magudumu, mpando wa dalaivala ikuchitika pa pakati kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo felemu. M'tsogolo, kampani Rover anayamba kupanga magalimoto ndi zina magalimoto, mpaka 2005, ndiye zinatha.

Mu 1888, ku Scotland John Boyd Dunlop analandira matayala akhala akufuna kuyambira mphira ndi lililonse limatisokoneza ndi omasuka kwambiri. Odalirika kamera poyerekeza ndi Anzawo akaweruka, mwamsanga zinatchuka. Ngati njinga mpesa poyerekeza ndi "akututuma conveyor" mafupa, tsopano akukwera anakhala see kwambiri ndi kosavuta.

nyengo Golden

Maluwa a sayansi mu chitukuko cha awiri mawiro sanali ainjini ankaona zaka 90 za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kubwera kwa ngo ananyema ndi ufulu mzinda wa Wheeling chipangizo, omwe analola kuti kulibe poponya. Posakhalitsa, inafika dzanja nanyema, koma ntchito yake yaikulu anayamba ina.

Choyamba mtundu njinga kungomanga anali chopangidwa mu 1878, ndipo mu zaka khumi zotsatira anatulukira nyumba zotayidwa. galimoto A ndi pedals, yomwe ikhoza kusunthidwa mu kunama kapena kudya, kupangidwa mu 1895. kusinthidwa limeneli limatchedwa "rikambent". kupanga ake misa mu zaka zingapo ulaliki wa kampani ankachita nawo "Peugeot".

Kodi chasintha m'zaka za m'ma 20?

Ancient matabwa njinga kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, mbisoweka kale. Mu 1915, panali zitsanzo okonzeka ndi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kuyimitsidwa. cholinga chawo chachikulu - kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika kwa asilikali Italy. Patapita zaka khumi, kuonekera mu chipangizo ukubala mpira mtundu, multispeed likulu, khamu njira conveyor, mathamangidwe ndi yang'anira kuti galimoto unyolo ndi chitoliro zitsulo ndi ananyema phazi.

Choyamba gearshifts anali opanda ungwiro. Wokwera pa kumbuyo sprocket gudumu wapadera mbali zonse. Kusinthana liwiro, chinali chotheka kuti achepetse zida, kuchotsa ndi kutembenukira gudumu. Komanso, kunali koyenera kusintha malo ndi zikayamba a dera la.

Mbiri yamakono ya chitukuko cha njinga

A zida mapulaneti kuti amagwira ntchito monga zinachitika kwa chipangizo chamakono kosangalatsa kupangidwa mu 1903, koma kufala anali pafupifupi zaka 30 pambuyo pake. A kusinthidwa posachedwapa wa lophimba anasamutsidwa anapanga ndi wopalasa njinga Italy Tullio Campagnolo (1950), amene anadzakhala odziwika wopanga velomashin.

M'chaka 74th Mu zaka zapitazo, pali zitsanzo za njinga zopangidwa titaniyamu, pang'ono kenako - mpweya CHIKWANGWANI. kompyuta Special younikira katundu magawo, mathamangidwe ndi nthawi, anatuluka mu 1983.

Mpesa njinga bwino, chifukwa chosowa njira zina. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri anali wosakhazikika kutchuka luso ankaona. Izi kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale galimoto ndi kuyambitsa mopeds, zamoto. Fashion kwa velomashiny anapezeka, zikomo kwakukulukulu kukhala moyo wathanzi ndi kuteteza dongosolo zachilengedwe. Galimoto yaikulu tsopano nthawi zambiri ntchito anthu njinga za ku Ulaya. The owerenga ambiri yogwira amaonedwa kukhala anthu a Denmark ndi Netherlands. Wapakati Dane akukwera njinga mozungulira 900 makilomita chaka, yokhazikika ya Netherlands - 850 Km. Mu Germany ndi Belgium, zimakwana anali 300 Km. zipangizo zochepa ntchito ku Southern Europe. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri Msipanishi chililaka ake makilomita 20 okha.

