Osema wotchuka wa dziko ndi ntchito zawo. Wotchuka Russian ziboliboli

Woyamba analenga anthu kuti angatchedwe chosema anaonekera mu nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe ndiponso anali mafano, nampembedza ndi makolo athu. Pazaka masauzande zaka luso la zosemasema wafika pamwamba kuposa kale lonse, ndipo lero ife tikhoza kuwona katswiri weniweni, nthawi zonse amalemekezedwa alendo komanso odutsa mu zakale ndi m'misewu ya m'mizinda yambiri mu dziko. Choncho amene aluso otchuka Russian ndi ena akunja Nthawi osiyana anganene kuti dzina lake wachinsinsi monga "Osema odziwika bwino," ndi zina mwa ntchito zawo zina mu thumba golide wa zojambulajambula?

Osema otchuka m'dzikoli wakale

Monga tanenera kale, luso chosema anayambitsa zaka zambiri zapitazo, umboni ndi mwala ambiri ndi dongo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zithunzi za anthu, nyama ndi zolengedwa lanthano, anapeza zofukulidwa m'mabwinja. Ndithudi, palibe amene akudziwa amene olemba awo, koma mbiri wateteza mayina a ena mwa Osema otchuka amene ankagwira ntchito mu nyengo ya ku 14 m'ma BC. e. ndi pamaso pa 1 m'ma AD. e.

Mwachitsanzo, funso lokhudza amene ali Osema otchuka kwambiri m'dziko lakale, pakati ena, onetsetsani kuti kutchula kwambiri ku Iguputo ziboliboli Thutmose Junior. Iye ankagwira bwalo la Farao Akhenaten, ndipo adalenga munthu ntchito wotchuka luso Amarna nyengo - ndi kugwira wa Mfumukazi Nefertiti. mudziwe zambiri pali za amene ali Osema wotchuka wakale Greece ndi Rome nthawi. Makamaka, mbuye ndi Critius Nesiot olengedwa 5 m'ma BC. e. zikuchokera kwambiri ndi Garmody Aristogiton kuti kenako kangapo ouziridwa Osema patapita nthawi. pamwamba kwambiri kuti akhale mmisiri Chithunzi anapanga Phidias wamkulu, amene ndi Mlembi wa fano la Zeus golide ndi minyanga, anazindikira kuti cimodzi za zozizwa za mdziko wakale. N'kosatheka kuona chopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha luso lakalekale, womwe wapangidwa ndi Osema ngati wotchuka ngati Scopas, Praxiteles ndi Lysippos, analenga Mahatchi otchedwa wa Marko Woyera. Koma Osema Roma, ambiri a zolengedwa awo, monga wotchuka Apollo Belvedere, makope a achigiriki.

Osema otchuka m'dzikoli: Zapakati

Monga mukudziwa, chiyambi cha nthawi zakale anatsata kugwa kwa Western Roma, sinali nthawi yabwino chitukuko cha luso. Ndicho chifukwa chake palibe ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya luso la zosemasema a 5-12 zaka TH, lero silidziŵika. Mwamwayi, pa nthawi kuzichita adayamba kufooketsa, ndipo panali ziboliboli oyera ndi olamulira, amene olemba alolera kuchoka ku malamulo okhwima luso achipembedzo ndi kupanga zolengedwa kwambiri zooneka ngati zenizenidi. Mwachitsanzo, tingachepetsere ambuye monga bambo ndi mwana Pisano, amene ankagwira ntchito ku mochedwa 13 ndi m'ma 14. Ndipo, ndithudi, pamene izo zifika amene ali Osema wotchuka wa nthawi Gothic, sitinganene kuti Adamu Kraft analenga guwa wapamwamba Tetzel Chapel.

Art Chithunzi Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Mwina si munthu amene sadziwa amene Osema wotchuka ndi ntchito zawo za nthawi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ndipotu nthawi iyi monga katswiri monga fano la Davide ndi la Pieta ndi Michelangelo, buku limene chokongoletsedwa ndi Katolika padziko lonse, komanso chipilala kuti Gattamelata ndi Donatello ndi "Perseus" Benvenuto Cellini. Ambuye French Dziwani Zhana Guzhona ndi Germain Pilon, amene ankagwira ntchito mchikakamizo cha anzake Italy.

Mumadziwika ambuye wa chosema cha m'ma 18

Chitsanzo zazikulu za luso la zosemasema a masiku ano ndi wotchuka Trevi Kasupe mu Palazzo Poli ku Rome, chimodzi cha zizindikiro likulu Italy. Iwo yokonzedwa ndi Nicola Salvi ndi Pietro Bracci amene anapanga chithunzi cha Neptune ndi Triton. M'zaka za m'ma 18. Iye anagwira ntchito ndi Antonio Canova, wotchuka chifukwa tombstones wake wa Apapa, komanso Osema ku France Edmond Bouchardon ndi Zhan Batist Pigall odziwika. Koma Ambuye British, mwa iwo ndi atatu pachiyambi ongokhala Dzhona Flaksmana, Iosifa Nollekensa ndi Thomas Banks.

