Population: zitsanzo, makhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa anthu

Ndithudi muli lingaliro la chimene anthu. Zitsanzo ndi tanthauzo la zake zonse tinali kalasi zamoyo. M'mabukhu sukulu, nkhaniyi aphimbidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Koma ngati inu pokonzekera mayeso kapena mukufuna kudziwa zambiri zimene anthu (Zitsanzo, makhalidwe, nyonga), nkhaniyi kukhala zothandiza inu.

yogawa Species pa chitsanzo cha chule ndi

Chiwerengero cha mtundu uliwonse wa anagawira omangidwa mu danga, malinga zonse ndi mwambi yodziwika: kuli mu malo amodzi, zopanda pake zina. Ichi ndi zachilendo. Koma kodi ife tiyamba kuganizira mutu wa "anthu"? Zitsanzo zikhoza kukuthandizani kuti muone mmene kufalitsidwa makamaka a mitundu padziko lathuli.

Edible chule ndi paliponse Europe. Koma nkomwe aliyense angaganize kuyang'ana achule wouma paini nkhalango kapena thanthwe mitsinje. Iwo amakhala m'madambo, pafupi ndi mayiwe ndi m'madera ena yonyowa. Chotero malo ngakhale akupezeka m'mayiko onse, koma kwathunthu kuphimba lonse la Europe. Choncho, achule ndi omangidwa anagawira, magulu. magulu awa a anthu angakhale laling'ono kapena lalikulu, alipo angapo zaka kapena zaka. M'chaka makamaka yonyowa, pamene aliyense nizinka wodzazidwa ndi madzi achule dambo kuwonjezera ndi kutali ndipo mwina zimaswana mu nthawi dziwe zambiri. Koma mu youma yotentha chithaphwi uphwetsa, ndipo zonse anawonekera kuno mu kuwala kwa achule kufa. Kumapeto, ndi lalifupi mbiri ya gulu laling'ono.

Zofunika kwambiri kwa zamoyo za tsoka gulu la achule, zonse zamoyo mu dambo lalikulu. Kudula, ndiye akuchulukirachulukira - malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya moyo - chiwerengero cha lalikulu achule dambo mwina mazana ambiri kapena masauzande mibadwo. The moyo wa gulu limeneli adzatuluka ndi kutali ndi magulu ena, kuyambira chithaphwi china chachikulu pafupi ndi zinthu oyenera kukhalako nthawi yaitali akhoza ili makumi makilomita kutali woyamba. Ngakhale chule mu moyo wake, ndithudi, adzatenga okwana makumi a makilomita aliyense m'chilengedwe proskachet makilomita khumi mu mzere wolunjika.

Mlingo wa kudzipatula mitundu

Kumene, dambo athu olekanitsidwa ndi anthu ena. Dokowe ntchentche pa iye, yemwe amakonda kusaka si pa izo, ndi pa dambo pafupi, ndipo alibe ndalama chilichonse kuti asiye makilomita khumi, akhoza kusiya pa chule wathu dziwe, anaikira anapiye ake. Abakha kapena zina waterfowl, zouluka pano m'chaka, akhoza kusuntha mazira ochepa thupi lina la madzi, pa njira yake; ngati inu muli mwayi, mazira, angathe kuyamba lina, malo chachilendo kwambiri. zinthu ngati zimenezi, ndithudi, n'zochepa kwambiri, koma nthawi chofunika zimachitika nthawi.

Musaganize kuti moyo wa magulu akutali ndi khalidwe chabe kwa nzika ya m'madambo ndi matupi zina za madzi. M'midzi Mfuko, kuoneka bwino padziko lapansi chitunda limakula pa usiku, palinso yekha mu malo oyenera moyo wa nyama zimene zimadya - m'minda, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango. Lunguzi likupezeka chabe pamene pali zinthu yabwino kwa mbewu: pamthunzi ndi nthaka wolemera asafe. N'zosavuta wopita ku malo amodzi kupita ku butterfly, amene zikuoneka ukhoza kukakhala kulikonse, anakumana mosamalitsa mu malo ake: NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA m'nkhalango birch, Belyanko kumene ena crucifers, ndi zina zotero.

Apa tafika pa kulingalira ndi maganizo "anthu". Tanthauzo ndi makhalidwe a iwo ali pansipa. Timayamba, ndithudi, ndi chopambana - ndi kutsimikiza.

