Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod): history, maonekedwe, adiresi, kutsegula maola

Mmodzi wa zipilala wamkulu wa chitetezo wa zomangamanga Russian - ichi Novgorod Kremlin, kapena monga iwo ukutchedwa, Detinets. pamalowo zikuphatikizapo nyumba ya nyengo zosiyana ndi Nthawi, koma iwo zambiri amapanga wapadera ndi inimitable zovuta, yodziwika ndi digiri wamkulu wa dziko la Novgorod ngakhale pamaso pa centralization mphamvu Moscow.

Novgorod Kremlin

An zovuta wakale wa nyumba ndi linga la Great Novgorod. A nyumba yaikulu kumanzere m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Volkhov. Komabe, ngati mwaganiza kukaona Novgorod Kremlin, ndi bwino kudziwa adiresi ya boma: Velikiy Novgorod, wabweletsela. Boma la Russia, 11. kapangidwe ndi yofunika mapulani chipilala, ndipo pa mlingo la feduro, otetezedwa ndi boma, kuwonjezera, m'nyumbayi-malo m'gulu la UNESCO World Heritage List mbali ya mzinda wotchuka. Woyamba olembedwa kutchulidwa kwa boma la Russia amenewa analembedwa 1044 chaka. Ndithudi, iye, monga ena onse, nkhani kukalamba, nthawi sikuti kudali chabe kwa iye, ndipo ena mwa irretrievably anataya.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: chifukwa wotchedwa?

Ndithudi onse amene sanamvepo dzina zimenezi, ali mu chisokonezo, chifukwa mawu akuti "Kremlin" ndi ambiri, ofala anthu. Nthawiyi detintsem ku Russia wotchedwa palibe kuposa m'katikati mwa mizinda linga kuti anali m'nyengo ya kugawikana chodabwitsa wamba. The wakale m'masiku mawu oyamba amayamba kulankhula mu 1097, ndipo ndi m'zaka za m'ma 14 kuti m'malo akuti "Kremlin". Kenako, akalipo yekha mu njira olembedwa chiyambi Novgorod-Pskov, tingathe mwina kutanthauziridwa monga dialecticism.

Mabaibulo za chiyambi cha mawu

Ambiri mwa asayansi, akatswiri a zinenero chiyambi cha mawu akuti "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev ndi mizinda ina ikuluikulu ndi nyumba ofanana) kugwirizana ndi muzu lomweli monga "ana". Choncho, bishopu wa tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, Metropolitan Eugene mu 1808 adafotokoza kuti ana onse pa Adani kutetezedwa mu chotchinga, n'chifukwa kenako dzina. Soviet mbiri ndi katswiriyo amene anachita zofukulidwa mu Novgorod Kremlin ankakhulupirira kuti dzina limene analandira chifukwa asilikali a kalonga, kumeneko. Iwo ali kutchedwa ana kapena mwana. Komabe, zoona zake n'zakuti akalonga Detinets sanali - yakhala kuthetsa pafupi.

Malinga Academician Yanin VL Novgorod Kremlin, monga wina aliyense, nalo dzina lake chifukwa chakuti mwina panali akuluakulu a akulu.

Wina Baibulo wamba anasonyeza Russian injiniya asilikali. Ndi wosavuta ndi zomveka. Mawu "Detinets" amachokera ku "kuchita" mneni. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti mu nthawi ya ngozi mu linga chobisa akazi ndi ana, tiakachisi achipembedzo ndi chuma. Baibulo limeneli ndi kumlingo overlaps ndi loyamba.

Novgorod Kremlin: A History Mwachidule

Amadziwika kuti gawo kumpoto kwa dera limene boma la Russia tsopano, anali kale ankadziwana la mtsinje Volkhov ndi unagawidwa mbali ziwiri. Mwina, Detinets yoyambirira ali ndi malo pakati komanso inali pa chilumba kumpoto. Linamangidwa nkhuni ndipo anaika mwana wake Yaroslava Mudrogo - Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich. Iye anayambitsa kachisi waukulu mumzinda mu 1045 - Sophia Cathedral, umene unatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kudzipereka chinachitika mu 1052, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi, Vladimir anamwalira ndipo anaikidwa mu mpingo watsopano.

Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) anatentha mobwerezabwereza. Choncho, mu 1097 kumanzere wake wamng'ono, ndi watsopano anamanga yekha mu 1116, ndipo ndi nthawi anakwanitsa kukula pano. Nthawi imeneyi, mbali chidwi m'gawo anagwera Vladycha pabwalo - malo okhala a bishopu. Iye ndiye anali mu 1333 anayamba kumanga mwala linga, kuopa kuukira osati asilikali a Sweden chiguluchi, koma Prince Ivan Kalita. Complete m'malo a mtengo pathanthwe zinachitika yekha mu 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 15. More yomanga wangwiro, komanso pa nthawi pang'onopang'ono anawonongedwa ndipo anabwezeretsedwa. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene dziko la Germany anali wotanganidwa Novgorod, Detinets (Kremlin) ntchito ngati m'chipindacho asilikali.

