Prague zakuthambo Clock: mbiri ndi sculptural chokongoletsera

Prague zakuthambo Clock (Orloj) - akale wotchi nsanja, anaika mu Prague pa Old Town Square. Iwo zili pa khoma kum'mwera nsanja ya ku Old Town Hall. Ndi zaka izi zakuthambo koloko udindo wachitatu mu dziko. Mwa njira, iwo ali wokalamba kwambiri, koma masiku ano.

O, momwe wabwino Prague zakuthambo Clock! Orloj tichipeza zinthu zitatu anayikidwa pa nsanja molunjikitsa. mbali yaikulu ya mbuye okonzeka zakuthambo oyimba, lomwe limasonyeza Babulo, Old Bohemia, makono (chapakati Europe) ndi nthawi sidereal, nthawi ya dzuwa litalowa dzuwa, gawo mwezi, malo a nyenyezi mwa magulu a, wopangidwa mwa bwalo m'nyenyezi.

Pa mbali zonse za wotchi zakuthambo ndi kanjedza kuti kusuntha ola lililonse. Pakati pawo imaposa thunthu onse Imfa, wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a mafupa a anthu. Pamwamba, Kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa malo mwala chosema a mngelo mazenera awiri aang'ono anaikidwa amene ola lililonse, pamene iye akumva koloko chiming, alternately kuoneka zifaniziro 12 a atumwi. Pamwamba inu mukhoza kuwona mwala fano la kerubi golide tambala amene amalira pamene Atumwi kumaliza chionetsero awo.

Mu oyimba zakuthambo aikidwa kalendala, mungathe kudziwa mwezi wa chaka, sabata, tsiku la sabata, komanso maholide wosasintha Mkhristu. Lamanja ndi lamanzere komanso sculpted ziboliboli anayikidwa.

mwayi

Prague zakuthambo Clock kuyikidwa mu Nsanja ya nyumba Old Town. Mu 1338 anthu ambiri a Town Old mfumu ya John wa Luxembourg mwayi wokhala ndi Nyumba munthu. Pambuyo pake, ntchito m'tauni izo wogulidwa ndi nyumba patokha wamalonda Volfina la mwala. Poyamba, nyumbayi anamangidwanso mogwirizana ndi zofuna za Council City, ndiyeno 1364 izo okonzeka ndi Nsanja. Pa anali wotchi, amene anali woyamba kutchulidwa 1402. Komabe, chifukwa yokonza kunyalanyaza Anayenera kuika mpango iwo posachedwa, kotero kuti analengedwa Orloj.

Timapitiriza kufufuza otsatira Prague zakuthambo Clock. The oyimba ndi zakuthambo ndi kuwonerera makina ali mbali wamkulu wa koloko, wopangidwa 1410. Zinthu zimene analenga ingapangidwire Mikulas wa Kadan ntchito zakuthambo ndi masamu John Schindel. The oyimba zakuthambo ali ndi mamangidwe sculptural kuti pakhale msonkhano wa wotchuka ziboliboli Czech ndipo wamanga Petra Parlerzha. Orloj poyamba anatchulidwa m'chikalata pa October 9, 1410. Mmenemo Mikulas wa Kadan amakhala ngati lopambana ndipo anazindikira mawotchi amene analenga chimes ndi astrolabe kumalo wakale wa Prague.

N'zochititsa chidwi mu pepala ili, Council City ndi mkuluyu mlandu mmisiri Albert (poyamba mtetezi) chifukwa chosasamala ya m'mbuyomu chisamaliro wotchi ndi Mikolas matamando chifukwa cha ntchito yake kwambiri. Chikalatacho chinanena kuti ngati mphotho ya ntchito za katswiri kuti nyumba pa mzinda chipata Gavelskih, 3000 Prague makobidi kamodzi amalipiritsa komanso ndalama pachaka 600 makobidi.

kulakwitsa mbiri

mfundo ina zopelekedwa za Orloe anaonekera mu 1490. Zinali ndiye mawotchi Yan Ruzhe Prague linkadziwika Master Hanus, anakonza chipangizo, iye anati woyamba kusuntha chosema Imfa ndi m'munsi oyimba ndi kalendala. Izi zowonjezera chidwi ndi zaka 80 kunyalanyaza ndiAmene woyamba amene amadza chifukwa chakuti ndi mbuye Hanus zina zaka 450 ankaona mlengi wa koloko. Mbiri yachindunji ngakhale zimaonekera nthano, chimene membala wa bungwe Prague analamula kuti khungu katswiri Hanuš iye ntchito yake sanathe mobwerezabwereza kwina kulikonse. zambiri makamaka ofala aluntha chifukwa cha wolemba Alois Jirasek, kuwonjezera kwa awo "akale Czech Nthano" (1894).