Lingaliro ndi makhalidwe a anthu

kachulukidwe pakati anthu a mtundu uliwonse, amene amalimbikira kwa nthawi yaitali, wotchedwa anthu. Mbali kofunika kwambiri ndi mgwirizano majini: anthu amene ali mbali ya gulu limeneli ndi moyo pafupi wina ndi mnzake, akhoza amamuchitira zambiri kuposa anthu otsata anthu osiyana. Evolution n'kofunika, ndithudi, ndi kuti ndi kuuzana nkhani majini: Ndipotu obadwa amatenga theka DNA kuchokera kholo limodzi ndi theka - pa ena. Choncho, pamene Kumuyika kwa chiwerengero cha mibadwo, wina kagulu ka anthu, monga izo zinali limodzi dongosolo lalikulu chili ndi zina za makhalidwe cholowa - thumba chibadwa, kapena dziwe mbewu.

Kusinthanitsa pakati pa anthu oyandikana nawo

Anthu kuwombola pakati pa anthu oyandikana ndi chimaonekadi lalikulu mu chikhalidwe kuposa peresenti ochepa m'badwo uliwonse, ndiye posachedwa magulu awiri akhale katundu ambiri kusanganikirana wathunthu zakuthupi chibadwa. Ngati kuwombola kokha ayi kuposa anthu ochepa chabe pa zikwi mu m'badwo uliwonse, uliwonse kuchuluka kwa ziweto, kapenanso zomera "akuzisunga mtundu wake." M'mawu ena, ndi pa yomweyo m'gulu la zovuta za kuchuluka kwa anthu, wotchedwa maganizo.

Mtunda limene anthu kusuntha

Tsopano zimaonekeratu chifukwa chake ndi chofunika kudziwa momwe kwenikweni kusuntha zamoyo mu chikhalidwe ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, momwe iwo akhoza kusuntha majini awo ndi kusamutsa kuti m'badwo wotsatira. Kuti tipeze si mophweka: ndikofunikira kuti awonetse, kumasuka ndi kachiwiri kuti akakole mitundu ya nyama, kudziwa momwe kwenikweni amwazamwaza mungu wa zomera zosiyanasiyana kufalitsa mbewu zawo. Zotsatira za maphunziro awa anali kwakukulukulu zodabwitsa.

Osiyanasiyana kufala kwa nyama ndi zomera

Kodi gawo akhoza kutenga anthu? Zitsanzo zimene ife adzakupatsani chizindikiro zithunzi izi.

asanu okha mwa mbuzi zana zakutchire, mphalapala anathawira ku mtunda wa 10 Km from malo okhala okhazikika, ndipo ambiri a moyo wonse umachitika pa dera la awiri a 3 Km. North America woyera-tailed nswala , nayenso, 5% kusamalidwa kwa moyo wawo wonse kwa mtunda wa 10 Km mu mzere woongoka, ambiri a anthu (95% anthu) amoyo m'gawo la awiri a za wina ndi makilomita theka. Ndi akalulu zakutchire, ndipo kalulu European zinthu kwambiri ngati nswala. Field mpheta mu misa Kodi kuuluka moyo kupitirira mamita 400 kuchokera tagging malo. A lalikulu American madzi rodent muskrat tsopano alipo pa amatunga oyenera pafupifupi onse ku Northern Europe ndi ku Asia, si kupitirira 1 kukafika ku malo olemba, ambiri a nyama moyo wake onse danga la utali wozungulira pafupifupi 100 m.

Ndipo kodi nkhani imeneyi, mbewu anthu? Zitsanzo za kufala kwa mungu zimasonyeza kuti mtunda wake si wosiyana kwambiri pa mitundu ina. Oak mungu mu nkhalango, mwachitsanzo, yotengekatengeka ndi mphepo mahandiredi ochepa okha meters.

Champion kafalitsidwe mtunda teals anali nyama. Zaikidwa mu England anapiye Tilu tinakakumana ndiye ndi kuswana zikwi makilomita kutali chisa: pa Kola Peninsula ndi Arkhangelsk Region, Iceland ndi Belarus.