European chosema cha m'ma 19

Chiyambi cha m'ma wotsiriza unali wotchuka ndi maonekedwe a nyenyezi yonyezimira ya dziko la chosema - Bertel Thorvaldsen, amene 1803 anapereka kwa anthu ake "Jason". Patapita dziko mokweza kuwonekera koyamba kugulu, anakhala wotchuka kwambiri mu wotchuka mwini makasitomala ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo ndithu yaitali moyo wake kulenga chosema nyimbo zambiri zabwino ndi zithunzi za anthu otchuka. Makamaka, ndi kutchula friezes yaikulu mtengo, chosonyeza zochuluka Aleksandra Makedonskogo, iye analengedwa mu 1812 kwa ulemerero wa Quirinal Palace.

Mukamakambirana funso la amene anali Osema wotchuka ndi ntchito za m'ma 19, mmodzi wa oyamba n'loti dzina la Auguste Rodin. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa, popeza chilengedwe chake "Woganiza" ndi "The kumpsompsona" anazindikira ngati katswiri wamkulu wa zojambulajambula. Koma ambuye wa chosema mu Germany, tiyenera wapadera kutchula L. Shvantaler amene analenga ntchito zambiri zodabwitsa kukometsera nyumba zachifumu ndiponso nyumba zina zofunika za Munich.

Osema 20-21 zaka

M'zaka zapitazi, mwambo wa ambuye kwambiri Italy anapitiriza Dzhakomo Mantsu, wotchuka chilengedwe chake cha "Chipata cha Imfa", anapanga Cathedral wa St. Peter ku Rome. Komanso, ndiye ponena ojambula zithunzi monga Zhak Lipshits ndi Osip Tsadkin, amene ankagwira ntchito mu surrealist kalembedwe ofunika. Gulu la "Osema wotchuka wa dziko" akutanthauza Alberto Giacometti, analengedwa mu 1961, ntchito ya "kuyenda munthu", umene unali pafupifupi Sotheby ku US madola miliyoni 104,3. Pakati pa Osema za m'ma 20 mochedwa, izo ndi ofunika ponena Fernando Botero, Lynn Chadwick Barri Flanagana ndi.

Osema wotchuka kwa zaka Russia 18-19

Kukamba za luso chosema mu Russia si koyenera Pre-Petrine nyengo, chifukwa kulibe. St. Petersburg m'munsi zinatichititsa kuganiza zokongoletsa zachifumu wake ndi mabwalo ziboliboli, monga chinali chizolowezi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, kotero kuti khoti anayamba kuitana ojambula achilendo. Choncho, poyamba ankadziwika "Russian" Osema anali alendo. Mwachitsanzo, tinamva effigy zingapo, tulutsani bambo tsogolo la wamanga chachikulu - K. Rastrelli.

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Academy of Tirhana Catherine II chapomwepo anayamba kuphunzitsidwa ndi Russia. Makamaka mu zaka za ulamuliro wake ndi apainiya wolemekezeka wa luso zoweta chosema monga F. Shubin ndi M. Kozlovsky ndi F. Gordeev, amene analenga wotchuka Samson. Makamaka kwambiri aluso luso anatuluka mu zaka zana la 19. Makamaka, nthawi imeneyi analenga ngati odziwika Osema Russian monga M. M. Antokolsky - woyambitsa wa chipilala kuti Peter Wamkulu mu Peterhof, AM Opekushin, P. Velionsky ndi I. N. Shreder.

Art chosema wa nthawi Soviet ndipo pambuyo Soviet

Imodzi mwa ntchito kwambiri kuzindikira za chosema wa theka zoyambirira za m'ma 20, ndithudi, ndi chachitali wotchuka ndi Vera Mukhina "Antchito ndi Mgwirizano Farm Bakuman" - anavomereza chaluso cha Kuzindikira chikhalidwe. No zochepa chidwi ndi ntchito ya E. Vutechicha amene analenga "Nkhondo, mpulumutsi" kwa Berlin Treptow Park ndi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse fano "The Mama" ndipo M. Anikushina - wolemba wa chipilala A. P. Chehovu ndi Pushkin, womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu Leningrad mu 1957.

Monga amene wotchuka Osema Russian wa nthawi pambuyo Soviet, mwinamwake, iwo ayenera kunena, ndi Ernst Unknown, amene anayamba ntchito yake mu Soviet Union, anakakamizika kusamuka kwa United States, ndipo ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri - "achilungamo Chisoni" Magadan kwa chikumbukiro akuvutika chifukwa cha Stalinist kupondereza - analengedwa mu 1996. mbuye wina wa chosema, Anthu ambiri anazindikira M'zaka zaposachedwapa - Shemyakin, mwa ntchito zimene woyeneradi wapadera kutchula Mipikisano chithunzi zikuchokera "Ana - akuvutika ndi makhalidwe wamkulu".