Pamene mfundo za othandiza chilengedwe akhala anayambitsa? Universal othandiza - ndi ...

Kodi chilengedwe othandiza? Ichi ndi mwayi kuvota mu chisankho kwa anthu onse mosaganizira kugonana, chipembedzo, mtundu, chuma chawo ndalama msinkhu, etc. Pamene chilengedwe othandiza pali lamulo limodzi lokha - .. Age. Nzika ndi ufulu kuvota motero osankhidwa owayimilira mu akuluakulu onse, nawo referenda ndi kusankha mutu wa boma.

patsogolo andale

Lero, konsekonse othandiza - ndi khalidwe kuvomerezedwa limati demokalase. Komabe, anthu akhala yaitali ndi yaminga njira kukwaniritsa pochimanga m'mayiko ambiri a dziko.

N'kofunikanso kuti kumayambiriro othandiza chilengedwe chonse Nthawi osiyana kutanthauza kusintha osiyana. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, Mfundo imeneyi akuyendera chosintha France ya m'ma XVIII. Koma ndiye anthu ankakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe othandiza - mwayi kokha mmodzi wamphongo.

Kukwera French

Mu 1792, zigawenga anagwira Parisian Palace. Mfumu unagonjetsedwa. The boma anaganiza kukhazikitsa latsopano wapamwamba malamulo ndi nthumwi thupi. Izi anali wotchuka National Convention.

Imodzi ndi August 11 lamulo linaperekedwa mu 1792 kuti okhudza chisankho adzaimira chizolowezi watsopano. Ndi chikalata ichi makamaka anayambitsa othandiza konsekonse mu dziko. Icho chinali chosaiwalika chochitika, kufunika amene anali makamaka noticeable pa nthawi.

Chisankho kuti Convention National ndi

Pamaso Watsimikiza 1792 adzaponye chisanko French anagawidwa udakali chabe. Kupeza ufulu kuvota amayenera kukhala wokhala mumzinda ndi kulipira misonkho zokwanira. Zinali chuma tingachipeze powerenga choyenereza amene quashed lamulo "Pa convening a Convention National lapansi." Tsopano, kwa chikuonetseratu kuti masankho zinali zokwanira kukhala ku France zaka 21 ndipo ali pachaka amangokhala mu malo okhala awo. Komanso, malamulo atsopano anayambitsa mwambo wa kubweretsa lumbiro boma.

Chisankho cha 1792 poyerekeza panopa masankho ofuna, mwachitsanzo, mu French chomwecho kutali chilengedwe (nkukhalabe kuti alowemo akazi). Koma zinali zochitika za Great zisinthe anachitira zambiri democratization zina. Iwo linathetsedwa ziyeneretso chuma, ndi anthu alili osiyana siyana (mwachitsanzo, olemekezeka ndi anthu wamba) anapatsidwa ufulu wofanana. Kuchepetsa malire zaka 25 mpaka zaka 21 ndi wopindulitsa ambiri.

Chakale ndi Chatsopano Order

Ku Ulaya, nkhondo kwa chitsimikizo cha othandiza chilengedwe anali mu m'ma XIX. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana ndi French kuukira boma mu World Old wayamba ndondomeko kuthetsa zotsala za akale ang'onoang'ono cholowa.

m'mayiko onse a ku Ulaya (kupatula Switzerland) anali akadali monarchies. Iwo inatha ndi mawonekedwe inefficient boma. Kupezeka kwa maufumu, maukulu ndi duchies sankasangalala ndi bourgeoisie amafuna zolimbitsira ake kudzera njira demokalase.

kwa kusintha

A m'zaka za m'dera mwapang'onopang'ono, ophunzira, ogwira ntchito, anthu osauka okhala m'mizindayo ndi luntha anayesetsa kukakamiza boma kuti atchule othandiza konsekonse. Lamulo limeneli chaonekera 20s lapansi. XIX atumwi mwa mamembala a mabungwe malonda British. Komabe, kusintha masankho amatsutsana ndi ndiwofatsa mabwalo monarchical ndiponso apamwamba. Iwo anazindikira kuti demokalase ngozi wawo yochezera tsogolo mwini.

Ngakhale mu France pakutha pa nkhondo Napoleonic ndi ulamuliro wachifumu unayambanso anali kachiwiri anayambitsa katundu oyenerera. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo 1848 zisinthe ndi chiwonongeko cha Mfumu Lui Filippa mu Constitution latsopano potsiriza enshrined ufulu wa anthu onse kuvota. Popeza palibe reactionaries ndiribe zimafika izo. Pambuyo kusintha kuti chiwerengero cha adzaponye chisanko French kuchuluka kwa anthu 240 zikwi miliyoni 9.

suffragettes

Ngakhale pofika cha m'ma XIX ali m'mayiko ambiri analoledwa kuvota amuna onse, nkhani ya othandiza azimayi ndi sichinayambe kuthetsedwa mwa aliyense limati izi. Yolimbirana kusintha yoyenera anayamba suffragette. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kusinthidwa zoterozo zinali malamulo New Zealand mu 1893. mfundo za othandiza chonse ndipo anali koyamba mu dziko lino, chifukwa popanda nkhani ya chisankho cha chisankho wamkazi sangakhoze kuyankhula za aliyense wa awo "padziko lonse."