Zotsatirazi chiwonongeko chachikulu zinachitika mu 90 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, pamene pang'ono anakomoka khoma pafupi Spassky nsanja (20 mita imeneyi). Patapita zaka zingapo, mpanda limzake. Tsopano boma la Russia lili ndi udindo wa Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.

Waukulu mapulani makhalidwe

Kwa zaka zambiri, linga ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri anamanga pa phiri, makamaka kwa view bwino ndi zovuta mdani, komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) limakumana malamulo onsewa. Iye waima pa phiri laling'ono - mamita 10 pamwamba mlingo wa Volkhov. Pamodzi ndi kukafika kutsogolo kwa mpanda kunja ndi kutalika 1487 mamita ndi malo lamkati la gawo - mahekitala 12,1.

Chidwi khoma la njerwa anapanga ndi laimu matope, ndipo mwala (Cobblestone ndi laimu). The makulidwe ndi kutalika kwa linga la zimasiyanasiyana 3,6-6,5 mamita ndi 8-15 m, motero. Chinthu chapadera ndi pomanga chipata linga la kachisi, ndiyo mipingo, yomwe ili pamwamba pa zipata. Ndi mbali khalidwe la mpingo, makamaka Kamangidwe kumene kumakhala Amonke mu Russia. Tanthauzo maganizo kugona chakuti ndi amenewa yomanga wopereka chitetezo yakumwamba ya mzinda. Popeza kuti Novgorod Kremlin ali ochuluka a iwo, anafotokoza otsogolera ntchito yomanga mabishopu. Pafupifupi makoma onse anabwezeretsedwa mu 50-60-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo kukakumana ndi maonekedwe akunja a linga la m'ma 15.

Nsanja Novgorod Kremlin

Pozindikira kuli nsanja khumi m'gawo la citadel lapansi. Pakadali pano, ndi zinayi zokha anapulumuka:

• Spassky (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) - ali mawonekedwe a rectangle elongated kuti lagawidwa tiers asanu, kutalika ndi khoma makulidwe - 19 mamita ndi 2 motero. Iwo anamanga pamwamba pa chihema 15-mita ndi psuu nsanja, imene yafupika malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a atumwi 17. Ndime Arched watsekedwa ndi mipiringidzo, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kutsogolo la nsanjayo ndi pafupi imawonongeka mpingo wa kusandulika. Zinali iye amene anapatsa dzina lake. Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) adzadziwa mosaphonyetsa Spassky Tower, amenenso anali kamodzi tikuonera banknote 5 rubles.
• Palace - akusowekapo nsanja popanda malangizo, quadrangular, woimira kwenikweni lalikulu 11,2h10,2 m, khoma kutalika - 20 m, ndi makulidwe a wosanjikiza wachiwiri kwa mlingo - 2 mamita pamwamba - hema. Ku nsanja ina imene zimaonetsa silhouette ang'ono.
• Knjazhaja - zikuwoneka ngati wina m'mbuyomu, komanso wogontha nsanja 18,5 mamita mkulu.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - akusowekapo lalikulu nsanja popanda ndime, amene pamodzi ndi kutalika mzikiti ndi 38,5 m, ndi makulidwe a makoma ndi ofanana ndi amene m'mbuyomu. Tsopano pali zi- sitimayo ndi maganizo chosonyeza boma la Russia.
• Pokrovskaya - dongosolo chachikulu cha kutalika mamita 18 ndipo khoma makulidwe a 3 mamita mu kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Yaima kupitirira 9 m, ndipo makomawo atagonjetsa 55 munakhazikitsa.
• Zlatoust - akusowekapo lalikulu nsanja ya madenga anayi, dzina chinapangitsa ataimirira pafupi ndi kachisi wa atumwi 14.
• Vladimir - kudzera idagwa mu Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) ndi kuyenda, amakona anayi, kutalika -. 17,8 mamita Pali khumi mita hema pamwamba. Chinthu chapadera - ndi munakhazikitsa ndi arched pamwamba, amatikumbutsa mawindo.
• Fedorov - nsanja ndi cylindrical mawonekedwe munakhazikitsa arched
• The Metropolitan - ndi chipilala cha asilikali kumbuyo zomangamanga, komanso yapita nsanja ziwiri. Pomanga mawonekedwe cylindrical, akhungu, makulidwe a linga - pang'ono pa 3 m, kutalika - 16,3 m.