Mu Yana Ruzhe, mwina anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, amene kwa zaka zambiri anamuthandiza. Zinali iye amene anaonera wotchi zakuthambo kwa 1530. Izi poyerekeza ndi mawotchi Jakubom Cech, mlengi wa woyamba maola kunyamula Czech. Pa Yakub anali mwana wasukulu, ndi Orla opanda chisamaliro chokwanira.

Mu 1552 anaikidwa kutumikira Prague zakuthambo Clock Yana Taborskogo. Iye anakonzanso ndipo akweza mankhwala, komanso kuika pamodzi wake mabuku malangizo luso. Ndi mu chikalata ichi kwa nthawi yoyamba Yang Tabori molakwa adzaitana mlengi Ian Chimes Rouge. cholakwa zinachitika chifukwa cha kumasulira pachithunzichi a zolemba za nthawi. Mu 1962, izo anaweramuka ndi zakuthambo Czech mbiri Zdenek Gorski, amene amafufuza mbiri ya sayansi.

Chipulumutso cha koloko

M'zaka zotsatira, Prague zakuthambo Clock anasiya kangapo chifukwa cha kusowa osunga akatswiri ndi angapo nthawi anali kukonzedwa. Mu 1629 ndi 1659 maola motero anali pansi kukonza, imene iwo amamenya limagwirira wakhala anasamukira pansi ku nsanja, ndipo chithunzi cha Imfa anaonekera matabwa "anzake." Pa ichi yekha dongosolo kukonza chobisika gulu la Moon, kusonyeza gawo ake wakhazikitsidwa.

makumi lonse lidayima ima Prague zakuthambo Clock. Prague m'zaka XVIII sanali kupereka chidwi kwa chikhalidwe chawo yovuta. Pamene 1787 mbuye anamanganso tawuni ya Orloj ngakhale amafuna kuika mu zitsulo zotha. Maola kupulumutsidwa ku antchito chiwonongeko cha Prague Clementinum: Mutu wa Observatory wa Professor Strnad Antonin anapanga ang'onoang'ono ndi kukonza pamodzi ndi mawotchi Simon Landspergerom kwa 1791 pang'ono kuzikonza. Ndipotu, anatha kuthamanga basi wotchi chipangizo, ndi astrolabe kuonongeka ndi anakhalabe.

Mu nthawi yomweyo, izo lidawonjezeka kwa ziboliboli avundulidwe atumwi. Kukonzanso kwa koloko kunachitidwa mu zaka 1865-1866: ziwalo zonse za limagwirira akhala kudzudzulidwa, kuphatikizapo astrolabe, ndi tambala Fano Chinawonjezeka. Amadziwika kuti ngati wojambula Manes Josef anamanga m'munsi kalendala pagalimoto. Ndipo kulamulira lolondola akatswiri sitiroko anakhazikitsa chronometer Bozheka Romuald.

kuwonongeka

A zambiri aluso analenga Prague zakuthambo Clock. Czech Republic amanyadira za chidutswa cha luso. Amadziwika kuti wakhala zingawonongeka chidwi kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World koloko. Mu Prague, mu 1945, pa May 5, odana Nazi kupanduka linaphulika. Mu mzinda mkanganowo kulikonse, anali anamanga okwatiranawo. Makamaka kusiyana kulimbikira zinachitika pakati, pafupi pomanga Czech Radio, opandukawo analandidwa. Opandukawo mothandizidwa ndi chopatsilira wailesi anaika pa nsanja ya Old Town Hall, ukufalitsidwa pamtima anthu Czech.

Mu Prague, zinali mbali ya "malo" wa German Army Group. Iwo anayesa pansi kupanduka ndi pakamwa wailesi. asilikali German kuwombera kumanga flak projectiles incendiary Old Town Hall, kuchititsa May 8, 1945, izo akayaka. Ndiye koloko zakuthambo anali lowonongeka ndi moto: zakuthambo pagalimoto inagwera pansi ndi kalendala oyimba ndi mafano matabwa a atumwi kutenthedwa.

kuchira

Amadziwika kuti ndi July 1, 1948 chimes anali ankamangidwanso abale zonse Jindřich ndi Rudolf Vesetskie anakonza mbali wosweka ndi yokhota kumapeto kuyenda ndi kumudzutsa izo kachiwiri, ndi katswiri matabwa latsopano losema ziboliboli atumwi. Last kukonza zazing'ono wotchi linapangidwa mu 2005. Lero, ndi chilengedwe cha 3/4 idzafotokoza akale.

zakuthambo oyimba

N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amafuna kuona Prague wotchi? Zizindikiro zakuthambo za pa wake umenewu, tisangalatse wina aliyense. The oyimba a koloko ndi astrolabe, okonzeka ndi Kuyendetsa kuchokera dongosolo koloko. Orloj masewero Ptolomeevskoe geocentric Kapangidwe ka dziko: pakati ndi Earth padziko limene zokhudza mwezi ndi dzuwa.