Features

malamulo a boma m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, aiming pa kukulitsa velostroeniya amalola popularize fomu iyi zoyendera thanzi labwino, musakhale ndi misewu chapakati cha magalimoto ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Mu China, India ndi maiko ena ambiri, njinga imatengedwa njira yaikulu yoyendera. Ichi ndi chifukwa maneuverability ake mu misewu yaing'ono ndi chodya. Koma nthawi zina kuti akuluakulu analetsa gululo pa mtundu uwu wa sayansi, kuti kulepheretsa Ndime ya galimoto. Mwachitsanzo, mu Shanghai (2003) inali yoletsedwa kwa miyezi ingapo.

mfundo zochititsa chidwi

M'munsimu muli mfundo zosangalatsa chikugwirizana ndi mbiri ya mayunitsi awiri mawiro popanda Motors:

• Panjinga popanda pedals anatulukira mu 1814, ndi mtengo, kuyenda pa zingakhale, kuyambira mapazi a dziko lapansi.
• Woyamba njinga mtundu unachitikira mu Paris mabusa (mtunda wa makilomita anali 2 1868).
• The Russian misa chitsanzo ndi unyolo galimoto anayamba kuoneka mu 1880.
• A yojambula kwambiri pa chitukuko cha njinga anabwera 1884. A vetenale ku Scotland Dunlop analandira anatulukira tayala pneumatic. Poyamba, iye anayesa kudzaza ndi madzi, koma kwambiri kuchepetsa liwiro la. Kenako, anayambitsa analiza mpweya ndi anatulukira vavu wapadera popewa kumbuyo linanena bungwe kusakaniza.
• Waukulu ano njinga wopanga ndi China, popeza ali ambiri maofesi (za 95% kupanga).

yosayambitsa kwa wosankhidwa

Posankha kupalasa njinga ayenera kuganizira angapo magawo. Choyamba, muyenera kusankha pa bwaloli wa gulu lalikulu (mzinda kapena dziko msewu). Kachiwiri, m'pofunika kuganizira msinkhu ndi kugonana la mwini. Komanso, chimango ayenera zikugwirizana kutalika ndi kulemera kwa munthu. Mogwirizana mfundo zonsezi, inu mukhoza kutenga luso awiri mawiro, woteteza, kudalirika ndi chitonthozo kuyenda.

ndi mitundu ya njinga masiku ano n'chiyani?

Mpesa tricycle tsopano mukhoza kupeza okha Museum. Akhristu masiku ano ogaŵikana mitundu itatu:

1. Mountain chitsanzo. Iwo kuti zikope pa mtunda akhakula, mapiri ndi msewu. zosintha Mkhalidwe wa mtundu uwu amaonedwa kukhala otchuka kwambiri, wodalirika olimba. Mabaibulo ena zili ndi awiri absorbers mantha (mahang'ala awiri). Ngakhale kuti galimoto iyi yolemera kuposa ndi kusintha muyezo, izo zikusonyeza ntchito yabwino pamene galimoto pa pamalo m'goli.
2. Road anagona njinga lembani. Izi mawilo zosintha mosavuta ndi awiri akuluakulu ndi matayala yopapatiza. Lachitsanzo ali okonzeka saganizira gudumu, kulola dalaivala kutengera ndi malo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira, potero kutukula ntchito liwiro.
3. Wosanganiza mitundu. njinga izi kuphatikiza makhalidwe abwino a analogues wa pamwamba, chinali cholinga galimoto kunja kwa mzinda ndipo mmenemo, koma silingafanane mamembala a masewera mitundu.

chifukwa

Development wa luso kupalasa njinga zinachitika m'zaka zoposa chimodzi. Mu chitukuko ndi chilengedwe pogwiritsa panafika anthu ambiri woyamba ndi amisiri. Chifukwa, njinga sanachite zosangalatsa chabe, ndi galimoto zonse.