M'zaka zingapo zotsatira, suffragists anapanga zofuna zawo m'mayiko ambiri. N'zochititsa chidwi mu Russia Ufumu akazi saloledwa kuvota mu 1906. kusintha woona wa kanthu yafalikira okha dera la Grand Duchy la Finland. Iwo sanali yekhayo ngati kuyesera. Mu Finland, ndi mafumu Russian zambiri anayambitsa zaluso patsogolo kuti ali pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana sanathe akuyendera onse a ufumuwo.

Yoyenera kuvota mu Russian

Pambuyo ulimi wa 1905 anaonekera mu State Duma la Russia. Komabe, chisankho aphungu zinali zochepa kuti ziyeneretso osiyana. Sitiloledwa chitsutso osiyana, makamaka kumanzere. Iwo anamufunsa kuti othandiza chilengedwe unayamba mu dziko. Parliamentary chisinthikowo tsarist Russia anakhumudwitsidwa ndi zotsatira nkhondo World. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo October kuukira boma la 1917 anabwera mphamvu, Bolsheviks analengeza kuti iwo tichotse "bourgeois" malamulo visola.

Ngakhale Lenin kudzudzulidwa madongosolo ambiri m'mayiko capitalist, kuyambira kusankha, sanafune kusiya. Nthumwi matupi (mabungwe) iye anasiyanitsa chakale parliamentarism. Mu January 1918 msonkhano inasokoneza chinatseguka Assembly Constituent. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, ndi Bolsheviks anayamba kumanga boma yake, mosatengera kuti adani awo andale.

Bolshevik kusintha

Malinga ndi mfundo Lenin m'tsogolo anayenera kuti abwere chikominisi - zimachitika abwino a anthu. enaake uyu anali pang'ono kuchita ndi boma, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mtsogoleri wa Bolshevik ankaona kuti nthawi zina boma ndi mabungwe osankhidwa ayenera kusiya. Choyamba ichi chidachitika kuteteza akupeza wa zisinthe. Kugwa kwa autocracy anatsegula pamaso pa Bolsheviks kwambiri za malo kuyesera pomanga chitsanzo latsopano la boma.

July 10, 1918 Constitution la RSFSR (pamaso pa USSR ana- 4) Analeredwa. Chigawo osiyana zoyenera malamulo ake pa chisankho cha boma la Soviet Union. Mu chikalata ichi, mfundo ya othandiza chilengedwe wakhala yokhala lokhazikika kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya Russia. Voti akanakhoza tsopano ndi akazi. Malinga ndi mawu, ndi ufulu kuti azivota, "kuvekedwa ndi nzika zonse za Russian Federative Soviet Republic." Malire zaka choikidwacho pa kuzungulira zaka 18.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mawu Ankawaphwanyira amoyo ndalama unearned (majeremusi), atsogoleri a mpingo, nthumwi za apolisi kale tsarist, zigawenga ndi wadwala matenda okhudza ubongo. The Constitution la RSFSR mu 1918 ukutitsimikizira zoyambirira za othandiza chilengedwe anali akusonyeza. Komabe, bukuli anali ndi mipata malamulo zokhudza chisankho. Iwo amapanga malemba munthu wamba ndi dziko.

zinachitikira English

Mu UK, ogwira ntchito mabungwe malonda anali mtsogoleri wa kulimbana othandiza konsekonse. Chaka ndi chaka, nafunafuna kusintha kwa ndale. Yotchuka kwambiri udachita Chartist kuyenda. Yopuma zinachitika pang'onopang'ono. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX akuluakulu abomawo chilengedwe othandiza anthu. Ichi chidachitika popanda kusintha, monga ena a ku Ulaya.

Kulimbana kufanana ndale za akazi UK inapitirira kwa zaka zambiri. The suffragette kuyenda mu dziko lino anali mmodzi wa wamphamvu kwambiri mu World Old. Komabe chake chapamwamba atasemphana anthu ndi boma sizinawakhudze. The First World nkhondo, amene ndayima kaye wandale, osati Albion, komanso m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya.

Kumayambiriro 1918, boma la Nduna Lloyd George linakhazikitsa lamulo kupereka ufulu kuvota kuti akazi onse achikulire kuposa zaka 30. Zonse zikuchitika popanda mkangano uliwonse. Ngakhale yamalamulo amatsutsana ndi ziwanga 23 zokha. dziko kunkakhala ndi nkhondo, ndipo izo sizinali mpaka kusintha ndale. Mkubwela mtendere British anazindikira kuti moyo wa chimangidwe bwino popanda tsankho jenda.

United States

Chikadzangotha US Department of Education mu dziko lino, malamulowa Analeredwa. Pakuti cha m'ma XVIII zinali chikalata zapamwamba kwambiri ndipo pang'onopang'ono. Iwo malamulo ndi zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za lamulo visola. Komabe, boma payekha amasankha malamulo ake, kuphatikizapo zokhudza chisankho. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX ku Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, chifukwa chisankho cha mamembala a Choyenereza katundu akhalipo.

A vuto lalikulu kwa ufulu kuti azivota ndi kapolo ambiri m'dziko lonselo. Ambiri anali mu limati kum'mwera ulimi amene kukhwima mosalephera zotsutsana ndi otukuka North. Civil kunabuka nkhondo (1861-1865 gg.). Only pakutha pa ukapolo potsiriza anathetsa.

Panali kusinthidwa angapo kwa Constitution, amene pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka chiwerengero cha anthu anapatsidwa ufulu kukavota. gulu anagwirizana akuda. Ndipo mu 1920 izo anatenga Kusintha XIX, zomwe watipatsa akazi yoyenera kuvota. Zinali chopanda malire chigonjetso suffragettes. Kotero mu United States anapambana othandiza konsekonse.