Malinga akadali maziko mtundu zakuthambo litayamba zosonyeza lapansi ndi mlengalenga, zinthu zotsatirazi kusuntha: mphete akunja zakuthambo, zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe ndi mwezi ndi dzuwa mobwerera banja dzanja golide ndi asterisk kumapeto. Mosiyana ulonda wamba, apa kutsogolo ayi.

kalendala oyimba

zambiri wotchuka Prague zakuthambo Clock ndi chiyani? Calendar wotchi ya wotchi anali woyamba cholinga Yanom Ruzhe (Hanuš mbuye) mu 1490. Amadziwika kuti chimes poyamba inkakhala yekha wa oyimba zakuthambo. Woyamba kalendala chimbale, mwatsoka, wanena sanapulumuke. Baibulo ake panopa analengedwa ndi archivist K. J. Erben ku Prague pa kubwezeretsedwa kwa zaka 1865-1866, zochokera makope kupulumuka mu 1659, zomwe zinali zochokera zojambula mochita kugoba akale. M'zaka 1865-1866 kalendala litayamba utoto zojambulajambula Manes Yozef. N'chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa oyimba Manes.

Chokongoletsera sculptural a mabelu

Ife tikudziwa kale kuitana Prague zakuthambo Clock. Orloj - dzina wachiwiri. Ziboliboli, zokongoletsa izo, zinalengedwa zaka zingapo. Ndicho chifukwa chake iwo alibe limodzi kulenga lingaliro. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti mwala m'mbale zokongoletsa oyimba zakuthambo, ndi chosema a mngelo kumtunda koloko, msonkhano chopangidwa Petra Parlerzha. Chilengedwe ena inatulutsidwa mochedwa.

Nthawi maola ziboliboli ankamangidwanso, nthawizina ife anapanga mwatsopano kuti achotsa kukhala yaikulu. Chifukwa, lero zovuta kufotokoza tanthauzo la kamangidwe kamangidwe ka chimes lapansi.

mphamvu zauzimu

Anthu ndi mindset akale amakhulupirira kuti dongosolo aliyense akhoza chimawononga chikoka cha mizimu. Choncho chokongoletsedwa nyumba yake kulondera m'madera osiyanasiyana. Popeza zakuthambo wotchi yomwe ili pa wapakamwa pa nyumba yakale (kuti sanali kuteteza kachisi), kufunika kuchuluka zithumwa. Choncho, kumtunda kwa Prague mwaluso alonda tambala ndi basilisk mngelo.

Pa denga mumbali ndi nthano zolengedwa - basilisk awiri, amene angathe kusintha Mwachidule umodzi zamoyo zonse miyala. Aliyense ali ndi mapiko awiri, mbalame mulomo, ndi muvi-mchira njoka thupi. Amadziwika kuti basilisk anatchuka chifukwa cha mutu wa mfumu njoka. Gilded tambala - chizindikiro wakale maso ndi mtima moni dzuwa ndi tsiku latsopano aikidwa pansi pa denga la chimes lapansi. Zikhulupiriro amati ndi kulira woyamba mbalame Mwamsanga mphamvu zoipa, ulamuliro usiku.

Chapakati fano la pamwamba pa ora ndi fano la mngelo ndi mapiko. Mtumiki wa Mulungu amasunga imagwedeza riboni ndi uthenga umene lero sikutheka kuwerenga. Mngelo ndi fano wamkulu wa m'chipani ndi womenya kulimbikira makamu a mizimu mdima. Iwo amadalira Chigawo, pansi pa amene anaika mwala gulu unidentifiable kwathunthu. Ena amanena kuti ndi pastiche njoka, ena - mpukutu ndi lemba osadziwika. Pa mbali ya chithunzi cha Mngelo mazenera awiri anayikidwa, wosawoneka iliyonse ziboliboli ola la atumwi 12.

Tikukhulupirira mwasangalala nkhani pa Prague zakuthambo Clock, ndipo muli ndi chotumikira wake umenewu.