Nobel mphoto mabuku: mndandanda. Nobel Prize Literature wa USSR ndi Russia

The Nobel Prize chinakhazikitsidwa ndi industrialist, zatsopano ndi mankhwala injiniya ku Sweden, Alfred Nobel, ndipo dzina lake polemekeza wake. Amaona yapamwamba kwambiri mu dziko. Laureates kulandira n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi, lomwe limasonyeza AB Nobel dipuloma ndi cheke cha ndalama zambiri. inawo wapangidwa ndi kukula phindu, omwe amalandira Nobel Foundation. Mu 1895, Alfred Nobel anapanga chifuniro chake, ndi zomwe likulu lake anaikidwa m'ndende, m'matangadza ndi ngongole. Ndalama zimene kubweretsa ndalama izi chaka lagawidwa mofanana m'magulu asanu ndipo mphoto chifukwa cha kuphunzira m'madera asanu: zimapangidwira, sayansi, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kapena mankhwala, mabuku ndi ntchito kulimbikitsa mtendere.

Woyamba Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature anali amaitcha kuti 10 December 1901, ndipo kuyambira chinaperekedwa kamodzi pa chaka pa tsiku lino, ndi chikumbutso cha imfa ya Nobel. Awarding wa opambana chikuchitika mu Stockholm ndi mfumu ya ku Sweden. Atalandira mphoto ya Nobel Prize chifukwa laureates Literature ndi miyezi 6 kudzakamba nkhani pa nkhani ya ntchito yawo. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe singasiyanitsidwe kulandira mphoto.

Chisankho cha amene kupereka Mphoto Nobel mu Literature ya Sweden Academy amalandira, zochokera ku Stockholm, komanso komiti Nobel lokha, lomwe kuwerenga kokha chiwerengero cha ntchito, popanda kutchulanso mayina awo. Ndondomeko palokha ndi kusankha wachinsinsi, zomwe zimabweretsa zina otsutsa anakwiya ndi otsutsa ankanena kuti mphoto wapatsidwa pa zifukwa za ndale osati chifukwa cha kuphunzira m'mabuku. Mtsutso waukulu, lopatsidwa mwa umboni - alambalalidwa umafunika Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Komabe, mndandanda wa olemba ndi alandira akadali chidwi. A Russian wopambana Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature Prize - olemba asanu. Dziwani zambiri za aliyense wa iwo, onani pansipa.

The Prize Nobel mu Literature 2014 anali kupereka nthawi 107, zinali Patrick Modiano, French wolemba ndi screenwriter. Ndiko kuti, kuyambira 1901, eni mphoto ndi 111 olemba (chifukwa kanayi iye anali kupereka olemba awiri pa nthawi yomweyo).

Atchule opambana zonse ndi timudziwe bwino aliyense wa iwo - ndi ndithu nthawi yaitali. Wotchuka kwambiri ndipo anapita Nobel Prize mabuku ndi ntchito zawo zimaperekedwa kwa tcheru chanu.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding analandira mphoto chifukwa mabuku wake wotchuka, amene ntchito yake, pali 12. odziwika bwino kwambiri, "Ambuye wa Ntchentche" ndi "The olowa" ndi ena mwa mabuku bwino kugulitsa olembedwa ndi Nobel laureates. Buku "Ambuye wa Ntchentche za", linatuluka mu 1954, anabweretsa kutchuka mayiko wolemba. Nthawi zambiri otsutsa kuyerekeza ndi buku "The okwaniritsa mu Rye" ndi JD Salinger digiri ya kufunika kwake kwa chitukuko cha mabuku ndi ganizo chi ambiri.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel Prize mabuku - osati amuna komanso akazi. Zikuphatikizapo Toni Morrison. Izi wolemba American anabadwa mu ntchito kalasi banja mu Ohio. Kulembetsa University Howard, kumene anakaphunzira mabuku ndi Chingerezi, anayamba kulemba ntchito zake. Buku loyamba, "The Bluest Diso" (1970), linalembedwa pa maziko a nkhani zinathandiza kuti yunivesite bwalo lake olemba. Iye ni mmodzi wa ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Toni Morrison. Ina ya buku lake, "Sula," yofalitsidwa mu 1975, anali asankha kuti National Book linapereka United States.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