Pozindikira chiwonongeko ndi kumanganso nsanja zitatu: Boris ndi Gleb, Kuukitsidwa, Prechistenskaya.

Sophia Cathedral

White mwala mpingo ndi wamkulu m'dera la Russia amakono a iwo anamanga anthu Asilavo. Anamangidwa mu zaka 1045-1050, iye kwa zaka zambiri chimaimira malo auzimu a lonse la Republic Novgorod.

Izi mtanda ozungulira zisanu panyanja tchalitchi. nyumba oterowo ndi khalidwe la zomangamanga ya m'zaka 11. Komabe, anatchuka chifukwa osati Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) - chachikulu cha dzina kutichitikira mu Polotsk ndi Kiev. nyumbayi ali atatu apse (anamaliza lateral ndi pakati pentagonal) kumbali zonse wazunguliridwa ndi tambirimbiri atatu storey. The tchalitchi mitu isanu ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi korona mu chigawo chakumadzulo cha miyendo nsanja. Iwo yodziwika ndi makamaka mtundu Makovytsya - mu mawonekedwe a zipewa asilikali wakale. Zolemba malire kutalika Sophia Cathedral - 38 m, khoma makulidwe - 1.2 m, ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga anajambulapo awo. Kachisi mu chikhalidwe kalembedwe Byzantine.

malo oyera nthawi zonse yokutidwa ndi nthano. Choncho, mzikiti chapakati, pa mtanda, ndiye fanizo la nkhunda, kusonyeza Mzimu Woyera. Ivan Grozny mu 1570 ndalangidwa ndi Novgorod. Malinga ndi nthano, nkhunda, kutchire kukakumba ndikafuna kudzithandiza pa mpumulo Cross, anaona zoopsa wamagazi, n'kumamva kumverera chodabwitsa mantha. Kenako, mmodzi wa ansembe a Lady athu anapeza kuti mbalame anatumizidwa ku mzinda wa chitonthozo ndi mascot. Novgorod adzakhala asungidwe mpaka njiwa adzakhala kuuluka pa ntanda.

The belfry wa St. Sophia Cathedral

Iwo ayenera kuonedwa payokha nyumba yaikulu. Zvonnitsa ndi kutchulidwa nyumba zaka 15-18, amene kuwonjezekeredwa Novgorod Kremlin. Veliky Novgorod (chithunzi chosonyeza view, onani pamwamba.) - wokongola mzinda wakale pamodzi ndi zokopa ambiri chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Angapo a iwo ndi akachisi. Mbali zimenezi ndi monga, monga kale bwino, ndi Saint Sophia Cathedral, ndipo pamodzi ndi izo ndi belfry. magwero kulembedwa izo mu 1437, pamene anauzidwa za chigumula. Kwenikweni, ananena kuti anali kubweretsa pansi ndi makoma oimbira. Panopa bellfry ili ndi khoma mkati mwa boma la Russia kum'mawa, m'litali ndi 22,5 m, ndipo m'lifupi - mamita 3.4.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World izo kwambiri kuonongeka. Pa chiphaso cha zomwe asilikali German ali pa ulendo wawo wopita ku mzindawo, anaganiza zoti asachoke belo. Mnthawi ndi bomba la chinachitika kukumenya mwachindunji mu Bwato ndi toyesa zitatu zopezera, ndipo iwo anamizidwa mu mtsinje Volkhov. Ndi pang'ono kuwonongedwa ndi zida zankhondo ndi nyumba yokha.

Wobwezeretsedwa belu nsanja ya St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) anagula mu 1948. Tsopano ntchito anafuna, mu mbali chapamwamba ali zi- sitimayo ndi chionetsero okhazikika wodzipereka kwa mzinda wakale wa mabelu.

Mpingo wa Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Kapangidwe chipata mwina yekha wotere zinasungidwa mu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko mpaka pano. Kuti inamangidwa pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Bishop Yona gawo Vladychny m'bwalo boma la Russia mu 1463. nthawi ili yodziwika ndi premonition wa kugwa kwa Republic Novgorod pansi mavuto Moscow ndi inalowa ake. Komabe, chilakolako pang'onopang'ono inaleka, ndipo anthu anaika ndi lingaliro la centralization ya boma. Mpingo - ndi chizindikiro cha mtendere, mgwirizano wauzimu ndi mosamalitsa mgwirizano ndi Moscow, chifukwa inamangidwa polemekeza mukanthawi osadziwika mu Russia nampembedza makamaka Moscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Mpingo wa St. Stratelates

Novgorod Kremlin (chithunzi Chinkaimira) mu gawo kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa gawo ali wamng'ono koma chidwi mpingo. Linamangidwa mu zaka 15-17. Iwo ali amakona anayi lathyathyathya mawonekedwe mu dongosolo, osakwatiwa-chikhato belfry ndi chimphika kakang'ono kamene Korona kachisi. Poyamba malo awa inali Boris ndi Gleb Cathedral, umene 1682 anakomoka ndipo kenako anagwetsa maziko ake. Osafikiridwa anakhalabe yekha yopemphereramo wa Saint Russian wankhondo-wofera Andreya Stratilata. Iwo anali wakulitsidwa ndi lidzasinthidwa yaing'ono mapulogalamu pa tchalitchi.

