Ofananira mafupa - poyambira. Biology ntchito zake ndi tanthauzo

Ntchito ya thandizo thupi ndi kuteteza ziwalo za nyama zina kuchitidwa mu njira ziwiri. Mbali yoyamba, ndi akunja mafupa - chipolopolo. Iwo wapangidwa ndi chitin, chifukwa mphamvu zazikulu za impregnated kashiamu salt, phosphorous kapena pakachitsulo. Nkhanu, akangaude, nthata, tizilombo - Kodi nyama ndi chipolopolo ndi otchedwa invertebrates. gulu lina la zomera pa embryogenesis imapanga mafupa mkati, zomwe amachita ntchito poyambira.

Biology anafotokoza chikuoneka chifukwa cha ndondomeko organogenesis - mapangidwe kuipidwa ziwalo ofananira. Izi zikuphatikizapo chubu ubongo, m'matumbo ndi poyambira. Zadzidzidzi wa zotanuka connective chingwe kuti neurula siteji Ndisanaumbidwe ndi chizindikiro cha anthu ndiponso zinyama a Mtundu upita. Tiyeni tione ndondomeko izi mwatsatanetsatane, komanso kumveketsa mbali ya mafupa ofananira mu inakhala.

ndi amatikhudza zamoyo chiyani?

Khama la gawo ili la mwana wosabadwayo ndi motere: ndi unsegmented notochord ongokhala zotanuka connective minofu. Ndi chofunika kwambiri mu embryogenesis nyama monga chordal. Bookmark poyambira amapezeka pansi chubu ubongo wa nyongolosi chordomesoderm lomwe lachokera ectoderm intestine chachikulu. Pa organogenesis, iye anasintha chubu matumbo, yomwe ili pansipa poyambira. Njira tafotokozazi ndi zovuta ndipo anaphunzira njira ya onse zamoyo sekondale. Kodi kuwafotokozera ophunzira wamng'ono, ophunzira a zinyama kuti poyambira izi? Biology (kalasi 7) kapangidwe anapanga chitsanzo kwa msana olamulira Amphioxus. Tiyeni tione nkhani mwatsatanetsatane.

Kaperekedwe subtype ndi bescherepnyh

gulu mwadongosolo lili kalasi imodzi - Amphioxus. Nyama moyo pansi pa Nyanja Black ndimagwiritsa ntchito moyo wake m'manda mu mchenga ndi angaonekere padziko kumaso kwa thupi, atazungulira tentacles. Thupi translucent ndi akuunika chubu wandiweyani - poyambira. Biology amaona ngati mbali ya dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa a nyama. Notochord mu Amphioxus, ngati chordates ena wosazindikira - lampreys ndi hagfish, kufanizira ndi inakhala jawless, pano mu ontogeny Iye atenge mbali ya mafupa ofananira. Komanso zamoyo za thupi bescherepnyh ndi cyclostomes, notochord amalimbikira zina nsomba. Taganizirani mbali ya kapangidwe awo.

nsomba cartilaginous

Common stingray, nyanja nkhandwe, sawfish, spiny dogfish - udindo wa anthu pa nyanja: stingrays ndi nsombazo. Monga mbali ya dongosolo lawo thandizo ndi kayendedwe kumaphatikizapo mafupa cartilaginous ndi akatumba. Pakati matupi vertebral mu ngalande msana ndi makombo yotsalira ya embryonic msana. Mbali imeneyi ndi chizindikiro cha dongosolo mkati mwa nsomba cartilaginous, amene ngakhale mukadzakula pang'ono anasunga poyambira. Biology anafotokoza motere: pa embryogenesis notochord amapanga equidistant kaduka padera, chimene ndondomeko amasankha ndi Mbali yokhala ngati madipoziti nyumba. Kenako kugawa poyambira pa thupi la vertebrae chichereŵechereŵe, connective minofu ndi ziwalo kukhala mkati zimbale intervertebral.

Features ya kapangidwe ka nsomba Sturgeon Series

Pamodzi ndi nsombazo ndi cheza, amene ali wofanana kwambiri, oimira gulu a nsomba wakale. Pakuti Nsombazi, beluga, kapangidwe stellate amakhala ndi zinthu monga mkati cartilaginous mafupa ndi notochord. Biology limanena kuti makolo a Nsombazi anaonekera mu nthawi Devonian wa Paleozoic nyengo. Kuyambira pamenepa thunthu lawo silinasinthe kwambiri. mitundu wamkulu ndi chingwe msana yokutidwa ndi chigoba cha wandiweyani connective minofu ndi kupitiriza moyo. Mwapadera zouma poyambira stellate Nsombazi, Nsombazi ndi Nsombazi ena Russia kale ntchito zakudya monga kudzazidwa kwa mapayi ndi chitumbuwa, ndipo anawatcha vyazigoy.