Steinbeck kwambiri wotchuka ntchito - "East wa Edeni," "mphesa za mkwiyo," "A Mbewa ndi Men." Mu 1939, buku "mphesa za mkwiyo" anakhala bestseller, kugulitsa okwana 50,000 magazini, ndi lero chiwerengero chawo ndi oposa 75 miliyoni. Mpaka 1962, wolemba anali asankha kuti mphoto maulendo asanu ndi atatu, ndipo iye ankaganiza yekha kuti anali wosayenera mphoto zimenezi. Ndipo ambiri US otsutsa ananena kuti mabuku wake ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa m'mbuyomu, ndipo anayankha zoipa zokhudza mwambo. Mu 2013, pamene iwo anali declassified zikalata za Swedish Academy (amene anali chinsinsi kwambiri kulondera zaka 50), zinadziwika kuti wolemba anali kupereka chifukwa izo zinali mu chaka chino "bwino mu kampani zoipa."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

wolemba anali mmodzi wa opambana naini mphoto chifukwa mabuku amene anali kupereka si ntchito wonse ndi mankhwala ena, ndicho buku "The Old Man ndi Sea." Ndi ntchito inafalitsidwa koyamba mu 1952, anabweretsa Mlembi lotsatira, 1953, ndi wina mphoto yapamwamba - ndi Pulitzer Prize.

M'chaka chomwecho Nobel komiti Hemingway m'gulu mndandanda ofuna, koma wopambana wa mphoto anakhala pa nthawi imeneyo, Winston Churchill, amene munthawiyo chinali adayamba zaka 79, choncho anaganiza kuti asapite ku Yerusalemu ndi mphoto ya Prize. Ndipo Ernest Hemingway anali kulandira wopambana wa mphoto yotsatira mu 1954.

5. Gabriel García Marquez, 1982

Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature mu 1982, m'gulu manambala a Gabriel García Marquez. Iye anali mlembi woyamba ku Colombia amene anali kupereka kwa Swedish Academy. mabuku, lomwe tiyenera kuunikila "Chronicle ya Imfa Ulosi", "Yophukira wa mabishopu," ndi "Chikondi cha Time ya kolera," anakhala ntchito yabwino Kugulitsa olembedwa mu Spanish, mu mbiri yake. Buku "zana limodzi Zaka Panokha" (1967), umene uli wopambana wina Nobel Prize, Pablo Neruda, wotchedwa wamkulu pambuyo Cervantes ' "Don Quixote" chilengedwe buku mu Spanish, latembenuzidwira m'zinenero zoposa 25, ndipo makope ambiri a mankhwala anali oposa 50 miliyoni makope.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature mu 1969, anali kupereka Samueli Beckett. Wolemba Irish ndi imodzi mwa oimira otchuka chimakono. Zinali iye amene pamodzi ndi Ezhenom Ionesku anayambitsa wotchuka "zisudzo za zosamveka." Semyuel Bekket analemba ntchito zake m'zinenero ziwiri - English ndi French. The mwana wotchuka wa cholembera chake anali kusewera "Kudikira Godot", zinalembedwa French. Ntchito zotsatirazi chiwembu. The zilembo zazikulu mu sewerolo ankayembekezera ndi Godot, amene ayenera kupanga lingaliro pa moyo wawo. Komabe, iye sanali kuoneka, kotero wowerenga kapena wowerenga ayenera kuganiza kuti wachithunzi.

Beckett ankakonda kusewera Chess, apambananso ndi akazi, koma ankakhala moyo m'malo kwaokha. Ngakhale kuti mwambo, iye sankagwirizana kwa Nobel Prize, kutumiza m'malo mwake wofalitsa lake Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature mu 1949, anapita ku William Faulkner. Iye poyamba anakana kupita ku Stockholm kwa mphoto, koma mapeto anakopa mwana wamkazi kuti izo. Pulezidenti US Dzhon Kennedi anatumiza kuwaitanira ku chakudya bungwe mu ulemu wa Nobel Prize. Komabe, Faulkner, moyo wake kuziganizira yekha "wolemba ndi mlimi", mu mawu ake, wakana yokakamiza, kutchula ukalamba.