Episcopal bwalo

Ndi apa kuti zingakhale zofunikira kuyamba nkhani Novgorod Kremlin, lomwe ndi mbali wamkulu wa boma la Russia, limene, mogwirizana ndi Gordienko EA ndi Yanina V. L., iye anachokera. Episcopal bwalo ili mu gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Ngati inu mukukhulupirira nkhani, bishopu J. Korsunianin, dzina makamaka chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity mu Novgorod, kunyumba yake unatenga kakang'ono. malire ake anafotokozedwa ndi mikono iwiri ya Volkhov. Izi chitetezo zachilengedwe anamvera malamulo onse, kuphatikiza, chiwerengero cha anthu (osati nthawi zonse maganizo abwino) malire makoma ake. Pambuyo pa imfa ya bishopu wa mpingo wakale wa Joachim ndi Anna anawachotsa ndipo pafupi nthawi yomweyo wa St. Sophia Cathedral anayamba kumanga.

Kwa zaka Episcopal m'bwalo la linga pa malo, ndi mphamvu zonse adamkana mphamvu Kalonga - mobisa kapena mwachindunji. Komanso, aliyense Bishop latsopano anakakamizika kumanga chinachake zawo. Choncho, kwa zaka zambiri kumanga wina anagwetsa ndi ena zinamangidwa, wamangidwa, nachiritsidwa, wazunguliridwa ndi nyumba zina.

The kusintha chidwi kwambiri anali pa wolamulira Euphimia II (1429-1458). An mdani momasuka za analanda dziko la Novgorod kwa Moscow walenga dongosolo lapadera mu Russia ndipo tsopano chipilala a zomangamanga, nyumba yokhayo kalembedwe Gothic - ndi Faceted Komiti. Ndipo ngati inu mutayang'ana pa izo mwachilungamo wodzichepetsa (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) Kamangidwe mkati imangokhala zokongola ndi wapadera kwambiri.

Information alendo

Zidzakhala zothandiza kupeza onse amene akukonza ulendo umodzi mwa mizinda wokongola kwambiri ndipo wakale wa Russia ndi ndikukhumba kukaona Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod), kutsegula maola chinthu chikhalidwe ndi mtengo wa matikiti. Choyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti malo makonzedwe wapereka masiku pamene ulendo angakhale mwamtheradi mfulu:

• Aliyense amene sanabadwe pa msinkhu 18 - Lachitatu lililonse loyamba la mweziwo, September 1, June 1,
• Large mabanja - Lachitatu loyamba la mweziwo.
• Ophunzira Nakhimov ndi Suvorov usilikali School - mlungu Lolemba.
• Pensioners - 1 October.
• Mwamtheradi anthu onse - 18 May, mu Tsiku mayiko a osungirako zakale, komanso mu July ndi August Lachisanu lililonse.

Koma mtengo wa tikiti, ndi bwino kuti anthu amvetse mfundo ofesi bokosi cha nyumbayi-otetezedwa. Pa m'gawo lake kulekana kwa zinthu. Mukhoza kusankha zimene mukufuna, ndi kulipira mpumulo. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa Sofia belfry, Mbali (Vladychnaya) chipinda adzakhala 150 rubles. Ophunzira, akuluakulu kuchotsera, ana kwa zaka 16 mu ena mwa zinthu angaphunzitse kwaulere.

Kukonza kukaona Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? maola oyambirira a zovuta ayenera zikhulupiriro pasadakhale. Ambiri kukhudzana nyengo kapena kugawanika mu masana kupulumutsa nthawi, kwinakwake akhoza ikuchitika ntchito yobwezeretsa, athandizira Pankhani imeneyi zidzatsekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Sofia belfry akupezeka maulendo pa mlungu kwa teni koloko m'mawa mpaka sikisi madzulo, ndipo Lachisanu ndi mlungu kukhala ndi anawonjezera mpaka 20:00. Mwina kusungitsa matikiti pasadakhale Intaneti. Mafunso onse awa adzayankha gulu uthenga Museum-Reserve Service.