m'gawo anthu

Zonsezi pamwambapa kanjedza amasonyeza ena m'dera zingatenge ena anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mtunda wokwanira magulu moyandikana kukhala kutali ndi mzake. anthu osiyana mphalapala roe angakhale mu zitunda yaing'ono phiri pa mtunda wa makumi makilomita, gulu la mpheta akhoza ili makilomita awiri kuchoka kwa mzake, koma chiwerengero cha abakha, zikuoneka, linatenga malo pafupifupi onse a ku Ulaya. Mwa njira, kukula yaikulu anthu m'dera la abakha wabwino yaitali Timasangalalanso asayansi kufotokoza mfundo: zosiyana n'zosadabwitsa otsika osakhalitsa, ndi mwa iwo, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, kawirikawiri kusiyanitsa subtypes. Tsopano zinaonekeratu kuti abakha onse mtundu wina wa mmodzi kapena kwambiri anthu ochepa. Iwo ankachita intersect ndi mzake, choncho palibe kudzikundikira zatsopano mu mbali zosiyanasiyana zimachokeradi.

anthu

Kotero, amakhala ndi amphamvu, koma malire mobisika ndi anansi ake. Chifukwa cha ichi kuteteza anapitiriza m'maganizo a mbadwa majini ya aliyense wa iwo.

khalidwe lina lofunika alionse - chiwerengero, mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha anthu ake constituent. Kodi anthu ambiri m'gulu izo? Funso ili wovuta kuyankha mosapita m'mbali, kuyambira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zomera ndi chiwerengero cha osiyana. Tizilombo - monga udzudzu - kwa anthu wina angakhale monga anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Chiwerengero cha mtundu umodzi wa dragonflies pa nyanja pafupi ndi tauni ya Orekhovo-Zuevo mu Moscow - pafupifupi 30 zikwi anthu, ndipo chiwerengero cha magulu angapo a abuluzi mu Kazakhstan anali ku mazana ochepa anthu zikwi zingapo. Koma Deta yotere ndi kusowa ndipo asayansi simumamudziwa ndendende chomwe anthu ngakhale mitundu ambiri.

kudziwa kukula kwa vuto

Lero, vutoli watha kukhala mwangwiro ongolankhula. Kupulumutsa mtundu uliwonse zofunika kudziwa mlingo wa anthu, limene angathe kukutetezani yaitali kukhalapo. Kuti bwino kufunika vutoli, m'pofunika kuwonjezera kuti chiwerengero cha anthu nthawi zonse zikuuluka mu alionse: kangapo, nthawizina mazana, ndi zina kambirimbiri. Chiwerengero cha nyama zikuluzikulu pa avareji, wopangidwa mwa anthu osachepera mazana angapo, kulibe nthawi yokwanira. ang'onoang'ono kukula kwa gulu posachedwa kapena mtsogolo - chabe chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kupewa manambala, ndithu mwangozi - zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi ziro.

Chifukwa chakuti anapitiriza kuli anthu kakang'ono kuli kovuta, asayansi ambiri amakayikira zimenezi, monga diso kutsegula ngati "anapeza" wa Scottish Loch mwe zokwawa angapo mbiri isanayambe. Onse chilombo ingapo kalekale mbisoweka.

Evolution alionse

anthu awa zomwe wosafa, iwo akhoza kukhalapo nthawi zonse pamene sadzakhala kutha zofunikira kwa iwo. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, mu chilichonse, ngakhale zinthu zabwino kwambiri, magulu awa nthawi nako kusintha pang'ono. M'mawu ena, zamoyo wa anthu.

Latsopano masinthidwe chikhalidwe kuoneka mosalekeza, ngakhale liwiro ndondomeko izi wotsika. Komabe, pa nthawi, izo akadali kusintha chibadwa cha anthu. Ndithudi, palibe kusintha, ngakhale khumi sangakhoze kusintha izo. Komabe, iwo kudziunjikira mibadwomibadwo, sasamalira mu izi kapena kuti kuphatikiza achibadwidwe makolo. Ngati kuphatikiza ndi bwino, ndiye pambuyo m'badwo kapena anthu awiri adzakhala mu gulu ili achuluka, chifukwa cha zomwe kwambiri kusintha zikuchokera majini a anthu a. The linanena bungwe la kusintha makamaka m'bwalolo zamoyo zinachita - chochitika chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wanga monga gulu, ndi mitundu yonse. Ndi chinthu zing'onozing'ono za mchitidwe wa chisinthiko, koma kuchita zinthu ndi akufotokozera lonse chachikulu zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko.

Kotero, ife mwachidule nkhani ya mutu wakuti "Population". Tanthauzo, zitsanzo ndi makhalidwe a iwo anali kuperekedwa nkhaniyi. Tikukhulupirira zimenezi ndi zothandiza inu.