Wotchuka kwambiri ndi otchuka mabuku a wolemba ndi "Sound ndi ukali" ndi "Pamene ine ndikuyika Kufa." Koma bwino ntchito izi sanabwere yomweyo, kwa nthawi yaitali, iwo nkomwe anagulitsa. Buku "The Sound ndi mkwiyo," yofalitsidwa mu 1929, zaka zoyambirira 16 buku wakhala anagulitsa makope zikwi zitatu. Komabe, mu 1949, nthawi ya chiphaso cha wolemba Nobel Prize, buku limeneli chitsanzo cha mabuku a America.

Mu 2012 mu UK anatuluka buku lapadera ntchito, zimene lemba la linasindikizidwa ku mitundu 14, zidachitika pa pempho la wolemba kuti owerenga kuona ndege osiyana nthawi. Limited kope buku anakwana makope 1.480 yekha ndipo anagulitsidwa yomweyo pambuyo likuchita. Tsopano mtengo wa izi Mabaibulo osowa m'buku Akuti pafupifupi 115 zikwi rubles.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature mu 2007, anali amaitcha kuti Doris Lessing. wolemba ndi ndakatulo ku UK analandira mphoto pa zaka ndi zaka 88 ndipo anakhala mwini wa izo. Iye analinso mkazi khumi (13), anapambana Nobel Prize.

Lessing analibe kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa otsutsa kuyambira iye kawirikawiri analemba pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kukanikiza zina, nthawi zambiri ngakhale kutchedwa propaganda Sufi ziphunzitso, kulalikira renunciation ya zinthu za mdziko. Komabe, malinga ndi magazini The Times, wolemba uyu akutenga malo chachisanu mu mndandanda wa 50 olemba kwambiri British, lofalitsidwa pambuyo 1945.

The ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Doris Lessing ankaona buku "The Golden Notebook", linatuluka mu 1962. Otsutsa ena amanena kuti zitsanzo chakale loteteza ufulu wa akazi prose, koma mlembi lenileni ndi maganizo amatsutsana.

9. Alber Kamyu 1957

Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature, ndipo analandira olemba French. Mmodzi wa iwo, wolemba, mtolankhani, wolemba nkhani wina, chiyambi Algeria, Alber Kamyu, ndi "Western chikumbumtima." ntchito chotchuka kwambiri imafalitsidwa mu 1942 ku France, nkhani "akunja". English translation, malonda anayamba anapangidwa mu 1946, ndi kale mu zaka zingapo, chiwerengero cha magazini anagulitsa anali oposa 3.5.

Albera Kamyu zambiri amatchedwa oimira existentialism, koma sanagwirizane ndi zimenezi ndipo mwamphamvu anakana tanthauzo amenewa. Choncho, mu kulankhula pa Nobel Prize, anaona kuti ntchito zake adafuna "bodza zosaneneka kupewa kuponderezedwa."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

Mu 2013, nominees ya Nobel Prize mabuku m'gulu mndandanda wake wa Elis Manro. Woimira Canada, izi novellistka wotchuka mu mtundu wanyimbo wa yochepa nkhani. Lembani iwo anayamba oyambirira, ndi paunyamata Komabe, m'chigawo choyamba wa ake amagwila ntchito dzina la "osangalala gule wa mithunzi" linasindikizidwa yekha mu 1968, pamene wolemba kale anatembenuka ndi zaka 37. Mu 1971 anaonekera zosonkhanitsira lotsatira, "miyoyo ya atsikana ndi amayi," limene ofufuza otchedwa "buku la maphunziro." ntchito zake zina zolembalemba monga buku: "Ndipo amene inu, Ndipotu, kuti?" "The amathawathawa," "Jupiter ndi makina", "chimwemwe kwambiri." Malinga ndi limodzi la zopereka zake, "chidani, ubwenzi, chibwenzi, chikondi, ukwati," yofalitsidwa mu 2001, ngakhale anapita filimu Canada otchedwa "choka wake", motsogoleredwa ndi Sara Polli. Ambiri a buku la wolemba chimaonedwabe "Road a Moyo", lofalitsidwa mu 2012.

Munro limatchedwa "Canada Chekhov", monga masitaelo a olemba awa omwe. Ngati wolemba Russian, izo amakhala ndi Kuzindikira maganizo ndi kumva.

Nobel Prize Literature la Russia

Pakali pano, zofukizira za mphoto asanu olemba Russian. The woyamba anali laureate I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Ndi odziwika bwino Russian Wolemba ndakatulo, katswiri wa zimathandizadi prose, ndi membala aulemu wa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Mu 1920, Ivan anasamuka ku France, ndi popereka mphoto kudziŵika kuti Swedish Academy anachita zinthu molimba mtima kwambiri, awarding analemba emigrant. Mwa ofuna anatchulidwa ndi wina wolemba Russian, limakhulupirira Gorky Komabe, makamaka chifukwa adzamasulidwa kulisindikiza ndi nthawi buku la "The Life of Arseniev" adagadabula mamba akadali kwa Ivan chifukwa mphoto chaka chino.

Choyamba ndakatulo Bunin anayamba kulemba pa zaka 7-8. Kenako, mwa ntchito yake yotchuka: buku "The Village", magulu "Suhodol", m'buku lakuti "John Rydalets", "The njonda ku San Francisco", etc. Mu 20s wa zinalembedwa. "Rose wa Yeriko" (1924) ndi " sunstroke "(1927). Ndipo mu 1943 kudali kuyatsa pamwamba pa zilandiridwenso wa Ivan Alexandrovich, gulu lanyimbo "Mdima makwalala". Bukuli inapatulidwa ndi mutu umodzi basi - konda "mdima" ndi mbali yoipa, monga wolemba analemba kalata yake.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature ku Russia mu 1958 m'gulu mndandanda wake wa Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. Wolemba ndakatulo anali kupereka mphoto m'nthawi yovuta. Anakakamizika kuisiya atamuopseza limasonyeza Russian. Komabe, Komiti Nobel anafotokoza kulephera kwa Pasternak ngati simuchita mu 1989, anapereka Mendulo ndi diploma pambuyo wolemba imfa ya mwana wake. Buku wotchuka "Doctor Zhivago" ndi oona luso pangano Pasternak. Ntchito imeneyi inalembedwa mu 1955. Alber Kamyu, wopambana mu 1957, anati kwa buku limeneli ndi kuzizwa.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

Mu 1965 M. A. Sholohovu anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel chifukwa cha mabuku. Russia wakhala kamodzinso anasonyeza kuti dziko kuti ali olemba luso. Anayamba ntchito yake zolembalemba monga nthumwi ya Kuzindikira, chosonyeza zotsutsana kwambiri za moyo, Sholokhov Komabe ntchito zina akumugwira mafunde zokomera. Pa Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich kulankhula Prize, amene ananena kuti m'mabuku ake anali kutamanda "mtundu wa anthu ogwira ntchito, omanga ndi otchuka."

Mu 1926 anayamba buku lake lalikulu "Ndipo Matama Umayenda ya Don", ndipo anamaliza mu 1940, kale anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel chifukwa cha mabuku. ntchito Sholokhov anali lofalitsidwa zidutswa, kuphatikizapo "Matama Umayenda ya Don". Mu 1928, chifukwa cha mbali kulimbikitsa A. S. Serafimovicha, bwenzi la Michael, atolankhani anali gawo loyamba. Izi ndi buku lachiwiri linasindikizidwa chaka chotsatira. wachitatu linasindikizidwa mu zaka 1932-1933, ali, ndi thandizo ndiponso thandizo la Gorky. Wachinayi ndi otsiriza, kuti inafalitsidwa mu 1940. buku limeneli ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa Russian, ndi mabuku dziko. Zakhala linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri, anakhala maziko a pa sewero wotchuka Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, komanso ambiri chuma ed ndi mafilimu.

Komabe, ena mlandu plagiarism Sholokhov (kuphatikizapo A. I. Solzhenitsyn), popeza kuti mbali yaikulu ya ntchito wakhala anasintha kuchokera m'mipukutu F. D. Kryukova, ndi Cossack wolemba. Akatswiri ena anatsimikizira analembedwa Sholokhov.

Kuwonjezera pa ntchito imeneyi, olengedwa ndi Sholokhov "Virgin Nthaka Upturned" mu 1932, ntchito amakufotokozerani mbiri ya collectivization m'malo Cossack. Mu 1955 anapita chaputala choyamba cha buku chachiwiri, ndipo atamaliza otsiriza kumayambiriro 1960.

buku lachitatu inafalitsidwa mu mochedwa 1942, "Iwo anamenya dziko lawo."

4. dzina lake Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

The Prize Nobel mu Literature mu 1970, anali amaitcha kuti A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Dzina lake Aleksandr Isaevich anavomereza izo, koma pa mwambo mphoto kupezeka sanayese n'komwe, chifukwa choopa boma Soviet ankaona zochita m'Komiti ya Nobel monga "ankhanza ndale." Solzhenitsyn ankaopa kuti iye sakanakhoza kubwerera kwawo pambuyo ulendo uno, ngakhale Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature mu 1970, analandira, kulera kutchuka kwa dziko lathu. Mu ntchito yake, nakhudza lakuthwa nkhani umoyo ndale mwachangu kumenyana chikominisi ndi malingaliro ake ndi malamulo a mphamvu Soviet.

Zina mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna monga: "Tsiku lina Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), nkhani "Matryona" buku "The Circle Choyamba" (olembedwa kuchokera 1955 mpaka 1968), "The Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). Woyamba lofalitsidwa inali yochepa nkhani "Tsiku lina mu Ivana Denisovicha", amene anaonekera mu magazini "New World". Bukuli chidwi kwambiri ndi mayankho ambiri owerenga, amene anauzira wolemba kulenga "The Gulag Archipelago." Mu 1964, nkhani yoyamba Aleksandra Isaevicha anali kupereka kwa Lenin Prize.

Komabe, patapita chaka, anataya malo akuluakulu Union, ndipo ntchito zake yoletsedwa kulisindikiza. buku lake "The Gulag Archipelago", "The Circle Choyamba" ndi "Cancer Ward" zinatuluka kunja, umene mu 1974 wolemba anali mosatsata nzika, ndipo iye anakakamizidwa kusamuka. 20 Patapita zaka, iye anali wokhoza kubwerera kwawo. Mu 2001-2002, pali ntchito yaikulu ya Solzhenitsyn a "Zaka mazana awiri Pamodzi". Dzina lake Aleksandr Isaevich anamwalira mu 2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Zopalira ya Nobel Prize chifukwa Literature mu 1987, chibatizidwireni I. A. Brodskim. Mu 1972, wolemba anakakamizika kusamuka kwa US, kotero insaikulopediya lonse limanena kuti American. Mwa anthu olemba nkhani amene alandira Nobel Prize, iye ali wamng'ono. mawu ake, conceptualized dziko monga chikhalidwe ndi akamabadwa, ndipo amasonyeza maganizo chabe a munthu monga phunziro la chidziwitso.

Iosif Aleksandrovich analemba osati Russian komanso mu English ndakatulo, essays, zolembalemba kutsutsa. Chikadzangotha buku mu West la buku lake loyamba, mu 1965, Brodsky anabwera anatchuka padziko lonse. Mwa mabuku abwino a wolemba ndi: "Quay osachiritsika", "Part wa Kulankhula", "Malo ndi chigumula," "Kutha kwa Nyengo Chokongola", "Lekani m'chipululu" ndipo ena.